Das vom Bereich Spezielle Botanik koordinierte interdisziplinäre Langzeitprojekt stellt ein Gemeinschaftsvorhaben der Universität Leipzig, des Umweltforschungszentrums Leipzig-Halle und der Stadt Leipzig dar. Am Projekt sind Biologen unterschiedlicher Fachrichtungen sowie Forstwissenschaftler und Meteorologen beteiligt. Das Themenspektrum reicht von strukturellen, funktionellen, genetischen und ökosystemaren Aspekten, über Fragestellungen zur Biodiversität und Verbreitung bis hin zur angewendeten Forschung auf den Gebieten Bioindikation, Forstbotanik und Umweltschutz.
Recent discussions on the path eco-hydromorphic research has followed in the past decades highlight the need for greater ecological input into this field. Traditional approaches have been criticized for being largely correlation-based (Vaughan et al., 2009) ecological black boxes (Leclerc, 2005) and strongly relying on weak, disproven and/or outdated assumptions about the dynamics of stream biota (Lancaster & Downes, 2010). In recognition of this, process-oriented research aiming at elucidating and quantifying causal mechanisms has been proposed as a promising approach, though challenging, to study the relations between flow, morphodynamics and biological populations in running waters. In terms of levels of biological organization, it has been recognized that processes determining the response of aquatic biota to hydromorphological alteration occur mainly at the population level. In this sense, relating demographic rates to flow and morphology seems to offer great potential for progress (Lancaster & Downes, 2010). Thus, tapping into existing ecological knowledge (e.g., key patch approach for habitat networks, Verboom et al. 2001; metapopulation theory, Levins 1970; Hanski & Gaggiotti 2004, landscape-scale estimations of habitat suitability and carrying capacity, Reijnen et al. 1995; Duel et al. 1995 2003; population-level viability estimations; Akçakaya 2001; resource utilization scales, ONeill et al. 1988; habitat-use patterns, Milne et al. 1989) in order to link ecology to hydromorphology at a more fundamental level constitutes an important path towards better science and management.
Das Hauptziel des ComparCE Projekts ist eine umfassende Einschätzung verschiedener Climate Engineering (CE) Maßnahmen gegeneinander und gegenüber Mitigationsbemühungen. Dabei sollen insbesondere Modelunsicherheiten berücksichtigt werden, da eine solche Einschätzung im CE Fall ausschließlich auf Modellsimulationen beruht. In diesem Projekt wollen wir darüber hinaus Fragen beantworten, die unserer Meinung bislang im CE Zusammenhang nicht bearbeitet wurden. Als ersten und zentralen Schritt wollen wir untersuchen welche Metriken und Indikatoren für die Beurteilung von CE Methoden, und somit für das gesamte Schwerpunkt Programm, wichtig sind und wie diese sich von den Metriken im Kontext von Klimawandel unterscheiden. Diese Art der Forschung gab es im Kontext Klimawandel bereits, sie fehlt bislang aber für CE. Durch Austausch mit internationalen Forschergruppen wurde klar, dass eine die wahrscheinlichste Implementierung von CE Maßnahmen aus einer Kombination der verschiedenen Technologien besteht. Daher wollen wir in diesem Projekt untersuchen wie das Erdsystem auf eine Kombination verschiedener CE Maßnahmen reagiert, und ob es möglich ist die Signale der einzelnen Methoden jeweils zuzuordnen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden wir ebenfalls untersuchen ob und wie die Effektivität der CE Maßnahmen vom Hintergrund-Klimazustand abhängt und ob z.B. der Zeitpunkt der Umsetzung von CE eine Rolle spielt. Darüber hinaus wollen wir robuste, regionale CE Muster untersuchen um ebenfalls auf die regionalen Auswirkungen von CE eingehen zu können. Das ist besonders wichtig, weil für die lokale Öffentlichkeit regionale Klimaextreme mehr Bedeutung haben als globale Mittelwerte. Diese Analysen werden ebenfalls den Findungsprozess der Metriken informieren. Zusätzlich wird die plötzliche Terminierung von CE Maßnahmen im Kontext der Geschwindigkeit des Terminations-Schocks untersucht. Schlussendlich basiert die gesamte Beurteilung von CE Maßnahmen auf Modellergebnissen, daher finden wir, dass ein wichtiger Beitrag für die CE Debatte eine Beurteilung der model-internen Unsicherheiten ist. Diese werden mit Anhang von Änderungen der Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung von Metriken quantifiziert, so können zum Beispiel aussagen über die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Richtwert-Überschreitung der gegebenen Zukunftsszenarien getroffen werden. Die Ergebnisse diese Projekts erlauben eine umfassende Einschätzung der untersuchten CE Maßnahmen gegenüber Migration, unter Berücksichtigung von Unsicherheiten in Modellen, den Zukunftsszenarien und Metriken, welche im Laufe des Projekts iterative mit anderen Teilprojekten diskutiert werden.
