The majority of the worlds forests has undergone some form of management, such as clear-cut or thinning. This management has direct relevance for global climate: Studies estimate that forest management emissions add a third to those from deforestation, while enhanced productivity in managed forests increases the capacity of the terrestrial biosphere to act as a sink for carbon dioxide emissions. However, uncertainties in the assessment of these fluxes are large. Moreover, forests influence climate also by altering the energy and water balance of the land surface. In many regions of historical deforestation, such biogeophysical effects have substantially counteracted warming due to carbon dioxide emissions. However, the effect of management on biogeophysical effects is largely unknown beyond local case studies. While the effects of climate on forest productivity is well established in forestry models, the effects of forest management on climate is less understood. Closing this feedback cycle is crucial to understand the driving forces behind past climate changes to be able to predict future climate responses and thus the required effort to adapt to it or avert it. To investigate the role of forest management in the climate system I propose to integrate a forest management module into a comprehensive Earth system model. The resulting model will be able to simultaneously address both directions of the interactions between climate and the managed land surface. My proposed work includes model development and implementation for key forest management processes, determining the growth and stock of living biomass, soil carbon cycle, and biophysical land surface properties. With this unique tool I will be able to improve estimates of terrestrial carbon source and sink terms and to assess the susceptibility of past and future climate to combined carbon cycle and biophysical effects of forest management. Furthermore, representing feedbacks between forest management and climate in a global climate model could advance efforts to combat climate change. Changes in forest management are inevitable to adapt to future climate change. In this process, is it possible to identify win-win strategies for which local management changes do not only help adaptation, but at the same time mitigate global warming by presenting favorable effects on climate? The proposed work opens a range of long-term research paths, with the aim of strengthening the climate perspective in the economic considerations of forest management and helping to improve local decisionmaking with respect to adaptation and mitigation.
The geomagnetic field shields our habitat against solar wind and radiation from space. Due to the geometry of the field, the shielding in general is weakest at high latitudes. It is also anomalously weak in a region around the south Atlantic known as South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), and the global dipole moment has been decreasing by nearly 10 percent since direct measurements of field intensity became possible in 1832. Due to our limited understanding of the geodynamo processes in Earths core, it is impossible to reliably predict the future evolution of both dipole moment and SAA over the coming decades. However, lack of magnetic field shielding as would be a consequence of further weakening of dipole moment and SAA region field intensity would cause increasing problems for modern technology, in particular satellites, which are vulnerable to radiation damage. A better understanding of the underlying processes is required to estimate the future development of magnetic field characteristics. The study of the past evolution of such characteristics based on historical, archeo- and paleomagnetic data, on time-scales of centuries to millennia, is essential to detect any recurrences and periodicities and provide new insights in dynamo processes in comparison to or in combination with numerical dynamo simulations. We propose to develop two new global spherical harmonic geomagnetic field models, spanning 1 and 10 kyrs, respectively, and designed in particular to study how long the uninterrupted decay of the dipole moment has been going on prior to 1832, and if the SAA is a recurring structure of the field.We will combine for the first time all available historical and archeomagnetic data, both directions and intensities, in a spherical harmonic model spanning the past 1000 years. Existing modelling methods will be adapted accordingly, and existing data bases will be complemented with newly published data. We will further acquire some new archeomagnetic data from the Cape Verde islands from historical times to better constrain the early evolution of the present-day SAA. In order to study the long-term field evolution and possible recurrences of similar weak field structures in this region, we will produce new paleomagnetic records from available marine sediment cores off the coasts of West Africa, Brazil and Chile. This region is weakly constrained in previous millennial scale models. Apart from our main aim to gain better insights into the previous evolution of dipole moment and SAA, the models will be used to study relations between dipole and non-dipole field contributions, hemispheric symmetries and large-scale flux patterns at the core-mantle boundary. These observational findings will provide new insights into geodynamo processes when compared with numerical dynamo simulation results.Moreover, the models can be used to estimate past geomagnetic shielding above Earths surface against solar wind and for nuclide production from galactic cosmic rays.
