Das Projekt "IWaTec - Integrated Water Technologies" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Auswärtiges Amt / Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Duisburg-Essen, Zentrum für Wasser- und Umweltforschung.Egypt passed a revolution and changed its political system, but many problems are still lacking a solution. Especially in the field of water the North African country has to face many challenges. Most urgent are strategies to manage the limited water resources. About 80% of the available water resources are consumed for agriculture and the rest are for domestic and industrial activities. The management of these resources is inefficient and a huge amount of fresh water is discarded. The shortage of water supply will definitely influence the economic and cultural development of Egypt. In 2010, Egypt was ranked number 8 out of 165 nations reviewed in the so-called Water Security Risk Index published by Maplecroft. The ranking of each country in the index depends mainly on four key factors, i.e. access to improved drinking water and sanitation, the availability of renewable water and the reliance on external supplies, the relationship between available water and supply demands, and the water dependency of each countrys economy. Based on this study, the situation of water in Egypt was identified as extremely risky. A number of programs and developed strategies aiming to efficiently manage the usage of water resources have been carried out in the last few years by the Egyptian Government. But all these activities, however, require the availability of trained and well-educated individuals in water technology fields. Unfortunately, the number of water science graduates are decreasing and also there are few teaching and training courses for water science offered in Egypt. However, there is still a demand for several well-structured and international programs to fill the gap and provide the Egyptian fresh graduates with the adequate and up-to-date theoretical and practical knowledge available for water technology. IWaTec is designed to fill parts of this gap.
Das Projekt "Climate Change Mitigation and Poverty Reduction (CliMiP) - Trade-Offs or Win-Win Situations?" wird/wurde gefördert durch: VolkswagenStiftung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien.Research Questions: Does the implementation of climate change mitigation policies in developing countries always involve a trade-off between economic development, poverty reduction, and climate protection, or is there space for 'win-win policies'? This question is relevant for todays fast-growing middle-income economies, which are already or will soon become very significant contributors to global warming. The project will analyse these economies from three different angles: a comparative politics perspective on domestic climate governance and mitigation policy options, an economics perspective on the poverty and distributional impact of mitigation policies, and an international relations perspective on the global discourse surrounding mitigation and economic development (see project in RP 4). The project staff will cooperate closely with domestic partner institutions in South Africa, Mexico and Thailand, the three case study countries. Contribution to International Research: Despite the increasing role of todays developing world in GHG emissions, 'climate and development' research to date has largely focused on developing countries vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, and on climate-related transfers in these countries, such as those of the Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Meanwhile, the critical issue of mitigation is slowly making its entrance into climate negotiation rooms. This focus on mitigation requires a shift in the analytical perspective. While the technological and natural science perspectives that tend to dominate the climate change discourse are clearly important, a social science perspective is warranted as well. This is particularly true because of the latters usefulness in analysing the possible trade-offs between mitigation and socio-economic development. Research Design and Methods: The project adopts a multidisciplinary social science approach with a comparative and global perspective. While they will remain firmly theoretically and methodologically grounded in their respective disciplines, the three study areas - (1) domestic climate governance, (2) poverty and distributional impacts of mitigation policies, (3) global perspective and the mitigation-development discourse - will interact continuously. The investigation of domestic climate governance will rely mainly on qualitative methods. These will include interviews with policy-makers, experts and practitioners to investigate their motivations and the driving and constraining forces behind their actions in climate change mitigation policy processes. We then plan to assess the poverty and distributional impacts of mitigation policies (possibly including most NAMAs) in the three case study countries using incidence-focused general equilibrium models, simulation models based on micro-data, and a combination of these two modelling approaches. usw.
Das Projekt "Combined development of compact thermal energy storage technologies (COMTES)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: AEE, Institut für Nachhaltige Technologien.The COMTES project has as goal to develop and demonstrate three novel systems for compact seasonal storage of solar thermal energy. These systems will contribute to the EU 20-20-20 targets by covering a larger share of the domestic energy demand with solar thermal energy. Main objective of COMTES is to develop and demonstrate systems for seasonal storage that are significantly better than water based systems. The three technologies are covered in COMTES by three parallel development lines: solid sorption, liquid sorption and supercooling PCM. Strength of this approach is the collaboration of three development groups in activities that pertain to the analyses, methods and techniques that concern all technologies, without risking the exchange of confidential material. In this way, the development is much more effective than in three separate projects. The project starts with a definition of system boundary conditions and target applications. Next comes the investigation of the best available storage materials. Detailed numerical modelling of the physical processes, backed by experimental validations, will lead to optimum component design. Full-scale prototypes are simulated, constructed and tested in the laboratory in order to optimize process design. One year of fully monitored operation in demonstration buildings is followed by an integrated evaluation of the systems and their potential. When deemed successful, the involved industry partners will pick up the developed storage concepts and bring them further to a commercial level. The COMTES project is a cooperation of key scientific institutions active in the above mentioned heat storage technologies. For the first time, all relevant research disciplines are covered in an international effort. For each development line, a top-Ieading industry partner contributes its know-how and experience, providing the basis for further industrial development and exploitation of project results.