Schiffsemissionen gehören zu den wichtigsten Quellen von Luftschadstoffen in Hafenstädten und daran angrenzenden Küstenregionen. Um den daraus resultierenden Gesundheitsgefahren und Umweltbelastungen entgegenzuwirken, werden in nationalen und internationalen Gremien sowie in Politik und Behörden Maßnahmen zur Emissionsminderung diskutiert. Hierzu gehören neuartige Schiffstreibstoffe (wie Flüssiggas, LNG), Abgasreinigungstechnologien (wie Katalysatoren) und Landstromanlagen. Um den anstehenden Entscheidungen eine solide Grundlage zu bieten, wird dringend mehr Forschung über den Einfluss von Schiffsemissionen auf die lokale Umwelt - abhängig von der jeweiligen chemischen Zusammensetzung der Atmosphäre sowie der geographischen und klimatischen Situation des betroffenen Ortes - benötigt. Ein geeigneter Forschungsansatz umfasst die Bestimmung von Emissionsfaktoren unter Außenbedingungen, die Messung der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Schiffsabgasfahnen im Nahbereich der Schornsteine, die Ermittlung und Bereitstellung lokaler Schiffsemissionsinventare, sowie die Verbesserung und Anwendung von Chemietransportmodellen für Hafengebiete. Infolgedessen hat ShipCHEM folgende Ziele formuliert: (1) Durchführung von Emissionsmessungen auf repräsentativen Schiffen in Megaports des Yangtse-River-Deltas in China (Shanghai und Ningbo-Zhoushan) inklusive der Bestimmung von gasförmigen und partikelgebundenen Komponenten. Die Auswertung der Messungen wird verbesserte Datensätze lastabhängiger Emissionsfunktionen und Emissionsfaktoren für alle relevanten Schadstoffe liefern. Die Ergebnisse werden im Kontext vorhandener Emissionsfaktoren aus der Literatur und verfügbarer Beobachtungsdaten aus den europäischen Megaports Hamburg und Rotterdam interpretiert. (2) Erstellung eines hochaufgelösten, direkt in Chemietransport-Modellsystemen verwendbaren Schiffsemissionsinventars, basierend auf Schiffsaktivitätsdaten mit allen relevanten Schadstoffen. (3) Verbesserung der Ausbreitungs- und Chemiemodelle für Abgasfahnen von Schiffen durch Auswertung und Vergleich von Modellergebnissen mit Beobachtungsdaten in Hafengebieten. (4) Bestimmung des Einflusses der Schifffahrt auf die Luftqualität in Megaport-Regionen auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen Skalen durch Anwendung regionaler (COSMO-CLM/CMAQ) und darin genesteter urbaner Modellsysteme (CityChem). (5) Analyse der Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den Häfen in Shanghai und Hamburg in Bezug auf die Rolle der Häfen für die jeweilige Luftqualität in der Stadt und deren Umgebung. Dies beinhaltet die Bewertung neuer Emissionsstandards in beiden Häfen, die es ermöglicht den Erfolg verschiedener Emissionsminderungsmaßnahmen zu beurteilen.
