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Higher frequency data products of the International Monitoring System’s infrasound stations

This dataset consists of data products derived from broadband signal detection lists that have been processed for the certified infrasound stations of the International Monitoring System. More specifically, within the CTBT-relevant infrasound range (around 0.01-4 Hz), this dataset covers higher frequencies (1-3 Hz) and is therefore called the ‘hf’ product. The temporal resolution (time step and window length) is 5 min. For processing the infrasound data, the Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation (PMCC) array processing algorithm with a one-third octave frequency band configuration between 0.01 and 4 Hz has been used. The detected signals from the most dominant directions in terms of number of arrivals within a time window and the product-specific frequency range are summarized at predefined time steps. Along with several detection parameters such as the back azimuth, apparent velocity, or mean frequency, additional quantities for assessing the relative quality of the detection parameters are provided. The dataset is available as a compressed .zip file containing the yearly data products (.nc files, NetCDF format) of all certified stations (since 2003). Further information on the processing and details about the open-access data products can be found in: Hupe et al. (2022), IMS infrasound data products for atmospheric studies and civilian applications, Earth System Science Data, doi:10.5194/essd-14-4201-2022

Very low frequency data products of the International Monitoring System’s infrasound stations

This dataset consists of data products derived from broadband signal detection lists that have been processed for the certified infrasound stations of the International Monitoring System. More specifically, this dataset, called the ‘maw’ product, covers a very low frequency range of infrasound (0.02-0.07 Hz). The temporal resolution (time step and window length) is 30 min. For processing the infrasound data, the Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation (PMCC) array processing algorithm with a one-third octave frequency band configuration between 0.01 and 4 Hz has been used. The detected signals from the most dominant directions in terms of number of arrivals within a time window and the product-specific frequency range are summarized at predefined time steps. Along with several detection parameters such as the back azimuth, apparent velocity, or mean frequency, additional quantities for assessing the relative quality of the detection parameters are provided. The dataset is available as a compressed .zip file containing the yearly data products (.nc files, NetCDF format) of all certified stations (since 2003). Further information on the processing and details about the open-access data products can be found in: Hupe et al. (2022), IMS infrasound data products for atmospheric studies and civilian applications, Earth System Science Data, doi:10.5194/essd-14-4201-2022.

Microbarom high-frequency data products of the International Monitoring System’s infrasound stations

This dataset consists of data products derived from broadband signal detection lists that have been processed for the certified infrasound stations of the International Monitoring System. More specifically, this dataset covers, among other phenomena, the upper frequency range of microbaroms (0.45-0.65 Hz) and is therefore called the ‘mb_hf’ product. The temporal resolution (time step and window length) is 15 min. For processing the infrasound data, the Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation (PMCC) array processing algorithm with a one-third octave frequency band configuration between 0.01 and 4 Hz has been used. The detected signals from the most dominant directions in terms of number of arrivals within a time window and the product-specific frequency range are summarized at predefined time steps. Along with several detection parameters such as the back azimuth, apparent velocity, or mean frequency, additional quantities for assessing the relative quality of the detection parameters are provided. The dataset is available as a compressed .zip file containing the yearly data products (.nc files, NetCDF format) of all certified stations (since 2003). Further information on the processing and details about the open-access data products can be found in: Hupe et al. (2022), IMS infrasound data products for atmospheric studies and civilian applications, Earth System Science Data, doi:10.5194/essd-14-4201-2022

Microbarom low-frequency data products of the International Monitoring System’s infrasound stations