The present-day configuration of Indonesia and SE Asia is the results of a long history of tectonic movements, volcanisms and global eustatic sea-level changes. Not indifferent to these dynamics, fauna and flora have been evolving and dispersing following a complicate pattern of continent-sea changes to form what are today defined as Sundaland and Wallacea biogeographical regions. The modern intraannual climate of Indonesia is generally described as tropical, seasonally wet with seasonal reversals of prevailing low-level winds (Asian-Australian monsoon). However at the interannual scale a range of influences operating over varying time scales affect the local climate in respect of temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall. Vegetation generally reflects climate and to simplify it is possible to distinguish three main ecological elements in the flora of Malaysia: everwet tropical, seasonally dry tropical (monsoon) and montane. Within those major ecological groups, a wide range of specific local conditions caused a complex biogeography which has and still attract the attention of botanists and biogeographers worldwide. Being one of the richest regions in the Worlds in terms of species endemism and biodiversity, Indonesia has recently gone through intensive transformation of previously rural/natural lands for intensive agriculture (oil palm, rubber, cocoa plantations and rice fields). Climate change represents an additional stress. Projected climate changes in the region include strengthening of monsoon circulation and increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall and drought events. The ecological consequences of these scenarios are hard to predict. Within the context of sustainable management of conservation areas and agro-landscapes, Holocene palaeoecological and palynological studies provide a valuable contribution by showing how the natural vegetation present at the location has changed as a consequence of climate variability in the long-term (e.g. the Mid-Holocene moisture maximum, the modern ENSO onset, Little Ice Age etc.). The final aim of my PhD research is to compare the Holocene history of Jambi province and Central Sulawesi. In particular: - Reconstructing past vegetation, plant diversity and climate dynamics in the two study areas Jambi (Sumatra) and Lore Lindu National Park (Sulawesi) - Comparing the ecological responses of lowland monsoon swampy rainforest (Sumatra) and everwet montane rainforests (Sulawesi) to environmental variability (vulnerability/resilience) - Investigating the history of human impact on the landscape (shifting cultivation, slash and burn, crop cultivation, rubber and palm oil plantation) - Assessing the impact and role of droughts (El Niño) and fires - Adding a historical perspective to the evaluation of current and future changes.
Wie die HELCOM-Expertengruppe für Meeressäugetiere (EG MAMA; portal.helcom.fi, 2021) feststellt, liegen nur begrenzte Informationen über das Vorkommen, die (Öko-)Toxizität und die potenziellen gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen von Neuen Schadstoffen bei Meeressäugern vor. Neue Schadstoffe werden durch verschiedene anthropogene Aktivitäten in die Umwelt eingebracht, und einige dieser Stoffe haben das Potenzial, in Meeres-, Süßwasser- und/oder terrestrische Nahrungsnetze zu gelangen, wo sie sich anreichern können. Gegenwärtig fehlen häufig Informationen über die Exposition, und es besteht ein dringender Bedarf an ausreichenden Daten zum Vorkommen und die Auswirkungen, um CEC bewerten und gegebenenfalls Maßnahmen zur Risikominderung einleiten zu können. Ziel des Projekts war das Screening auf potenziell gefährliche Neue Schadstoffe in Meeressäugetieren aus der Ostsee unter Verwendung modernster analytischer Methoden für ein weitreichendes Ziel- und Verdachtsscreening. Zu diesem Zweck wurden 11 gepoolte Leber- und eine nicht gepoolte Muskelprobe von 11 Meeressäugern (Schweinswal (Phocoena phocoena), Gewöhnlicher Delphin (Delphinus delphis), Kegelrobbe (Halichoerus grypus), Seehund (Phoca vitulina)) von HELCOM-Vertragsparteien aus Deutschland, Schweden, Dänemark und Polen zur Verfügung gestellt. Die interessierenden Verunreinigungen wurden aus den gefriergetrockneten Matrizes mit Hilfe allgemeiner Extraktionsmethoden extrahiert, und die endgültigen Extrakte wurden sowohl mit Flüssig- als auch mit Gaschromatographie in Verbindung mit hochauflösender Massenspektrometrie (HRMS; LC-ESI-QToF und GC-APCI-QToF) analysiert. Die Proben wurden quantitativ auf das Vorhandensein von mehr als 2,500 organischen Schadstoffen untersucht, darunter Verbindungen verschiedener Klassen wie Arzneimittel, Kosmetika, Biozide, Pflanzenschutzmittel, illegale Drogen, Stimulanzien, Süßstoffe und Industriechemikalien (z. B. Per- und Polyfluoralkylsubstanzen (PFAS), Flammschutzmittel, Korrosionsinhibitoren, Weichmacher, Tenside) sowie deren Umwandlungsprodukte (TPs). Darüber hinaus wurde eine Methode zur Analyse von 23 Verbindungen entwickelt, die in Sprengstoffen enthalten sind, die in der Vergangenheit in die Ostsee verklappt wurden, wobei ein anderes Verfahren zur Probenvorbereitung verwendet wurde. Eine spezifische Ziel-Screeningmethode, die dieselbe Probenvorbereitung verwendet, wurde auch für 13 neue phosphororganische Flammschutzmittel (OPFR) und zwei Dechloran-plus-Verbindungen angewandt.Das Verdachtsscreening von 65.690 umweltrelevanten Substanzen aus der NORMAN-Stoffdatenbank wurde an allen HRMSRohchromatogrammen durchgeführt. Die Chromatogramme wurden auch in die NORMAN Digital Sample Freezing Platform (DSFP) hochgeladen und stehen somit für das retrospektive Screening von noch mehr Verbindungen zur Verfügung, sobald die Informationen für deren Screening verfügbar sind...
