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Found 269 results.

The European aeroemissions network (AERONET)

Das Projekt "The European aeroemissions network (AERONET)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut für Antriebstechnik durchgeführt. One of the major problems that civil aeronautics will have to face over the next twenty or thirty years is to accommodate the predicted growth in demand of air transport without creating unacceptable adverse environmental effects. It is to be expected that new scientific results, increasing public concerns over the environment and future restrictive regulations with respect to aircraft emissions will force airline companies to take ecological considerations much more into account than it does at present. Consequently, for European aircraft manufacturers it is of high importance to react early and to guide their research and development resources into the most important and efficient direction. The aim of the AERONET project is to support coordination ' a postiori' of existing European and national projects or programmes dealing with the contribution of air traffic emissions to anthropogenic climate and atmospheric changes. For this purpose AERONET seeks to : - bring together experts from engine technology, atmospheric research and operations as well as programme responsible to exchange knowledge and opinions and to discuss necessary future actions on the basis of jointly defined goals and time scales, - produce competitive advantage for Europe through enhanced information echoing in the field of atmospheric effects of air traffic emissions, - strengthen a common European position in global technical and political discussions - support the Commission in identifying topics for the 5th Framework Programme, - identify gaps and help prepare a coordinated submission of proposals. European Dimension and Partnership: Europe is, beside the US, one of the two biggest aircraft manufacturers. One supposition for the economic success of European aircraft industry is not only to fulfill the existing regulations but, due to the long development times of 5-10 years and the long lifetimes of aircraft of more than 20 years, also to take the trend of future regulations development into account at a very early stage. This needs continuous and fast information exchange and discussions between atmospheric scientists, aircraft engineers and regulatory organisations. To be successful with an effort of this dimension, optimal coordination of national and European programmes in all three fields is required. Thus the network brings together representatives of all programmes and institutions concerned, helps to integrate activities through better information exchange, tries to identify the most urgent themes for R&D activities and intends to give recommendations for the Fifth Framework Programme. Potential Applications: Understanding the atmospheric impacts, the technical consequences and development perspectives, and the operational impacts as a whole is absolutely necessary to strengthen the European position in global regulatory committees on the on side and to gain competitive advantages for the European aircraft and airline industries on the other side. usw

ALPCHANGE - Klimawandel und Auswirkungen in südösterreichischen Hochgebirgsräumen

Das Projekt "ALPCHANGE - Klimawandel und Auswirkungen in südösterreichischen Hochgebirgsräumen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität Graz, Institut für Fernerkundung und Photogrammetrie durchgeführt. ALPCHANGE beschreibt quantitativ die durch den Klimawandel verursachte Landschaftsdynamik in alpinen Regionen Südösterreichs. Dies geschieht durch die integrative und umfassende Analyse aus Beobachtungsdaten der vier Landschaftsparameter Permafrost, Gletscher, Schnee und Geomorphologie. Diese Parameter reagieren zeitlich unterschiedlich auf geänderte Umweltbedingungen und liefern so Informationen in verschiedenen Zeitebenen: Schnee unmittelbar, Gletscher und geomorphologische Strukturen innerhalb von Jahren bis Jahrzehnten bzw. Permafrost innerhalb von Jahrzehnten bis Jahrhunderten. Diese Zusammenhänge werden mittels eines umfassenden Monitoring-Netzwerkes in den Hohen Tauern durchgeführt zum ersten Mal in Südösterreich. Die Interdisziplinarität dieses Forschungsansatzes Glaziologie, Hochgebirgsgeographie, Geophysik, Atmosphärenphysik, Geologie versammelt viele nationale wie auch internationale Institutionen in einer Arbeitsgemeinschaft. Wissenschaftler verschiedener Institute an der Universität Graz bzw. der Technischen Universität Graz sind seit Jahrzehnten in den Forschungsbereichen Klima- und Umweltwandel aktiv. ALPCHANGE ist unter anderem auch aus jenen Initiativen entstanden, die zur Gründung des Wegener Zentrums für Klima und Globalen Wandel (WegCenter) führten.

