This report analyses the impacts of the EU ETS on the competitiveness of various types of aircraft operators by means of micro-economic analysis and by extensive short-term and long-term modelling. Because of political negotiation processes on the geographical scope of the EU ETS we analyse the impacts for two scenarios: 1. A scenario in which all emissions from flights between airports in the European Free Trade Association are covered (Stopping the Clock scenario). 2. A scenario in which all emissions from flights in the European airspace are covered (European airspace scenario). The second scope is larger, as it also includes emissions from flights between airports in Europe and airports on other continents are partly included in the EU ETS. The study shows that the EU ETS has only a small impact on competitiveness. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 22/2016.
The declared objective of the planned free trade agreement with the US (Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership – TTIP) is to unify EU and USA standards as much as possible by regulatory cooperation. However, an improper design of regulatory cooperation carries considerable risks for environmental protection in the EU: environmental standards might be lowered and environmental properties of products may be endangered. Veröffentlicht in Position.
This systematic literature review aimed to provide an overview of the characteristics and methods used in studies applying the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) concept for infectious diseases within European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA)/European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries and the United Kingdom. Electronic databases and grey literature were searched for articles reporting the assessment of DALY and its components. We considered studies in which researchers performed DALY calculations using primary epidemiological data input sources. We screened 3053 studies of which 2948 were excluded and 105 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 22 were multi-country and 83 were single-country studies, of which 46 were from the Netherlands. Food- and water-borne diseases were the most frequently studied infectious diseases. Between 2015 and 2022, the number of burden of infectious disease studies was 1.6 times higher compared to that published between 2000 and 2014. Almost all studies (97%) estimated DALYs based on the incidence- and pathogen-based approach and without social weighting functions; however, there was less methodological consensus with regards to the disability weights and life tables that were applied. The number of burden of infectious disease studies undertaken across Europe has increased over time. Development and use of guidelines will promote performing burden of infectious disease studies and facilitate comparability of the results. Quelle:© The Author(s)
By means of regulatory cooperation, TTIP is to increase the depth of cooperation between the EU and the USA on regulatory issues. This article sketches out the envisioned regulatory cooperation as far as this is possible based on the EU negotiating texts and assesses it from an environmental perspective. In this perspective particular attention need to be paid to differences in the stringency of regulation of sectors of environmental relevance (e.g. food, chemicals and cosmetics) in the US and the EU. As a result, adverse environmental impacts can only be avoided if harmonization takes place at a high level. Sub-statutory regulations and private sector standardization such as ISO standards may also be of considerable environmental relevance. The example of manipulated vehicle emissions of nitrogen oxides shows how important even the apparently technical issue of effective verification of exhaust emissions can be for environmental protection. The criteria used to assess risks and deal with uncertainties are highly relevant. The precautionary principle embodied in German and European law can be found neither in US nor in international trade law. In should remain a part of TTIP (and more prominently so) and not be sacrificed in last minute negotiations. Quelle: http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com
This report analyses the impacts of theEU ETS on the competitiveness of various types of aircraft operators by means of micro-economic analysis and by extensive short-term and long-term modelling. Because of political negotiation processes on the geographical scope of the EU ETS we analyse the impacts for two scenarios: 1. A scenario in which all emissions from flights between airports in the European Free Trade Association are covered (Stopping the Clock scenario). 2. A scenario in which all emissions from flights in the European airspace are covered (European airspace scenario). The second scope is larger, as it also includes emissions from flights between airports in Europe and airports on other continents are partly included in the EU ETS. The study shows that the EU ETS has only a small impact on competitiveness.Quelle: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de