Rational energy use in industry decreases costs, environmental pollution and the depletion of resources. Since energy costs are often of the same magnitude as the profit, reduced energy use considerably affects the company results. Yet, systematic, profound analysis and optimization of energetic processes are seldom conducted. In order to reduce the effort and increase the quality of energy system analysis, a computer aided method is being developed in a research project called TOP-Energy (Toolkit for Optimisation of Industrial Energy Systems). The main aim of TOP-Energy is to support energy consultants in analysing and optimising industrial energy supply systems by providing modules for documentation, simulation and evaluation of energy systems with respect to energetic, economic and environmental aspects. To ensure an integrated workflow, TOP-Energy reflects a business process model derived from the German guideline, VDI 3922. TOP-Energy consists of two major parts, a unifying framework and a set of modules: The former supplies the services of a modern GUI-application such as module-sensitive dialogs and presentations, flow sheet editing and report generation. It includes a sophisticated, abstract data model and operates as a software bus for modules allowing them to integrate their own XML-based data. The latter are technical modules, addressing particular aspects of energy system analysis such as economic analysis or system simulation. An outstanding feature of TOP-Energy is the supply system simulator, called eSim, which can be tailored to the end users needs. It evaluates energy supply concepts by means of historical demand data. In contrast to other simulator packages, eSim supersedes the costly modelling of control systems at an early stage of concept development by automatic optimisation of component deployment.
Humanity has influenced and changed the large majority of the earths landscapes, especially those in urban areas. There is no doubt that it is crucial to include human dimensions - perceptions, attitudes, preferences etc. - in terms of landscape inheritance, conservation, development and management or what. Public perception and preference research has a long lasting history in landscape subjects, and has been playing an important role in practical implementation. This study will be conducted in Suzhou, China - a typical Chinese city with numerous ancient cultural heritages and facing endless modernization and urbanization. Literate review will be thoroughly carried out on respect to the processes, states, significances of human dimensions for landscapes. The interpretation of historical materials about landscape changes during decades of the research site will be completed. The targeted objects will be the residents there and visitors. There are still more than 200.000 permanent residents living in the research core, who represent the main force of conserving the ancient heritages lasted thousands years. Therefore, their attitudes towards the landscape changes, ancient landscape elements or symbols are vital, and should be included in routines for landscape design, management and conservation. Moreover, up to millions of visitors from both inside and outside of China come to Suzhou every year, which makes the study concerning their perceptions and preferences even more critical. The well-structured questionnaires, together with semi-open or open interviews will be applied aimed at different targeted groups, and the results will be interpreted and evaluated based on scientific theories and methodologies in both quantitative and qualitative ways. Eventually, how these findings could be used to inform the landscape policy-makers, designer, planner or managers and how to transfer the results into practical status in other cities of China or even in other developing countries facing the same dilemmas would be generated.
