Das Projekt "Biopores in the subsoil: Formation, nutrient turnover and effects on crops with distinct rooting systems (BioFoNT)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Bonn, Institut für Organischen Landbau.Perennial fodder cropping potentially increases subsoil biopore density by formation of extensive root systems and temporary soil rest. We will quantify root length density, earthworm abundance and biopore size classes after Medicago sativa, Cichorium intybus and Festuca arundinacea grown for 1, 2 and 3 years respectively in the applied research unit's Central Field Trial (CeFiT) which is established and maintained by our working group. Shoot parameters including transpiration, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence will frequently be recorded. Precrop effects on oilseed rape and cereals will be quantified with regard to crop yield, nutrient transfer and H2-release. The soil associated with biopores (i.e. the driloshpere) is generally rich in nutrients as compared to the bulk soil and is therefore supposed to be a potential hot spot for nutrient acquisition. However, contact areas between roots and the pore wall have been reported to be low. It is still unclear to which extent the nutrients present in the drilosphere are used and which potential relevance subsoil biopores may have for the nutrient supply of crops. We will use a flexible videoscope to determine the root-soil contact in biopores. Nitrogen input into the drilosphere by earthworms and potential re-uptake of nitrogen from the drilosphere by subsequent crops with different rooting systems (oilseed rape vs. cereals) will be quantified using 15N as a tracer.
Das Projekt "Barley dwarfs acting big in agronomy. Identification of genes and characterization of proteins involved in dwarfism, lodging resistance and crop yield" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an important cereal grain which serves as major animal fodder crop as well as basis for malt beverages or staple food. Currently barley is ranked fourth in terms of quantity of cereal crops produced worldwide. In times of a constantly growing world population in conjunction with an unforeseeable climate change and groundwater depletion, the accumulation of knowledge concerning cereal growth and rate of yield gain is important. The Nordic Genetic Resource Center holds a major collection of barley mutants produced by irradiation or chemical treatment. One phenotypic group of barley varieties are dwarf mutants (erectoides, brachytic, semidwarf, uzu). They are characterized by a compact spike and high rate of yield while the straw is short and stiff, enhancing the lodging resistance of the plant. Obviously they are of applied interest, but they are also of scientific interest as virtually nothing is known about the genes behind the development of plant dwarfism. The aim of this project is to identify and isolate the genes carrying the mutations by using state of the art techniques for gene cloning at the Carlsberg Laboratory. The identified genes will be connected with the mutant phenotype to reveal the gene function in general. One or two genes will be overexpressed and the resulting recombinant proteins will be biochemically and structurally characterized. The insights how the mutation effects the protein will display the protein function in particular. Identified genes and their mutant alleles will be tested in the barley breeding program of the Carlsberg brewery.
Das Projekt "Grüne Logistik - Workshops für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Gesundheit. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: bifa Umweltinstitut GmbH.bifa wurde vom Bayerischen Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Gesundheit mit der Durchführung des Projekts IPP als Instrument des betrieblichen Klimaschutzes - eine Anleitung insbesondere für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) beauftragt. Im Rahmen dieses Projekts werden u. a. acht Workshops mit Vertretern der Wirtschaft durchgeführt. Der erste Workshop fand bereits im Februar 2010 unter dem Motto Grüne Logistik: Visionen - Chancen - Risiken statt. Es nahmen 13 Unternehmer aus verschiedenen Bereichen der Logistik teil. Nach kurzen Impulsvorträgen zur Integrierten Produktpolitik und Grünen Logistik wurden in drei Arbeitsgruppen Möglichkeiten der Umsetzung von grüner Logistik im eigenen Unternehmen diskutiert und Ansatzpunkte gesucht, wie durch verstärkte Kooperation und Kommunikation die umweltbezogenen Vorteile der grünen gegenüber der normalen Logistik noch weiter ausgeschöpft werden können. Das äußerst heterogene Teilnehmerfeld wurde sehr positiv bewertet. So beschreibt ein Teilnehmer: Da waren ein Unternehmer mit eigenem Fuhrpark, ein kleiner mittelständischer Spediteur, ein großer mittelständischer Spediteur und ich aus der verladenden Wirtschaft. In der abschließenden Diskussion tauchte neben zahlreichen Ansatzpunkten zur Umsetzung immer wieder eine Frage auf: Was ist Green Logistics ? Wie können wir sie messen, was umfasst sie, wer nimmt daran teil und wer bezahlt sie? . Zur Abgrenzung der grünen gegenüber der normalen Logistik müssen Standards geschaffen werden, die den Unternehmen helfen, sich noch intensiver mit Möglichkeiten der Umweltentlastung im Bereich der Logistik auseinanderzusetzen. In einem weiterführenden Workshop im April 2010 setzten sich die Teilnehmer mit diesen Fragestellungen auseinander und erarbeiteten unter dem Titel Grüne Logistik: Standards generieren und umsetzen - aber wie? Vorschläge und Handlungsempfehlungen für die Praxis. Das IPP-Projekt ist für unterschiedliche Wirtschaftszweige von großem Interesse: So wurden weitere Workshops zu Themen wie Reach , Emissionen/ CDM , Bauwirtschaft und Recycling erfolgreich durchgeführt. Methoden: Analyse und Moderation sozialer Prozesse.