The declared objective of the planned free trade agreement with the US (Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership - TTIP) is to unify EU and USA standards as much as possible by regulatory cooperation. However, an improper design of regulatory cooperation carries considerable risks for environmental protection in the EU: environmental standards might be lowered and environmental properties of products may be endangered.<BR>Quelle: Verlagsinformation
Das Projekt "E 4.1: Quality and food safety issues in markets for high-value products in Thailand and Vietnam" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Agrar- und Sozialökonomie in den Tropen und Subtropen durchgeführt. The production and marketing of high-value agricultural commodities - such as fruits, vegetables, and livestock products - has been an important source of cash income for small-scale farmers in the northern mountainous regions of Thailand and Vietnam. However, against the background of recent free trade agreements and market liberalization, there is increasing national and international competition, partly leading to significant price decreases. Given structural disadvantages of farmers in northern Thailand and Vietnam, it will be very difficult for them to achieve and maintain a competitive position in markets for undifferentiated high-value products. Therefore, product differentiation - in terms of health attributes (e.g., low-pesticide residues, free from diseases and pathogens), taste (e.g., indigenous livestock breeds), time (e.g., off-season production), or processing characteristics (e.g., packaging, drying, canning) - could be a promising alternative. Quality and safety attributes play an increasing role in domestic and international food trade. The additional value generated could lead to sustainable income growth in the small farm sector, but this potential will only materialize when appropriate institutional mechanisms help reduce transaction costs and allow a fair distribution of benefits. This subproject seeks to analyze how the production and marketing of high-value agricultural products with quality and safety attributes can contribute to pro-poor development in northern Thailand and Vietnam. Quality and safety attributes can only generate value when they directly respond to consumer demand. Furthermore, since they are often credence attributes, the product identity has to be preserved from farm to fork. Therefore, the analysis will cover the whole supply chain, from agricultural production to final household consumption. Interview-based surveys of farmers, intermediate agents, and consumers will be carried out in Thailand, and to a limited extent also in Vietnam. The data will be analyzed econometrically with regard to the structure of high-value markets, trends and their determinants, and efficiency and equity implications of different institutional arrangements (e.g., contract agriculture, supermarket procurement). Since in northern Vietnam, the marketing of high-value products is a relatively recent activity, markets for more traditional crops will be analyzed as well, to better understand the linkages between different cash-earning activities in the semi-subsistent farm households. Apart from their direct policy relevance, the results will contribute to the broader research direction of the economics of high-value agricultural markets in developing countries. Moreover, they will generate useful information for other subprojects of the Uplands Program.
Das Projekt "Entwicklung von Entwuerfen europaeischer Standards im Rahmen von CEN/TC 312 'Thermo-Solarsysteme und -komponenten'" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät für Energietechnik, Institut für Thermodynamik und Wärmetechnik durchgeführt. Within the framework of CEN standardization work mandated by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association ITW helps to prepare the following three draft European Standard: 1) Thermal Solar Systems and Component-Custom built systems: General requirements, 2) Thermal Solar Systems and Component-Custom built systems: Test methods for small systems, 3) Thermal Solar Systems and Component-Custom built systems: Test methods for large systems
Das Projekt "Freihandel und Umweltschutz im EG-Binnenmarkt und Welthandel" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Tübingen, Forschungsstelle Weltwirtschaftsrecht durchgeführt. Die rechtliche wie wirtschaftspolitische Beurteilung der 'gruenen' Handelshemmnisse wird im Ende der 90er Jahre zu einem erstrangigen Thema weltwirtschaftlichen Interessenausgleichs. Exportindustrien sowohl der Entwicklungslaender (z.B. tropische Hoelzer) als auch der Industriestaaten (z.B. Kfz-Industrie) prallen auf zunehmende Umweltsensibilitaet vor allem innerhalb Westeuropas und der USA, die sich in immer weiter gesteigerten Umweltstandards aeussert (vor allem EG- und USA-Werte). Anhand eines bei der Behandlung der EG-Materie gewonnenen Prinzipiensystems sollen die GATT-Regeln de lega lata analysiert und ihre Fortentwicklung vorgeschlagen werden.
Das Projekt "Analyse der Beziehungen zwischen internationalem Freihandel und globalen Umweltschutzproblemen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften durchgeführt.
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