The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis infects corn and induces the formation of tumors. In order for the fungus to proliferate in the infected tissue, U. maydis has to redirect the metabolism of the host to the site of infection. We wish to elucidate how this is accomplished. To this end we will perform transcript profiling during the time course of infection for both, the fungus and the maize plant. This will be complemented by metabolome analysis of different tissues during infection as well as by apoplastic fluid analysis. The goals will be to identify the carbon sources taken up by the fungus during biotrophic growth, to identify the transporters required for uptake, determine their specificity and elucidate how these carbon sources are provided by the plant. Fungal mutants affected in discrete stages of pathogenic development will be included in these studies. Likely candidate genes for carbon uptake/supply as well as for redirecting host metabolism will be functionally characterized by generating knockouts in the fungus and by isolating plants carrying mutations in respective genes or by generating transgenic plants expressing RNAi constructs.
Agriculture is the major contributor of nitrogen to ecosystems, both by organic and inorganic fertilizers. Percolation of nitrate to groundwater and further transport to surface waters is assumed to be one of the major pathways in the fate of this nitrogen. The quantification of groundwater and associated nitrate flux to streams is still challenging. In particular because we lack understanding of the spatial distribution and temporal variability of groundwater and associated NO3- fluxes. In this preliminary study we will focus on the identification and quantification of groundwater and associated nitrate fluxes by combining high resolution distributed fiber-optic temperature sensing (DTS) with in situ UV photometry (ProPS). DTS is a new technique that is capable to measure temperature over distances of km with a spatial resolution of ca1 m and an accuracy of 0.01 K. It has been applied successfully to identify and quantify sources of groundwater discharge to streams. ProPS is a submersible UV process photometer, which uses high precision spectral analyses to provide single substance concentrations, in our case NO3-, at minute intervals and a detection limit of less than 0.05 mg l-1 (ca.0.01 mg NO3--Nl-1). We will conduct field experiments using artificial point sources of lateral inflow to test DTS and ProPS based quantification approaches and estimate their uncertainty. The selected study area is the Schwingbach catchment in Hessen, Germany, which has a good monitoring infrastructure. Preliminary research on hydrological fluxes and field observations indicate that the catchment favors the intended study.
Faserpflanzen gehören zu den ältesten nachwachsenden Rohstoffen. Eine große Anzahl von Pflanzenarten enthalten vor allem aus Zellulose bestehende Fasern mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften. Die größte wirtschaftliche Bedeutung hat die Baumwolle erlangt, aber auch Jute, Sisal, Flachs, Hanf und Kokosfasern spielen eine wichtige Rolle. Im Freistaat Sachsen ist in den Regionen Erzgebirge, Oberlausitz und Vogtland der Flachs (Faserlein), außerhalb der höheren Mittelgebirgslagen auch der Hanf anbauwürdig. Flachs und Hanf sind botanisch und bezüglich ihrer Wuchsform sehr unterschiedliche Pflanzen. Verwendung finden Kurz- und Langfasern in Mischgarnen, Verbundwerkstoffen, Geotextilien, Dämmstoffen, Verpackungsmaterialien, technischen Textilien, Asbestersatz.
Biosynthetische Polymere werden in zunehmender Zahl und Menge eingesetzt und sind aus vielen Bereichen des Alltags nicht mehr wegzudenken. Waren es frueher vorwiegend von hoeheren Lebewesen synthetisierte Polymere, so gewinnen nun von Mikroorganismen synthetisierte Polymere als Werkstoffe sowie als Hilfs- und Nebenstoffe an Bedeutung. Mikroorganismen synthetisieren in vielfaeltiger Form Polymere fuer technische Anwendungen. Die meisten technisch genutzten mikrobiellen Polymere werden heute als Hilfs- und Nebenstoffe eingesetzt, einige auch direkt zu Werkstoffen verarbeitet. Mikrobielle Polymere werden als Rohstoffe zu anderen Werkstoffen oder Hilfs- und Nebenstoffen verarbeitet oder dienen als Ausgangsmittel fuer weitere chemische Synthesen. Der Einsatz von Mikroorganismen bei der biotechnologischen Produktion von Polymeren ermoeglicht haeufig die Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe als Substrate und Kohlenstoffquelle fuer die Produktion wie zB die Nutzung pflanzlicher Photosynthetate, die von der Land- und Forstwirtschaft in grossen Mengen bereitgestellt werden koennen. Die Kenntnis der Biosynthesewege fuer Polymere in Bakterien in Verbund mit der Gentechnik ermoeglicht zudem die Erzeugung transgener Pflanzen, die zur Produktion neuer Polymere anstelle von Bakterien herangezogen werden koennen. 1) Biosynthese von Polyestern: Mikrobielle, aus Hydroxyfettsaeuren aufgebaute Polyester (PHF) machen seit einigen Jahren als neue biologische abbaubare Werkstoffe von sich reden. Neben 3-Hydroxybuttersaeure sind mittlerweile mehr als 100 verschiedene Hydroxyfettsaeuren als Bausteine von PHF bekannt. Seit ca 10 Jahren wird in der Arbeitsgruppe die Biosynthese dieser wasserunloeslichen Polyester untersucht. Als Modellorganismen dienten zunaechst Alcaligenes eutrophus und Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rhodococcus ruber und zahlreiche anoxygene phototrophe Bakterien wie zB Chromatium vinosum wurden spaeter ebenfalls untersucht. Diese Untersuchungen haben zur Aufklaerung von Biosynthesewegen der PHF und zur Entdeckung neuer Bausteine von PHF sowie zur Klonierung und Ermittlung der Primaerstrukturen des Schluesselenzyms PHF-Synthase aus ca 20 Bakterien beigetragen. Durch Screening nach neuen Wildtypen, durch Verwendung von Mutanten und mit gentechnischen Methoden gelang es, Polyester mit ungewoehnlichen Hydroxyfettsaeuren aus einfachen Kohlenstoffquellen verfuegbar zu machen. In Zusammenarbeit mit Industriepartnern und gefoerdert durch das BMBF und das BML sollen Reststoffe, Kohlen und nachwachsende Rohstoffe fuer die Produktion dieser Polyester erschlossen werden. Ein Biotechnikum mit Bioreaktoren von 1 bis 20 l Nutzvolumen, welches demnaechst durch einen Anbau und einen Bioreaktor von 450 L Nutzvolumen erweitert wird, erlaubt die Herstellung von Polymermustern zur Ermittlung der Materialeigenschaften durch hieran interessierte Kooperationspartner. Ferner kommt der Zusammenarbeit mit Pflanzengenetikern, die Gene fuer PHF Biosynthese aus Bakterien in Pflanzen ...