Population vulnerability may have a genetic background which is tightly connected to population size and spatial position relative to neighbouring populations. Interrupted gene flow and inbreeding or genetic drift may accelerate decreases of vulnerable species. In the long term, populations that are small or isolated from large core populations are expected to show low genetic diversity and a high degree of differentiation as a consequence of low or absent gene flow. Population decline of capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in the Alps has put this species at great risk of regional extinction. To understand the dynamics of capercaillie populations, genetic variation will be analysed in three study regions using nuclear microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats, SSR). Allelic diversity, gene flow, and differentiation among populations as well as heterozygosity within populations will be used as key parameters to evaluate possible metapopulation dynamics. To determine whether reduced numbers of populations and individuals indeed show a loss of allelic diversity, we will genotype museum specimens from the same regions as a reference to present-day diversity, whereas individuals from extinct areas may mediate, in a genetic sense, between extant, differentiated populations. The aims of this project are to estimate historical gene flow: How many individuals per generation dispersed among populations and regions? detect genetic relatedness and differentiation among populations: Are geographic and genetic distances between populations positively correlated? relate estimated population size to genetic diversity and differentiation: Is inbreeding more pronounced in small compared with large populations? determine genetic variation of museum specimens from remnant populations: Can we detect higher allelic diversity in museums compared to extant populations? establish genetic relationships among populations of the past and present: Do extinct genotypes mediate between extant, genetically separated populations? These results will be implemented in a spatially explicit metapopulation model including respective data from studies on habitat suitability and population dynamics. Description and modelling of population genetic processes at the regional level will help to understand the dynamics among and within populations of vulnerable species. This study will provide guidelines for conservation strategies applicable to other organisms with large-scale demands for suitable habitat areas, and which are at the brink of extinction due to human-altered landscape. This project is part of WWK-Modul 4 (Gefährdete Arten: Modellfall Rauhfusshühner).
The Antarctic irwertebrate fauna appears highiy diverse, but is only localiy and sporadically explored - and already threatened by global climate change. Gastropods are abundant, species rieh, ecologically and economically irnportant, count with a rieh fossil record and are wellestablished äs model organisms for many scientific disciplines. Most of the roughly 600 Antarctic gastropod species are regarded valid at the mornent based on shell features of often just a few or single specimens. Intraspecific morphological variability, soft pari anatomy, biology' and ecology are usually unknown, and many synonyms have been proposed. Wolecular data are limited to CÖI barcode sequences of few individuals of the more common species: Phylogenetic analyses of single genes suggest complexes of cryptic species or deep lineages, which may show distinct geographic distributions and special ecological niches. Rarity of species or samples prohibits general population genetics approaches. The prirnary goal of our herein proposed project is revealing the species diversity of Antarctic gastropods comprehensively and reliably. In addition to mltochondrial CÖI, we will use next generation sequencing (NGS) and newly established methods (double digest Restriction Associated DMA sequencing, ddRADseq) to efficiently generate a multitude of independent nuclear genomic sequence markers. We will include all species and subsamples from rnore than 2000 Southern Öcean gastropod samples available at the ZSM Mollusca collection suitable for genetic studies, plus further material to be collected at expeditions or from other museums. We will perform phylogenetic analyses (ML, Bayes, in subgroups BEST) and combined, up to-date molecular species delimitation approaches (ABGD, GMYCS BP&P), An integrative taxonomic approach reiying on congruence will be applied to revea! conservative and reliable evolutionary species units, which will be used for diversity analyses, We will also explore genomic evolutionary archives of seiected gastropod lineages performing fossil-calibrated BEAST chronograms. The dynamics of diversification will be analyzed via recent Birth-Death-Shift models, and historical biogeography will be reconstructed using recent Software (e.g, RASP). With our massif genomic data from many subtaxa we will test current paradigms on biogeography and evolution, such äs glacial cycles causing an 'Antarctic speciation pump', and evaluate competing hypotheses on glacial refuges and migration scenarios. The herein proposed combination of ddRADseqs with up to date multi-iocus analyses is novel, extremely cost and time effective, and can include thousands instead of few specimens' without any a priori selectron. It is expected to be very powerful to delimitate newty collected, unrecognized, or cryptic species, even jf badly sampled or just represented by singletons...