Fire - climate feedback in the Earth System

Das Projekt "Fire - climate feedback in the Earth System" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie durchgeführt. Fires are an integral Earth System process, which is controlled by climate and at the same time impacts climate in multiple ways. As such fires form a feedback mechanism in the Earth System, which might amplify or dampen climate change. At present this feedback is not well understood nor is it represented in current generation Earth System models used to study climate change. The proposed research project aims to quantify the fire-climate feedback by incorporating the integral role of fires into an Earth System Model (ESM). Together with improved observational based process understanding the project will analyze how fires have developed throughout Earth history and how single fire driven processes contribute to the overall fire climate impact. A mechanistic terrestrial biosphere fire model will be implemented into the ESM and fire mediated climate relevant processes will be coupled between the different ESM compartments, including the atmosphere, ocean and cryosphere. This cross-disciplinary research project will foster the understanding of past climate change and will hopefully allow a better assessment of human induced future climate change by further constraining the climate sensitivity of the Earth system.

Standardization of Ice Forces on Offshore Structures Design (STANDICE)

Das Projekt "Standardization of Ice Forces on Offshore Structures Design (STANDICE)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Dr. J. Schwarz durchgeführt. Objective: During the past six years two RTD-projects have been performed by a consortium of seven European partners to investigate ice forces on marine structures. The aim of this work has been to establish new methods for ice load predictions. The work has been supported by the EC under the projects LOLEIF and STRICE. The data compiled by these projects are of great importance for the future development of offshore wind energy converters, OWECS, in the ice-covered seas of Europe. Because the ice forces on marine structures are internationally heavily disputed the present design codes for OWECS as well as for all marine structures in ice-infested waters are not been considered reliable. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to contribute to the development of an international standard for the design of marine structures such as OWECS against ice loads with special emphasis on European sub-arctic ice conditions.

Forest management in the Earth system

Das Projekt "Forest management in the Earth system" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie durchgeführt. The majority of the worlds forests has undergone some form of management, such as clear-cut or thinning. This management has direct relevance for global climate: Studies estimate that forest management emissions add a third to those from deforestation, while enhanced productivity in managed forests increases the capacity of the terrestrial biosphere to act as a sink for carbon dioxide emissions. However, uncertainties in the assessment of these fluxes are large. Moreover, forests influence climate also by altering the energy and water balance of the land surface. In many regions of historical deforestation, such biogeophysical effects have substantially counteracted warming due to carbon dioxide emissions. However, the effect of management on biogeophysical effects is largely unknown beyond local case studies. While the effects of climate on forest productivity is well established in forestry models, the effects of forest management on climate is less understood. Closing this feedback cycle is crucial to understand the driving forces behind past climate changes to be able to predict future climate responses and thus the required effort to adapt to it or avert it. To investigate the role of forest management in the climate system I propose to integrate a forest management module into a comprehensive Earth system model. The resulting model will be able to simultaneously address both directions of the interactions between climate and the managed land surface. My proposed work includes model development and implementation for key forest management processes, determining the growth and stock of living biomass, soil carbon cycle, and biophysical land surface properties. With this unique tool I will be able to improve estimates of terrestrial carbon source and sink terms and to assess the susceptibility of past and future climate to combined carbon cycle and biophysical effects of forest management. Furthermore, representing feedbacks between forest management and climate in a global climate model could advance efforts to combat climate change. Changes in forest management are inevitable to adapt to future climate change. In this process, is it possible to identify win-win strategies for which local management changes do not only help adaptation, but at the same time mitigate global warming by presenting favorable effects on climate? The proposed work opens a range of long-term research paths, with the aim of strengthening the climate perspective in the economic considerations of forest management and helping to improve local decisionmaking with respect to adaptation and mitigation.

Impacts of well and Human Intrusion on Khulan (Wild Ass) and other threatened species in the Gobi Desert

Das Projekt "Impacts of well and Human Intrusion on Khulan (Wild Ass) and other threatened species in the Gobi Desert" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Freiburg, Forstzoologisches Institut, Professur für Wildtierökologie und Wildtiermanagement durchgeführt. The importance of the Gobi environment to the conservation of Khulan and other threatened wildlife and to the future of the pastoral livestock production is undeniable. At the present time, Mongolia is anticipating development of a commercialized agricultural sector that could easily cause greater intrusion of human activities in the Gobi environment than current pasto-ral livestock production. Development of other sectors of the Mongolian economy, especially mining and road construction, could also impact environmental security in general and habitat needs of the khulan and associated wildlife in the Gobi environment in particular. Work is required to clarify to what extent (if any) the wild ass is affected or competes with domestic livestock and other human intrusions, and to what degree. On the basis of these findings, ma-nagement steps for both khulan protection and rural livelihood/water resources development can be developed.