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown worldwide and is one of the most important crops for human nutrition. Einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum) is a diploid relative of bread wheat and both have the A genome in common. The timing of flowering is of major importance for plants to optimally adjust their life cycle to diverse environments. QTL mapping studies indicated that flowering time in cereals is a complex trait, which is controlled by three different pathways: vernalization, photoperiod and earliness per se. In wheat, high-resolution genome-wide association mapping is now possible, because of the availability of a high density molecular marker chip. The main goal of the proposed project is to investigate the regulation of flowering time in wheat using a genome-wide association mapping approach based on a novel high-density SNP array. In particular, the project aims to (1) investigate the phenotypic variation of flowering time of bread wheat and Einkorn wheat in response to environmental cues in multilocation field trials, (2) study the effects of Ppd alleles on flowering time in a candidate 3 gene approach, (3) determine the genetic architecture of flowering time in a high-density genome-wide association mapping, and (4) investigate the plasticity of the genetic architecture of flowering time in wheat by a comparison between bread wheat and Einkorn wheat.
Wir möchten grundlegende Mechanismen der quantitativen Resistenz und Anfälligkeit gegen den Echten Gerstenmehltau aufklären. Wir werden die Daten aus unseren vorläufigen und geplanten Transkriptomanalysen nutzen, um die Funktion von Genen zu analysieren, die in Elternpflanzen und RACB-transgenen Pflanzen mit entweder erhöhter oder erniedrigter Anfälligkeit differenziell experimiert sind. Die Modifikation der Zellwand und der Zellzyklus stehen dabei bereits jetzt im Fokus unseres Interesses. Um ein tiefgehendes Verständnis der Transkriptionsmuster zu erlangen, nutzen wir Ansätze der reversen Genetik, Metabolismusstudien und Zellbiologie in unterschiedlichen Gerstengenotypen.
In my project I aim at a better understanding of the evolution of malacostracan crustaceans, which includes very different groups such as mantis shrimps, krill and lobsters. Previous studies on Malacostraca, on extant as well as on fossil representatives, focussed on adult morphology.In contrast to such approaches, I will apply a Palaeo-Evo-Devo approach to shed new light on the evolution of Malacostraca. Palaeo-Evo-Devo uses data of different developmental stages of fossil malacostracan crustaceans, such as larval and juvenile stages. With this approach I aim at bridging morphological gaps between the different diverse lineages of modern malacostracans by providing new insights into the character evolution in these lineages.An extensive number of larval and juvenile malacostracans is present in the fossil record, but which have only scarcely been studied. The backbone of this project will be on malacostracans from the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestones (ca. 150 million years old), which are especially well preserved and exhibit minute details. During previous studies, I developed new documentation methods for tiny fossils from these deposits, e.g., fluorescence composite microscopy, and also discovered the first fossil mantis shrimp larvae. For malcostracan groups that do not occur in Solnhofen, I will investigate fossils from other lagerstätten, e.g., Mazon Creek and Bear Gulch (USA), or Montceaules- Mines and La-Voulte-sur-Rhône (France). The main groups in focus are mantis shrimps and certain other shrimps (e.g., mysids, caridoids), as well as the bottom-living ten-footed crustaceans (reptantians). Examples for studied structures are leg details, including the feeding apparatus, but also eyes. The results will contribute to the reconstruction of 3D computer models.The data collected in this project will be used for evaluating the relationships within Malacostraca, but mainly for providing plausible evolutionary scenarios, how the modern malacostracan diversity evolved. With the Palaeo-Evo-Devo approach, I am also able to detect shifts in developmental timing, called heterochrony, which is interpreted as one of the major driving forces of evolution. Finally, the reconstructed evolutionary patterns can be compared between the different lineages for convergencies. These comparisons might help to explain the convergent adaptation to similar ecological niches in different malacostracan groups, e.g., life in the deep sea, life on the sea bottom, evolution of metamorphosis or of predatory larvae.As the project requires the investigation of a large number of specimens in different groups, I will assign distinct sub-projects to three doctoral researchers. The results of this project will not only be published in peer-reviewed journals, but will also be presented to the non-scientific public, e.g., during fossil fairs or museum exhibitions with 3D models engraved in glass blocks.