Das Projekt "New biocide dry toilet with improved hygienic functionalities (DRYCLOSET)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Ecosphere Technologies Sarl.Water is essential for life. This element supposes also a determinant factor in the economy and ecology of the different regions. But water not only has influence in the human life, humans also affect to water cycle. The human activity is responsible of the climate change by which the Mediterranean region is being affected by drought and water shortage. Water shortage in Mediterranea countries is becoming an essential question. The domestic sector accounted for about 24 percent of total water withdrawn in Europe in 2000, which is about 7,320,00ML. In fact, toilet flushing supposes 30Prozent of the domestic use of urban water. The consume of such amount of water could be avoided using dry toilets, it is calculated saving of 50L/cap/day. In addition, it is estimated more than 20 million citizens without access to a safe sanitation in Europe. This situation is critical in rural areas of eastern European, where the most common system in these areas usually consist of pit latrines and septic tanks. Dry toilets are common in Nordic countries but their rustic technology makes them unacceptable in urban or large communities. At present dry toilets implies several factors, such as unpleasant odours and the manual manipulation of the latrine waste, which makes them unviable in most of urban environments. Also, there are other problems of drytoilets such as struvite formation on pipe connections. But this situation can be changed by applying the technical innovations that will be developed in this project. In adittion, the project?s success will allow the possibility to save important drinking water (1,875L/cap/year). This will be of essential importance in the Mediterranean countries, where the drought menace is each time more obvious. The use of dry toilets in rural areas with poor infrastructure will have safe sanitation systems to citizens DRYCLOSET project will develop a new dry toilet with a biocide toilet, low bad odours emissions and low maintenance.
Das Projekt "Ressourcenindikatoren für nachhaltige Industrien und nachhaltige industrielle Entwicklung (RISI)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna International Centre. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Ecologic Institut gemeinnützige GmbH.Das Projekt RISI zielt darauf ab, die Vielzahl an Indikatoren, die im Bereich Ressourcennutzung und Ressourcenverbrauch auf globaler Ebene Anwendung finden, anhand eines Scopings des wissenschaftlichen Kenntnisstandes überblicksartig zusammenzuführen und sie anhand spezifischer Kriterien daraufhin zu beurteilen, ob sie vor dem Hintergrund nachhaltiger Industrien geeignete Messgrößen sind und zielführende Aussagen ermöglichen. Aus dieser Beurteilung heraus werden dann Empfehlungen gegeben, welche Indikatoren verwendet bzw. ob weitere Indikatoren entwickelt werden sollten.
Das Projekt "Impacts of well and Human Intrusion on Khulan (Wild Ass) and other threatened species in the Gobi Desert" wird/wurde gefördert durch: World Bank. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Freiburg, Forstzoologisches Institut, Professur für Wildtierökologie und Wildtiermanagement.
Das Projekt "Low Cost and High Efficiency CO2 Mobile Air Conditioning system for lower segment cars (B-COOL)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Centro Ricerche Fiat Societa Consortile per Azioni, Vehicle Systems - Cabin & HMI.Objective: The Project objective is the development of a low cost and high efficiency air-conditioning system based on CO2 (R744) as refrigerant fluid. Methods to assess performance, fuel annual consumption and environmental impact will be identified and they will constitute a first step for EU new standards. The EU, as Greenhouse Gas emission reduction measure, proposed the ban for Mobile Air Conditioning systems of fluids having a Global Warming Potential lower than 50 (i.e. R-134a and R-152a) with complementary measures - e.g. measurement of the MAC fuel consumption - This represents a challenge and an opportunity for OEMs and Mobile A/C Suppliers. The CO2 - R-744 when used as a refrigerant - is the favourite candidate to replace the R-134a. Besides safety, reliability and efficiency, the present estimated additional cost, ranging from 70 up to 150 Euro with reference to the low priced car systems, represents a obstacle. The lower priced vehicles constitute up the 70Prozent of the present EU car market, this number will rise up to the 80Prozent with the EU enlargement. A low cost and high efficiency R 744 MAC will support the EU efforts reducing the resistance to the approval of the HFC ban, allowing a rapid diffusion of the new system with the related environmental benefits and making the EU industries more competitive. The consortium composition - 2 major OEMs, 4 suppliers and three acknowledged excellence centres - makes the risk acceptable assuring an effective exploitation. Finally the Project gathers the most skilled European scientists and engineers in this specific field, so high level scientific and technical know how are expected to be produced as well as scientific advances in the dynamic system modelling. This will contribute to strengthen EU industries position in other domains (e.g. domestic air conditioning). The BCOOL project forms a cluster with the project named TOPMACS,focused on innovative adsorption mobile air conditioning systems...