Differenzierung der Quellen- und Senkenfunktion des Bodens unter Berücksichtigung der Nutzungsgeschichte. Im Rahmen des CARBOEUROFLUX-Projekts wurden im Hainich (Thüringen) Kohlenstoff (C)- Speicherungsraten festgestellt, die der Vorstellung der Kohlendioxid-Neutralität von alten Wäldern widersprechen und die Frage nach deren Kyoto-Relevanz aufwerfen. Im Rahmen europäischer Projekte lässt sich allerdings nicht klären, wie diese hohen Speicherraten entstehen und wo C im System verbleibt. Wir vermuten, dass durch historischen C-Export, z.B. infolge von Streunutzung, die Böden im Hainich verarmten und die entleerten Speicher jetzt wieder aufgefüllt werden. Um das Ausmaß des nutzungsbedingten C-Exports abschätzen zu können, werden aus Schriftquellen Art und Umfang der Biomassenutzung in ihrer zeitlichen und örtlichen Entwicklung rekonstruiert. Zudem untersuchen wir, welche Anteile des C-Eintrages veratmet, gespeichert und über den Wasserpfad exportiert werden. Hierzu werden 13C und 14C- Isotopenverhältnisse an Bodengasen sowie gelöstem und festem Boden- C bestimmt. Unsere Untersuchungen zielen auf ein grundlegendes Verständnis der C-Speicherung im Jahresverlauf ab. Die Zusammenarbeit mit dem Kompetenzzentrum 'Dynamik Komplexer Geosysteme' und dem europäischen CARBOEUROPE Cluster wird die Doppelerhebung von Daten verhindern und deren gegenseitige Verfügbarkeit sicherstellen. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, den historischen Kohlenstoffexport insbesondere unter Berücksichtigung der forstlichen Nebennutzung abzuschätzen. Hierzu soll anhand von Literaturdaten einerseits die Vegetationsgeschichte geklärt werden. Andererseits soll der im Untersuchungsgebiet im Zuge der forstlichen und landwirtschaftlichen Nutzungen erfolgte Biomasseentzug nach Art und Umfang dokumentiert werden. Diese Arbeiten sind notwendig, um den Einfluss der Nutzungsgeschichte auf die Kohlenstoffspeicherung im Untersuchungsstandort abzuschätzen. Im Rahmen des Gesamtprojektes sollen zunächst Daten zur Entwicklung der Biomasse im Untersuchungsgebiet zusammengestellt werden. Eine weitere Aufgabe besteht darin, auf der Basis von Literaturstudien einen möglichen Vergleichsstandort mit unterschiedlicher Nutzungsgeschichte zu identifizieren.
Fliessgewässer unterstehen dauernden Veränderungen. Diese können natürlich oder anthropogen bedingt sein. Der Mensch 'korrigiert seine Flüsse und Bäche schon seit Jahrhunderten. Seit der Industrialisierung wurden die Eingriffe jedoch zunehmend stärker und umfangreicher. Ganze Flusssysteme wurden begradigt, Wasserkraftwerke stauen Flüsse über hunderte Kilometer an und Schleusen machen Fliessgewässer wiederum schiffbar. Heutzutage hat sich die Denkweise umgekehrt. Weniger Eingriffe, Rückbau von flussbaulichen Einrichtungen und die Forderung nach mehr Naturnähe bestimmen mittlerweile die Gedanken der Wasserwirtschaft. Erst recht durch die Umsetzung der EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie, die im Allgemeinen eine Verbesserung der Gewässer fordert. Laut dieser Forderung müssten einige stark veränderten Fliessgewässer von den Verbauungen 'befreit werden. Die Arbeit soll versuchen aufzuzeigen, wieso es auch wünschenswert wäre alte Eingriffe in die Flüsse zu schützen, weil sie besonders und einmalig sind und sie nach eingehender Überprüfung als kulturhistorische Denkmäler auszuweisen. Deshalb soll geklärt werden wie sich solche flussbauliche Konstruktionen zu kulturhistorischen Bauwerken entwickeln konnten . Infolgedessen soll besonders Wert auf die Identifikation der Bevölkerung und der Erbauer mit den jeweiligen Objekten gelegt werden. Welche Wünsche und Erwartungen hegten die Menschen bei der Erstellung der flussbaulichen Bauwerke? Welche Konflikte traten zutage? Wie hat sich der Stellenwert der Bauwerke über die Zeit bis heute verändert? Um die heutige kulturhistorische Bedeutung von Fließgewässern zu verstehen, ist die Kenntnis über die frühere Beziehung des Menschen, besonders der Flussanwohner, zu ihren Flüssen von besonderer Relevanz. Nur so kann geklärt werden wieso man heute das Interesse besitzt verbaute Flüsse zu erhalten, obwohl Möglichkeiten bestünden sie aus ihrem 'Korsett zu befreien. Diese Fragestellungen sollen am Beispiel des Hochrheins und dem schweizerischen Linthwerk untersucht werden. Als Untersuchungsmethode dienen das Studium und die Analyse diverser schriftlicher Quellen.
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