Das Projekt "Trophic interactions in the soil of rice-rice and rice-maize cropping systems" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Gießen, Institut für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Bereich Tierökologie und Spezielle Biologie.Subproject 3 will investigate the effect of shifting from continuously flooded rice cropping to crop rotation (including non-flooded systems) and diversified crops on the soil fauna communities and associated ecosystem functions. In both flooded and non-flooded systems, functional groups with a major impact on soil functions will be identified and their response to changing management regimes as well as their re-colonization capability after crop rotation will be quantified. Soil functions corresponding to specific functional groups, i.e. biogenic structural damage of the puddle layer, water loss and nutrient leaching, will be determined by correlating soil fauna data with soil service data of SP4, SP5 and SP7 and with data collected within this subproject (SP3). In addition to the field data acquired directly at the IRRI, microcosm experiments covering the broader range of environmental conditions expected under future climate conditions will be set up to determine the compositional and functional robustness of major components of the local soil fauna. Food webs will be modeled based on the soil animal data available to gain a thorough understanding of i) the factors shaping biological communities in rice cropping systems, and ii) C- and N-flow mediated by soil communities in rice fields. Advanced statistical modeling for quantification of species - environment relationships integrating all data subsets will specify the impact of crop diversification in rice agro-ecosystems on soil biota and on the related ecosystem services.
Das Projekt "Biogenic formation of non-extractable residues from pesticides in soil" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Department Umweltbiotechnologie.During microbial turnover of organic chemicals in soil, non-extractable residues (NER) are formed frequently. Studies on NER formation usually performed with radioisotope labelled tracer compounds are limited to localisation and quantitative analyses but their chemical composition is left unknown. Recently, we could show for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and ibuprofen that during microbial turnover in soil nearly all NER were derived from microbial biomass, since degrading bacteria use the pollutant carbon for their biomass synthesis. Their cell debris is subsequently stabilised within soil organic matter (SOM) forming biogenic NER (bioNER). It is still unknown whether bioNER are also formed during biodegradation of other, structurally different compound classes of organic contaminants. Therefore, agricultural soil will be incubated with labelled compounds of five classes of commonly used and emerging pesticides: organophosphate, phenylurea, triazinone, benzothiadiazine and aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid. The fate of the label will be monitored in both living and non-living SOM pools and the formation of bioNER will be quantified for each compound over extended periods of time. In addition, soil samples from long-term lysimeter studies with 14C-labelled pesticide residues (e.g. triazine, benzothiazole and phenoxypropionic acid group) will be also analysed for bioNER formation. The results will be summarised to identify the metabolic conditions of microorganisms needed for bioNER formation and to develop an extended concept of risk assessment including bioNER formation in soils.
Das Projekt "Forschergruppe (FOR) 1806: The Forgotten Part of Carbon Cycling: Organic Matter Storage and Turnover in Subsoils (SUBSOM), Biological Regulation of Subsoil C-cycling under Field Conditions" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Bodenkunde und Standortslehre, Fachgebiet Bodenbiologie.The nature of the microbial communities inhabiting the deeper soil horizons is largely unknown. It is also not clear why subsurface microorganisms do not make faster use of organic compounds under field conditions. The answer could be provided by a reciprocal soil transfer experiment studying the response of transferred soils to fluctuations in microclimate, organic inputs, and soil biota. The subproject P9 will be responsible for the establishment of reciprocal transfer experiments offering a strong link between subgroups interested in organic matter quality, transport of organic substances, as well as functions of the soil microbial community. A single, high molecular weight substrate (13C labelled cellulose) will be applied at two different levels in the pre-experiment to understand the dose-dependent reaction of soil microorganisms in transferred surface and sub-soils. Uniformly 13C labelled beech roots - representing complex substrates - will be used for the main reciprocal soil transfer experiment. We hypothesize that transferring soil cores between subsoil and surface soil as well as addition of labelled cellulose or roots will allow us to evaluate the relative impact of surface/subsurface habitat conditions and resource availability on abundance, function, and diversity of the soil microbial community. The second objective of the subproject is to understand whether minerals buried within different soil compartments (topsoil vs. subsoil) in the field contribute to creation of hot spots of microbial abundance and activity within a period of two to five years. We hypothesize that soil microorganisms colonize organo-mineral complexes depending on their nutritional composition and substrate availability. The existence of micro-habitat specific microbial communities could be important for short term carbon storage (1 to 6 years). The third objective is to understand the biogeography and function of soil microorganisms in different subsoils. Parent material as well as mineral composition might control niche differentiation during soil development. Depending on size and interconnectedness of niches, colonization and survival of soil microbial communities might be different in soils derived from loess, sand, terra fusca, or sandstone. From the methodological point of view, our specific interest is to place community composition into context with soil microbial functions in subsoils. Our subgroup will be responsible for determining the abundance, diversity, und function of soil microorganisms (13C microbial biomass, 13C PLFA, enzyme activities, DNA extraction followed by quantitative PCR). Quantitative PCR will be used to estimate total abundances of bacteria, archaea and fungi as well as abundances of specific groups of bacteria at high taxonomic levels. We will apply taxa specific bacterial primers because classes or phyla might be differentiated into ecological categories on the basis of their life strategies.