Inventarermittlung der F-Gase 2019/2020 - Daten von HF(C)KW, FKW, SF6, NF3, SF5CF3, H(C)FE und PFPMIE für die nationale Emissionsberichterstattung gemäß Klimarahmenkonvention für die Berichtsjahre 2019 und 2020

Das Projekt "Inventarermittlung der F-Gase 2019/2020 - Daten von HF(C)KW, FKW, SF6, NF3, SF5CF3, H(C)FE und PFPMIE für die nationale Emissionsberichterstattung gemäß Klimarahmenkonvention für die Berichtsjahre 2019 und 2020" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Öko-Recherche. Büro für Umweltforschung und -beratung GmbH durchgeführt. Der Bericht präsentiert die Emissionsdaten der fluorierten Treibhausgase HF(C)KW, FKW, SF6, NF3, SF5CF3, H(C)FE und PFPMIE (F-Gase) für die Jahre 1995-2020 für Deutschland. Seit 2005 bewegen sich die Emissionen fluorierter Treibhausgase (F-Gase) auf relativ konstantem Niveau. Der seit 2010 stattfindende leichte Anstieg der Emissionen war im Jahr 2018 erstmals rückläufig und sank auf 5.946 t, ausgedrückt in CO2-Äquivalenten 14,3 Mio. t. Dieser Abwärtstrend hat sich deutlich fortgesetzt, und so lagen die Emissionen im Jahr 2020 bei 5.281 t, was 12,1 t in CO2-Äquivalenten entspricht. Damit machen sie etwa 1,5 % an den Gesamtemissionen aller Treibhausgase in Deutschland aus, die 2020 bei etwa 793 Mio. t CO2-Äquivalenten lagen. Dieser Bericht ist entsprechend der Strukturierung des Nationalen Inventarberichts (NIR) aufgeteilt. In diesem alle Treibhausgase umfassenden Bericht werden die fluorierten Treibhausgase in den Sektor-Abschnitten 2.B, 2.C, 2.E, 2.F, 2.G und 2.H behandelt. Sektor 2.B befasst sich unter 2.B.9 mit den Emissionen aus der Produktion von halogenierten Kohlenwasserstoffen und SF6. Das folgende Kapitel 2.C behandelt die Metallproduktion. Hier werden unter 2.C.3 und 2.C.4 die Emissionen aus der Aluminium- und Magnesiumproduktion aufgeführt. Der Sektor 2.E beinhaltet die Emissionen aus der Elektronik-Industrie, der folgende Sektor 2.F diejenigen aus Anwendungen als ODS-Ersatz und der Sektor 2.G die â€ÌSonstige Produktherstellung und â€Ìverwendungâ€Ì. Unter dem Abschnitt 2.H werden vertrauliche Emissionen verschiedener Sektoren 1 aggregiert berichtet. Außerdem gibt es Informationen zu freiwillig berichteten fluorierten Treibhausgasen.

Biopores in the subsoil: Formation, nutrient turnover and effects on crops with distinct rooting systems (BioFoNT)

Das Projekt "Biopores in the subsoil: Formation, nutrient turnover and effects on crops with distinct rooting systems (BioFoNT)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bonn, Institut für Organischen Landbau durchgeführt. Perennial fodder cropping potentially increases subsoil biopore density by formation of extensive root systems and temporary soil rest. We will quantify root length density, earthworm abundance and biopore size classes after Medicago sativa, Cichorium intybus and Festuca arundinacea grown for 1, 2 and 3 years respectively in the applied research unit's Central Field Trial (CeFiT) which is established and maintained by our working group. Shoot parameters including transpiration, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence will frequently be recorded. Precrop effects on oilseed rape and cereals will be quantified with regard to crop yield, nutrient transfer and H2-release. The soil associated with biopores (i.e. the driloshpere) is generally rich in nutrients as compared to the bulk soil and is therefore supposed to be a potential hot spot for nutrient acquisition. However, contact areas between roots and the pore wall have been reported to be low. It is still unclear to which extent the nutrients present in the drilosphere are used and which potential relevance subsoil biopores may have for the nutrient supply of crops. We will use a flexible videoscope to determine the root-soil contact in biopores. Nitrogen input into the drilosphere by earthworms and potential re-uptake of nitrogen from the drilosphere by subsequent crops with different rooting systems (oilseed rape vs. cereals) will be quantified using 15N as a tracer.