This dataset consists of data products derived from broadband signal detection lists that have been processed for the certified infrasound stations of the International Monitoring System. More specifically, this dataset covers the dominant frequency range of microbaroms (0.15-0.35 Hz) and is therefore called the ‘mb_lf’ product. The temporal resolution (time step and window length) is 15 min. For processing the infrasound data, the Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation (PMCC) array processing algorithm with a one-third octave frequency band configuration between 0.01 and 4 Hz has been used. The detected signals from the most dominant directions in terms of number of arrivals within a time window and the product-specific frequency range are summarized at predefined time steps. Along with several detection parameters such as the back azimuth, apparent velocity, or mean frequency, additional quantities for assessing the relative quality of the detection parameters are provided. The dataset is available as a compressed .zip file containing the yearly data products (.nc files, NetCDF format) of all certified stations (since 2003). Further information on the processing and details about the open-access data products can be found in: Hupe et al. (2022), IMS infrasound data products for atmospheric studies and civilian applications, Earth System Science Data, doi:10.5194/essd-14-4201-2022

Global reference histograms of the IMS infrasound broadband detection lists

This data set builds upon the broadband detection lists of the International Monitoring System (IMS)’s infrasound stations. The infrasound data of these stations are regularly (re-)processed at the German National Data Centre at BGR (e.g., Ceranna et al., 2019; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75140-5_13) using the Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation (PMCC) array processing method (Cansi, 1995; https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL00468). The latest reprocessing with 26 one-third octave spaced frequency bands in the IMS band of interest (0.01 to 4 Hz) included all 53 stations that were certified within the period 2003 to 2020. Based on the resulting broadband detection lists, this data set expands on former analyses of the coherent ambient noise. For each station with a data availability of at least one year (by the end of 2020), monthly reference histograms for the detection parameters back azimuth, apparent speed, and root-mean-squared amplitude are provided. The histograms provide a means to determine the deviation from nominal monthly behaviour and thus enable assessing the plausibility of detections and potential anomalies – without determining their cause – in the detected parameters. Overall, these quality metrics will be, among other applications, a useful supplement to the open-access IMS infrasound data products provided by Hupe et al., which are also available in BGR’s product centre. Further details of the reference histograms are described in the following publication by Kristoffersen et al.: "Updated global reference models of broadband coherent infrasound signals for atmospheric studies and civilian applications" (https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002222).

Infrasonic Signatures of 1001 Rocket Launches for Space Missions

Rocket launches for space missions are well-defined ground-truth events generating strong infrasonic signatures. This data set covers ground-truth information for 1001 rocket launches from 27 global spaceports between 2009 and mid-2020. Infrasound signatures from up to 73% of the launches were identified at infrasound arrays of the International Monitoring System. The detection parameters were obtained using the Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation (PMCC) algorithm. Propagation and quality parameters supplement the PMCC detection parameters in this dataset. The results are provided for further use as a ground-truth reference in geophysical and atmospheric research. The open-access publication “1001 Rocket Launches for Space Missions and their Infrasonic Signature” (Pilger et al., 2021, Geophys. Res. Letters, doi:10.1029/2020GL092262) provides further details on this data set. Data format: The data are provided both as ASCII files (separate lists of infrasound signatures and rocket launch events, plus README files) and as a comprehensive netCDF file.

Infrasound array signal processing results of far-field stations for the Falcon 9 rocket stage re-entry over central Europe on 19 February 2025

Supplementary information to the manuscript “Seismoacoustic analysis of a Falcon 9 rocket stage re-entry over central Europe on 19 February 2025” by Hupe et al. (2026). Results of the Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation (PMCC) processing for far-field infrasound stations, displayed in Figure 7 of the manuscript (IS26 in Germany, NRSI in Norway, HFSI in Sweden). The netcdf files contain the following detection parameters of single arrivals: Time, duration, back-azimuth, apparent velocity, frequency, family identifier. Data format: One .nc file for each station.