The Antarctic ice sheet and ice shelves cover an area of ca. 14 million km2, over 300 times the area of Switzerland. An additional 19 million km2 of winter sea ice expands the overall southern cryosphere to greater than 6 percent of the Earths surface. With ca. 15 million km2 of that sea ice melting away each summer, the Southern Ocean sea ice cover is one of the largest annual changes on the Earths surface. These large numbers underscore the importance of the Antarctic to global climate processes, and challenge our ability to accurately represent the Antarctic in global climate models. Switzerlands long history of involvement in Antarctic climate and paleoclimate research became grounds for its advancement to full membership in the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research in 2004. In recognition of growing Swiss interest in the Antarctic, field research described in this proposal will be an international collaborative effort, using logistics and environmental permits issued by Australia, Belgium and Germany. Three distinct lines of research will be pursued with the support requested from SNF and with the assistance of facilities and graduate students provided by the EPFL-ENAC-IIE-CRYOS Laboratory. These research topics will contribute to an increased understanding of oceanic and atmospheric processes influencing the mass balance of the Antarctic sea ice and ice sheet. 1) Field measurements of precipitation, blowing snow, and snow thickness distribution in the Antarctic sea ice zone. International research cruises into Antarctic sea ice fields in consecutive austral winters (September - October 2012 and June - August 2013) will measure blowing snow transport, precipitation, and snow accumulation patterns on sea ice. A PhD student whose dissertation research focuses on snow distribution on sea ice will participate in this work. 2) Numerical modeling of precipitation, blowing snow, and accumulation of snow over sea ice and coastal regions of the Antarctic ice sheet. Precipitation, blowing snow and related measurements obtained during these expeditions will be used in the validation of a high-resolution numerical model of blowing snow transport. That model will in turn be used in larger-scale studies of precipitation enhancement of blowing snow processes, sublimation and riming of atmospheric ice crystals, and the recycling of moisture between the sea ice zone and the Antarctic ice sheet. 3) Time-series oceanographic measurements in a remote area of the east Antarctic coastline, in collaboration with Belgian and EU research programs on ice sheet stability and sea level rise. This study will focus on coastal ocean processes that have been largely overlooked in recent assessments of ice sheet mass balance and the potential contribution of the East Antarctic ice sheet to near-term sea level rise.
Today, plenty of data is available on the climate, agriculture or forestry which is neither integrated nor easily consumable by individuals or companies. However, climate data alone and integrated with other data sources is valuable information for economically relevant sectors such as agriculture, forestry, hydrology and (bio)energy production. The Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), IT partner (wetteronline GmbH) and Bayer AG (specifically Bayer CropScience) are among the leading entities in their areas of expertise worldwide. The proposed work combines their expertise in the following fields: PIK: Climate research IT partner: Information systems Bayer: Plant protection The goal is in a first step to develop a consultant software product for agricultural problems (including hydrology and forestry) influenced by weather and climate. This product will achieve new levels of sophistication, with potential applications to various regions and areas of the economy (energy, water availability, forestry, health, stakeholder consultations etc.). Key innovations are as follows: - PIK is well stocked with different models for the computation of climate scenarios, hydrology and water resources, vegetation dynamics (including forestry and agriculture) which are to be coupled into a tool. There is no such model chain in the shape of an integrative tool so far. - The project aims at developing a client-server based system, which integrates climate and climate scenario from PIK, open data available in the internet, as well as knowledge about crops from our partner Bayer AG CropSciences. Access will be provided via a variety of web-enabled devices. - Although some institutions supply climate data and climate scenario data, the resulting effects on economically relevant sectors such as hydrology, agriculture or energy production are lacking. Within this pilot study, such scenarios integrating both climate and sectors will be provided for Germany to start with. - In turn, the scenario data compiled by the model system will be the foundation and data basis for a user tool that will enable future users to apply the data according to their specific demands in a very user-friendly format. - The aim is to deploy this information for as many regions and users as possible worldwide. Germany and selected regions from other climatic zones such as China and Africa will serve as pilot regions.