AURORa - Investigation of the Radar Backscatter of Rain Impinging on the Ocean Surface

Das Projekt "AURORa - Investigation of the Radar Backscatter of Rain Impinging on the Ocean Surface" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hamburg, Zentrum für Meeres- und Klimaforschung, Institut für Meereskunde (IfM) durchgeführt. Over land, observations of rain rates are more or less operational. To obtain information about precipitation at the coastal zones, weather radars are used. However, over the oceans, especially away from the main shipping routes, no direct precipitation measurements are performed. In these regions, satellite data can provide information about precipitation events. Satellites deploying passive and active microwave sensors can operate independently of cloud cover and time of day. Passive microwave sensors give crude estimates of rain rates over large areas but cannot resolve small-scale rain events of short duration as are often observed in the tropics, for example. Active microwave sensors with high resolutions, such as synthetic aperture radars can provide more reliable information. Though the effect of rain on the atmosphere is a very topical area of research, the radar backscattering mechanisms at the water surface during rain events combined with wind are still not well understood. The purpose of this project is to investigate the radar backscattering from the water surface in the presence of rain and wind in order to interpret satellite radar data produced by active microwave sensors. Furthermore, the results should be embedded into models of the radar backscattering from the water surface to allow for estimating rain rates by using satellite data. Research topics: Rain impinging on a water surfaces generates splash products including crowns, cavities, stalks and secondary drops, which do not propagate, and ring waves and subsurface turbulence. We are investigating this phenomena at the wind-wave tank of the University of Hamburg. The tank is fitted with an artificial rain simulator of 2.3 m2 area mounted 4.5 m over the water surface. Rain drops of 2.1 and 2.9 mm in diameter with rain rates up to 100 mm/h have been produced. Wind with speeds 10 m/s and monomolecular slicks act on the water surface. The influence of the rain on the water surface is measured with a resistance type wire gauge, a two dimensional laser slope gauge and an coherent 9.8 GHz (x band) continuous wave scatterometer operating at VV-, HH- and HV-polarization. The influence of rain below the water surface is measured with colored raindrops which are observed with a video camera to investigate the turbulent motion and the depth of the mixed layer. At the North Sea Port of Buesum in Germany, a scatterometer operating at all polarizations and five frequencies will be mounted during summer of this year. The radar backscatter of the sea surface during rain events will be measured in combination with meteorological observations. With help of these measurements, existing radar backscatter models of the water surface will be improved for the presence of rain events. To validate the improved models, ERS-2 SAR-images will be compared with weather radar data.

UBA EU-ETS-Handbuch

Das Projekt "UBA EU-ETS-Handbuch" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Öko-Institut. Institut für angewandte Ökologie e.V. durchgeführt. Die Berichterstattung zur Emissionsentwicklung ist eine wichtige Säule der Klimapolitik. Sie ermöglicht zum einen den Fortschritt in Bezug auf die Klimaziele zu messen. Zum anderen kann die Wirksamkeit bestimmter Maßnahmen nur mit entsprechenden Daten beurteilt werden: Historische Daten sind für die Ex-post-Evaluierung unabdingbar, für die Ex-ante-Abschätzung kommen projizierte Daten und Modellierungsergebnisse dazu. Die verschiedenen Berichte/Datenquellen unterscheiden sich sowohl in Bezug auf den abgedeckten Zeitraum, die erfassten Emissionen sowie die verwendeten Klassifikationssysteme. Daher ist ein Vergleich der Daten und Datenkonzepte nicht immer leicht möglich. Ziel dieses Handbuchs ist es die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der Datenkonzepte darzustellen und dadurch die Auswertungen zum stationären EU-Emissionshandel (EU-ETS) zu verbessern. Im Handbuch werden die Datenkonzepte im EU-ETS in Deutschland und der EU dargestellt. Die Abgrenzung des Emissionshandelssektors in anderen Berichtskategorien werden für das Treibhausgasinventar und im Vergleich zur Klassifikation der Wirtschaftszweige herausgearbeitet.

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