World Stress Map Database Release 2025

The World Stress Map (WSM) is a global compilation of information on the crustal present-day stress field. It is a collaborative project between academia and industry that aims to characterize the stress pattern and to understand the stress sources. It commenced in 1986 as a project of the International Lithosphere Program under the leadership of Mary-Lou Zoback. From 1995-2008 it was a project of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities headed first by Karl Fuchs and then by Friedemann Wenzel. Since 2009 the WSM is maintained at the GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences. The WSM database release 2025 contains 100,842 data records within the Earth’s crust. The data are provided in two formats: Excel-file (wsm2025.xlsx) and comma separated fields (wsm2025.csv). Data records with reliable A-C quality are displayed in the World Stress Map (doi:10.5880/WSM.2025.002). Further detailed information on the WSM quality ranking scheme 2025, guidelines for the analysis of borehole logging data, and software for stress map generation and the stress pattern analysis is available at www.world-stress-map.org. The database structure and content is explained in the WSM Technical Report TR 25-01 (https://doi.org/10.48440/wsm.2025.001).

Global datasets of the mean orientation of maximum horizontal stress S_Hmax on regular grids

The World Stress Map (WSM) is the global compilation of information on the present-day stress field in the Earth's crust. The current WSM database release 2025 (Heidbach et al., 2025) has 100,842 data records, but the data are unevenly distributed and clustered. To analyse the wavelength of the crustal stress pattern of the orientation of maximum horizontal stress SHmax, we use so-called smoothed stress maps that show the mean SHmax orientation on regular grids. The mean SHmax orientation is estimated using the 77,365 A-C data records from the WSM database release 2025 in the Matlab® script stress2grid v.1.1 (Ziegler and Heidbach, 2019) which is based on the circular statistics of axial data. We use a search radius around the grid point and compute the mean SHmax orientation if at least five data records are within the search radius. The significance of the results is further improved by the weighting of the input data by three different parameters. 1.) Data quality weighting with wQ=1/15 for A-, wQ=1/20 for B-, and wQ = 1/25 for C-quality data. 2.) Inverse distance weighting relative to the grid point. This is based on the assumption that the closer a data record is to a grid point, the more strongly the stress state at the grid point influences that data record. Consequently, the contribution of an individual data record to the SHmax orientation increases with decreasing distance to the grid point. 3.) Minimum distance threshold: Data records located very close to a grid point would be overrepresented by the distance weight. To avoid this, a minimum distance threshold is applied such that all data records within 10% of the search radius are assigned the same weighting coefficient. Using a fixed search radius effectively filters from the SHmax data records the wavelength defined by the chosen search radius and does not resolve rotations of SHmax at smaller spatial scales. We provide 13 global datasets for SHmax calculated with search radii of 500 km, 250km, 100km, and 50 km. For the 500 km and 250 km search all four grids are used on 2°, 1°, 0.5°, and 0.2°. For the 100 km search radius the 1°, 0.5°, and 0.2° grids are used and for the 50 km search radius only the 0.5° and 0.2° grids are applied. Details on the format of the data files with the mean SHmax orientation are provided in the accompanying Readme file. Further details on the WSM database release 2025 are available in the WSM Technical Report 25-01 (Rajabi et al., 2025).

Bestimmung der hydraulischen Durchlaessigkeit quartaerer Sedimente mit geophysikalischen Verfahren

Bindige Deckschichten mit geringer hydraulischer Durchlaessigkeit gewaehrleisten den Schutz oberflaechennaher Grundwasserleiter vor Kontaminationen. Das Hauptkriterium fuer diese Schutzwirkung ist der Tongehalt, der einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die hydraulische Leitfaehigkeit hat. Es sollen Verfahren entwickelt werden, die eine schnelle Kartierung des Tongehaltes mit geophysikalischen Verfahren ermoeglichen. Als Verfahren kommen dabei geoelektrische und elektromagnetische Methoden in Betracht. Bestehende Theorien ueber den Einfluss des Tongehaltes auf die elektrische Leitfaehigkeit werden in Bezug auf ihre Verwendbarkeit in der Praxis umgearbeitet. Feldarbeiten hierzu werden an ausgewaehlten Lokationen in Schleswig-Holstein und Ungarn durchgefuehrt.

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