Das Projekt "Molecular determinants of host specificity of maize-, rice- and mango-pathogenic species of the genus Fusarium" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institut für Bioinformatik und Systembiologie (IBIS).Fusarium species of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex cause serious diseases on different crops such as rice, wheat and maize. An important group of plant pathogens is the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFC) of closely related Fusarium species which are associated with specific hosts; F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum are particularly associated with maize where they can cause serious ear-, root-, and stalk rot diseases. Two other closely related species of the GFC, F. mangiferae and F. fujikuroi, which share about 90Prozent sequence identity with F. verticillioides, are pathogens on mango and rice, respectively. All of these species produce a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites such as phytohormones (gibberellins, auxins, and cytokinins), and harmful mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, fusarin C, or fusaric acid in large quantities. However, the spectrum of those mycotoxins might differ between closely related species suggesting that secondary metabolites might be determinants for host specificity. In this project, we will study the potential impact of secondary metabolites (i.e. phytohormones and certain mycotoxins) and some other species-specific factors (e.g. species-specific transcription factors) on host specificity. The recently sequenced genomes of F. mangiferae and F. fujikuroi by our groups and the planned sequencing of F. proliferatum will help to identify such determinants by genetic manipulation of the appropriate metabolic pathway(s).
Das Projekt "Sicherung der genetischen Vielfalt innerhalb traditioneller mitteleuropäischer Rebsorten" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Hochschule Geisenheim University, Zentrum Angewandte Biologie, Institut für Rebenzüchtung und Rebenveredlung.Im Gegensatz zu anderen landwirtschaftlichen Arten sind die im Weinbau verwendeten Sorten sehr alt, Riesling mindesten 500 Jahre, Spätburgunder mindestens 1000 Jahre. Reben werden vegetativ vermehrt und im Laufe der Zeit haben sich durch Mutationen bei traditionellen Sorten zahlreiche Spielarten entwickelt. Gelegentlich betreffen diese Veränderungen deutlich sichtbare Merkmale wie die Blattbehaarung oder die Beerenfarbe. So entstanden aus dem blauen Spätburgunder die Sorten Ruländer und Weißburgunder. Doch die meisten dieser genetischen Veränderungen bleiben unscheinbar, wie eine veränderte Beerengröße, Beerenstiellänge, Seitentriebbildung oder Säuregehalt der Früchte. Es sind jedoch gerade diese Veränderungen, die die Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung neuer, den Belangen der Praxis besser angepasster Klone bildet. Diese erlauben des dem Winzer den für seine Produktionsziele besten Klon zu benutzen. So erfolgreich die deutsche Klonenselektion in den vergangenen 100 Jahren auch war, so gefährdet ist sie jedoch auch. Durch den Ersatz alter Weinberge, die noch nicht mit Klonen bepflanzt wurden, durch Klonen reine Bestände, verschwindet die genetische Vielfalt innerhalb alter traditioneller Sorten wie Riesling oder Burgunder. Damit reduziert sich gleichzeitig die Möglichkeit zur Entwicklung neuer Klone, die den Erfordernissen eines zunehmend kompetitiven globalen Marktes, gewachsen sind. Eine Erhaltung dieses Material ist daher dringend geboten. Zurzeit dürften weniger als 500ha der deutschen Rebfläche nicht mit Klonenmaterial bepflanzt sein. Viele dieser Weinberge stehen in sehr alten, schwer zugänglichen Steillagen an der Mosel und sind sowohl wegen ihres hohen Alters als auch ihrer geringen Wirtschaftlichkeit bedroht. Die Zahl nimmt durch Betriebsaufgaben und Flurbereinigungen ständig ab und damit auch die genetische Streubreite alter Sorten, wie Riesling. Zur Sicherung der genetischen Vielfalt innerhalb traditioneller deutscher Sorten sammelt das Fachgebiet in alten Rebanlagen phänotypisch interessant erscheinendes Material, testet es auf wirtschaftlich wichtige Viruserkrankungen und sichert gesundes Material in situ auf den Flächen des Fachgebiets bzw. denen von Partnerinstitutionen.