Das Projekt "An Assessment of Regional Water Endowments, Crop Water Productivity, and Implications for Intra-country Virtual Water Trade in Iran" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: EAWAG Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Abteilung Systemanalyse und Modellierung.The overall goal of this project is to provide a systematic assessment of the feasibility of applying the virtual water concept to improve water productivity in individual provinces and for the whole country in Iran, taking into account various natural, socio-economic and resources constraints. Specific objectives relating to the overall goal include: 1 To assess the water resources availability and reliability in different regions/provinces taking into consideration the fluctuation within a year and between years. 2 To estimate the water requirement of different crops in different regions/provinces with improved spatial resolution. 3 To estimate crop water productivities with respect to quantity and value of product on irrigated and rain-fed land concerning consumptive water use and water supply in different regions/provinces. 4 To assess the water use intensity in different regions/provinces based on the water resources availability and water demand in the industrial, domestic and agricultural sectors at present and in the next 10-20 years. 5 To provide scenarios for improving regional/provincial and national water productivity through regional crop structural adjustment and inter-provincial food trade, taking into account natural, socio-economic and resources constraints at different levels and other regional and national objectives. Water resources endowment in Iran is generally poor and the spatial distribution is uneven. Some regions are enduring severe water stress. Producing more food with increasing water scarcity is a daunting challenge to the country. In this project, water resources availability and crop water requirement across provinces/regions in Iran will be estimated to lay the basis for the assessment. Water productivity across regions will be evaluated with respect to physical yield and value of products and different expressions of water input. Scenarios for improving water productivity through regional crop structural adjustment and virtual water trade are proposed for individual regions and then aggregated to the whole country, taking into consideration constraints concerning natural and socio-economic conditions and other regional and national objectives. The SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) will be used for the assessment of water resources availability and crop water requirement in different provinces/regions. The SWAT model is currently used in several other projects at Eawag. The regional socio-economic data and farmers' water use behavior will be sought from both secondary data and field surveys and interviews. Scenarios for regional crop structural adjustment and virtual water trade will be proposed based on optimizing water productivity subject to various constraints.
Das Projekt "FUNSERVE - Selling a Function instead of a Product - Renting White Goods via Functional Service Contracts" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Electrolux / Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie gGmbH.The FUNSERVE project aimed to examine and field test a new concept, which offers customers the services that they need (e.g. refrigeration) instead of an appliance that provides this service. With this project, the leading European appliance manufacturer Electrolux and three electric utilities in Germany and Austria have examined the possibilities to offer to customers a package consisting of a very energy-efficient appliance, full maintenance, and perhaps the electricity and water it needs, for a fee collected with the utility bill. This approach will increase the market share of energy-efficient appliances by overcoming the barrier of a higher initial investment. It can be a successful value-added service for the electric utilities in the liberalised market. And it can reduce waste, since used appliances are expected to be refurbished by Electrolux and rented or sold again. The FUNSERVE project has had the aim to develop and field-test the new approach in four EU Member States: Austria, Germany, Sweden, and the UK. The analyses, surveys, and field tests carried out in this project have shown that Functional Services for White goods can be attractive to around 30 to 40 percent of all domestic customers in the medium term, as well as to those who would co-operate to offer such services: manufacturers and retailers of white goods, and energy companies. However, it seems that the electricity and/or white goods markets in many EU countries are not (yet) ready to implement the radical change the Functional Service will imply for the way consumers acquire the services provided by white goods, instead of the white goods themselves. Electrolux, the manufacturer that has been a partner in this project, has held an early field test in Gotland but now does not seem to plan the introduction of any further Functional Service schemes in the EU. Also in Austria, Germany and the UK, no further field tests for the Functional Service were implemented during the course of the project. Other experiences are mixed as well. E.g., Siemens in Austria is carrying on with their 'Extrarent' service in close co-operation with retailers, while Yello Strom and Bauknecht stopped their 2001 field test after complaints by the retail trade. These two examples show that co-operation with retail trade is important for the success of any appliance renting scheme, although it may somewhat reduce the margins available to manufacturers and utilities. On the other hand, the manufacturer Merloni has started a 'pay-per-use' service for his washing machine 'Margherita Dialogic' in Italy, together with the electricity supplier ENEL, in September of 2001.
Das Projekt "Monitoring the Alpine Region's Sustainability" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie gGmbH.Within the INTERREG IIIB project MARS 'Monitoring the Alpine Region's Sustainability', an international team under the lead of BAK Basel Economics is developing an integrated set of indicators for measuring and evaluating sustainable development in the alpine space. The set of indicators integrates economic, social and ecological aspects of sustainable development and provides the basis for benchmarking of the regions. MARS is based on an extended geographical alpine space and includes important regional centres like Vienna, Milano, Munich, Lyon and Bern. In Germany, the alpine space comprises the administrative districts of Oberbayern, Schwaben, Freiburg im Breisgau and Tübingen (NUTS 2 regions). For these regions and for the total German alpine region, a dataset for the generation of environmental indicators will be established. This comprises: domestic extraction and harvest of raw materials, Domestic Processed Output (DPO = emissions, wastes and dissipative use of products), water consumption, energy consumption, land use, and a feasibility study for the Direct Material Input (DMI = domestic extraction and harvest of raw materials plus imports). In addition, regional project partners from public administration and policy will be involved in order to consider their needs for data and indicators for sustainable development of their regions. The results of MARS shall thus support local actors in evaluating and planning regional policies.
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