Community forestry has not met the great public expectations on a significant contribution to sustainable forestry yet. Recent research in the management and policy of community forestry describes a complex process of multi level social choice which determines the outcomes. Our hypothesis is that the key factors determining the outcomes of community forestry are the interests and power of the external stake holders. This hypothesis will be tested in a comparative quantitative and qualitative analysis. In seven countries comprising developed and developing countries 84 cases will be used for comparison. The comparative analysis will be carried out by one PhD student financed by the project. He will do the field work in close cooperation with PhD students who are already conducting their PhD analysis the different countries. The comparative analysis is aimed to explore key drivers of community forestry which are not yet identified in literature.
BACKGROUND: The Kingdom of Jordan belongs to the ten water scarcest countries in the world, and climate change is likely to increase the frequency of future droughts. Jordan is considered among the 10 most water impoverished countries in the world, with per capita water availability estimated at 170 m per annum, compared to an average of 1,000 m per annum in other countries. Jordan Government has taken the strategic decision to develop a conveyor system including a 325 km pipe to pump 100 million cubic meters per year of potable water from Disi-Mudawwara close to the Saudi Border in the south, to the Greater Amman area in the north. The construction of the water pipeline has started end of 2009 and shall be finished in 2013. Later on, the pipeline could serve as a major part of a national water carrier in order to convey desalinated water from the Red Sea to the economically most important central region of the country. The conveyor project will not only significantly increase water supplies to the capital, but also provide for the re-allocation of current supplies to other governorates, and for the conservation of aquifers. In the context of the Disi project that is co-funded by EIB two Environmental and Social Management Plans have been prepared: one for the private project partners and one for the Jordan Government. The latter includes the Governments obligation to re-balance water allocations to irrigation and to gradually restore the protected wetlands of Azraq (Ramsar site) east of Amman that has been depleted due to over-abstraction by re-directing discharge of highland aquifers after the Disi pipeline becomes operational. The Water Strategy recognizes that groundwater extraction for irrigation is beyond acceptable limits. Since the source is finite and priority should be given to human consumption it proposes to tackle the demand for irrigation through tariff adjustments, improved irrigation technology and disincentive to water intensive crops. The Disi aquifer is currently used for irrigation by farms producing all kinds of fruits and vegetables on a large scale and exporting most of their products to the Saudi and European markets and it is almost a third of Jordan's total consumption. The licenses for that commercial irrigation were finished by 2011/12. Whilst the licenses will be not renewed the difficulty will be the enforcement and satellite based information become an important supporting tool for monitoring. OUTLOOK: The ESA funded project Water management had the objective to support the South-North conveyor project and the activities of EIB together with the MWI in Jordan to ensure the supply of water for the increasing demand. EO Information provides a baseline for land cover and elevation and support the monitoring of further stages. usw.
Sauropod dinosaurs represent one of the most important components of Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate faunas, yet their early evolution and diversification in the Jurassic is still poorly understood. Furthermore, most of the pertinent data so far comes from Early and Middle Jurassic rocks in eastern Asia. The only abundant basal sauropod material reported from the Western Hemisphere so far comes from the Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Chubut province, Argentina, from where two species, Patagosaurus fariasi and Volkheimeria chubutensis, have been described. Especially the first of these taxa has figured prominently in basal sauropod phylogenies. However, recent research suggests that more sauropods are represented in the original material referred to this species, and intensive fieldwork in the rocks that have yielded these materials has resulted in the recovery of a wealth of new material. Thus, the objective of this project is a revision of the original materials of Patagosaurus as well as an incorporation of new materials. The alpha taxonomy of the sauropods from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation will be established, detailed osteological descriptions of the different taxa provided and their significance for our understanding of early sauropod evolution will be evaluated.
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