Das Projekt "Ecotoxicology of Organotin compounds" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Frankfurt am Main, Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität, Abteilung Aquatische Ökotoxikologie.Organotin and especially butyltin compounds are used for a variety of applications, e.g. as biocides, stabilizers, catalysts and intermediates in chemical syntheses. Tributyltin (TBT) compounds exhibit the greatest toxicity of all organotins and have even been characterized as one of the most toxic groups of xenobiotics ever produced and deliberately introduced into the environment. TBT is not only used as an active biocidal compound in antifouling paints, which are designed to prevent marine and freshwater biota from settlement on ship hulls, harbour and offshore installations, but also as a biocide in wood preservatives, textiles, dispersion paints and agricultural pesticides. Additionally, it occurs as a by-product of mono- (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) compounds, which are used as UV stabilizer in many plastics and for other applications. Triphenyltin (TPT) compounds are also used as the active biocide in antifouling paints outside Europe and furthermore as an agricultural fungicide since the early 1960s to combat a range of fungal diseases in various crops, particularly potato blight, leaf spot and powdery mildew on sugar beet, peanuts and celery, other fungi on hop, brown rust on beans, grey moulds on onions, rice blast and coffee leaf rust. Although the use of TBT and TPT was regulated in many countries world-wide from restrictions for certain applications to a total ban, these compounds are still present in the environment. In the early 1970s the impact of TBT on nontarget organisms became apparent. Among the broad variety of malformations caused by TBT in aquatic animals, molluscs have been found to be an extremely sensitive group of invertebrates and no other pathological condition produced by TBT at relative low concentrations rivals that of the imposex phenomenon in prosobranch gastropods speaking in terms of sensitivity. TBT induces imposex in marine prosobranchs at concentrations as low as 0,5 ng TBT-Sn/L. Since 1993, for the littorinid snail Littorina littorea a second virilisation phenomenon, termed intersex, is known. In female specimens affected by intersex the pallial oviduct is transformed of towards a male morphology with a final supplanting of female organs by the corresponding male formations. Imposex and intersex are morphological alterations caused by a chronic exposure to ultra-trace concentrations of TBT. A biological effect monitoring offers the possibility to determine the degree of contamination with organotin compounds in the aquatic environment and especially in coastal waters without using any expensive analytical methods. Furthermore, the biological effect monitoring allows an assessment of the existing TBT pollution on the basis of biological effects. Such results are normally more relevant for the ecosystem than pure analytical data. usw.
Das Projekt "Natural variation of flowering time due to cis-regulatory evolution of FLOWERING LOCUS T and its orthologs and paralogs in Brassica napus" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Abteilung Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen.In many plant species, FLOWERING LOCUS T and related proteins are the mobile signal that communicates information on photoperiod from the leaves to the shoots, where the transition to flowering is realized. FT expression is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level so that it is restricted to leaves, occurs only in appropriate photoperiods, and integrates ambient temperature and developmental cues, as well as information on biotic and abiotic stress. We previously established that FT transcription in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana requires proximal promoter cis-elements and a distal enhancer, both evolutionary conserved among Brassicacea species. In addition, FT transcription is blocked prior vernalization in biannual accessions and vernalization-dependency of FT is controlled through a CArG-box located in the first intron that binds the transcriptional repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Chromatin-mediated repression by the Polycomb Group (PcG) pathway is required for photoperiod-dependent FT regulation and participates in FT expression level modulation in response to other cues.In this project, I propose to explore the available sequence data from the 1001 genome project in Arabidopsis to evaluate how often changes in regulatory cis-elements at FT have occurred and how these translate into an adaptive value. Allele-specific FT expression pattern will be measured in F1 hybrids of different accessions in response to varying environmental conditions. FT alleles that show cis-regulatory variation will be further analyzed to pinpoint the causal regulatory changes and study their effect in more detail. The allotetrapolyploid species Brassica napus is a hybrid of two Brassiceae species belonging to the A- and C-type genome, which are in turn mesopolyploid due to a genome triplication that occurred ca. 10x106 years ago. We will determine allele-specific expression of FT paralogs from both genomes of a collection of B. napus accessions. The plants will be grown in the field in changing environmental conditions to maximize the chance to detect expression variation of the paralogs. We will compare the contribution of the founder genomes to the regulation of flowering time and asses variation in this contribution. A particular focus will be to study the impact of chromatin-mediated repression on allele selection in B. napus.
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