This project contributes towards modernizing the higher education sector in LB/SY by supporting the 'Higher Education & Society' TEMPUS programme theme. This will be realized by establishing 2 centers for international quality research & sustainable curricula development in the Business, Economics & Management fields at MUBS (LB) & AIU (SY) to lead the research environment development in cooperation with LB/SY universities (LU&IUST), business representatives & similar centers in EU & neighboring countries. The specific objectives come in 4 main folds (research, teaching, knowledge triangle & policy related objectives): 1. To boost research environment & promote research culture at MUBS/AIU Faculties of Economics & other LB/SY business faculties & institution. This will be realized by capacity building & creating networks with EU counterparts for exchanging knowhow & good practices. 2. To promote modernization of curricula & teaching skills & methods in the field of Business, Economics & Management at MUBS/AIU & other LB/SY faculties in accordance with the EU experience by organizing related training courses & seminars. 3. To set & operate knowledge triangle (education, innovation, research) in LB/SY by engaging business sector representatives in project activities to facilitate the strategic linkage between research & industry current & future needs. 4. To propose policies & regulations in order to improve the research & teaching environment in the field in LB/SY. A wide range of outcomes & outputs will result from MATRE. The project produces the following principle outcomes/outputs: 1. A situational study of academic & research environment at MUBS/AIU. 2. The establishment of the centers. 3. Bonds strengthening & networks with LB/SY business & industry. 4. Preparing TOT & running training courses, reviewing & proposing the contents of new curricula. 5. Compiling & producing centers' resources & databases. 6. Suggesting a national policy paper & a plan for future centers' sustainability.
More than a decade has passed since the launch of the GRACE satellite mission. Although designed for a nominal mission lifetime of 5 years, it still provides valuable science data. An eventual systems failure and, thus, mission termination is expected any time soon, though. Despite a relative low spatial and temporal resolution, the monthly gravity fields have proved an invaluable and novel parameter set in several geoscience disciplines, allowing new research venues in the study of Global Change phenomena. The hydrological cycle is now subject to quantification at continental scales; the state of the cryosphere, particularly ice sheet melting over Greenland and Antarctica, can be monitored; and steric effects of sea-level change have become separable from non-steric ones. The enormous success of the mission has driven the need for continuation of monitoring mass changes in the Earth system. Indeed, a GRACE Follow-On (GFO) mission has been approved for launch in August 2017. Like its predecessor it will consist of two satellites flying en echelon with intersatellite K-Band ranging as the main gravitational sensor. Despite a number of planned technological improvements, including a laser link as demonstrator, GFO will mostly be based on GRACE heritage. Given a similar orbit configuration and a similar systems setup, the quality of eventual gravity field products can be expected to be in the same range as the current GRACE products. To guarantee the continuation of such successful gravity field time series ESA has embarked several years ago on a long term strategy for future gravity field satellite missions, both in terms of technology development and in terms of consolidating the user community. Scientists from academia and industry held a workshop on The Future of Satellite Gravimetry at ESTEC premises, 12-13 April 2007, (RD-9). Similar workshops have been organized by other organizations, e.g. the joint GGOS/IGCP565 workshop Towards a Roadmap for Future Satellite Gravity Missions in Graz, September 30 - October 2, 2009. ESA furthermore played a key role in consolidating the international user community by funding a series of study projects, cf. (RD-1) to (RD-5). Similar projects have been funded and conducted at national level, e.g. the German BMBF-funded Geotechnologies III project Concepts for future gravity field satellite missions (PI: N. Sneeuw). These studies, together with GRACE experience, have provided a clear understanding of the current limitations of a GRACE-type mission. In particular the limitations in sampling and sensitivity of a single pair of satellites with in-orbit in-line sensitivity are well documented. At the same time, these studies have shown the design options and a roadmap towards a next generation gravity field mission.
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