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Gletscher und Klima am Übergang vom Spätglazial zum Holozän in den Alpen

Gut datierte Gletschervorstöße sind eine wertvolle klimageschichtliche Informationsquelle, weil Gletscher unmittelbar auf Klimaänderungen reagieren. In diesem Zusammenhang ist der Zeitabschnitt von der ausgehenden Jüngeren Dryas (Grönland-Stadial 1) bis zum Ende des Boreals im frühen Holozän besonders interessant. Er ist durch eine sehr rasche Erwärmung um etwa 11.5 ka charakterisiert, die sich dann etwas gedämpfter weiter fortsetzte. Diese Erwärmung wurde durch eine Reihe von klimatischen 'events' (Präboreale Oszillation, Erdalen-event, 9.3 und 8.2 ka event) unterbrochen, die vor allem im europäisch-atlantischen Sektor kurze und kräftige Abkühlung brachten und im Alpenraum in einen Rahmen von allgemein gletscherungünstigen Klimaverhältnissen eingebettet sind. Das Projekt hat zum Ziel, die Gletschervorstöße in diesem Zeitraum näher zu durchleuchten. Der Schwerpunkt wird auf einem System von Moränen liegen, das besonders bei kleineren Gletschern gut erhalten ist, und das eine vermittelnde Stellung zwischen den Moränen der Jüngeren Dryas und denen des 'Little Ice Age' (Neuzeit) einnimmt. Bisher sind derartige Moränen erst an drei Stellen datiert, wobei sich widersprechende Alter und damit zeitliche Einstufungen ergaben (PBO, Erdalen event, 8.2 ka event). Besonders interessant ist daher die Frage, ob und wie kleine Alpengletscher auf den 8.2 ka event reagiert haben, und welche klimageschichtlichen Schlußfolgerungen sich daraus ableiten lassen. Die Testgebiete befinden sich in Gebieten, die für eine klimageschichtliche Interpretation günstig gelegen sind und das entsprechende Moräneninventar aufweisen. Es handelt sich dabei vor allem um die westliche Silvrettagruppe (nordwestlicher Alpenrand mit Übergang zum zentralen Alpenraum), das Karwendelgebirge (nördlicher Alpenrand) und die westlichen Ötztaler Alpen (inneralpines Trockengebiet). Die Datierung soll in bewährter Weise mit den kosmogenen Radionukliden 10Be und 36Cl in enger Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Teilchenphysik an der ETHZ erfolgen. Für die klimageschichtliche Interpretation werden die Energie- und Massenbilanzgleichung an der Gleichgewichtslinie, empirische Niederschlags-Temperaturmodelle und positive Gradtagsmodelle herangezogen. Die dafür zusätzlich nötigen Klimainformationen (vor allem Sommertemperatur) werden aus allen sinnvoll verwertbaren Proxydatenquellen der entsprechenden Zeitabschnitte entnommen. Damit können Änderungen der Niederschlagsstrukturen im Alpenraum und Hinweise auf die atmosphärischen Zirkulationsverhältnisse in Zeiträumen eines raschen Klimawandels hergeleitet werden.

Pollen-based climate reconstructions and syntheses in Europe

A fossil pollen dataset distributed across Europe (10° W - 43° E, 33° - 71° N) comprising 520 records was extracted from the LegacyPollen 1.0 database (Herzschuh et al., 2022) to reconstruct climatic variables including Annual temperature (TANN), Annual precipitation (PANN), Winter Temperature (December, January, February; TDJF), Summer Temperature (June, July, August; TJJA). Short records not reaching beyond 1 ka BP were also excluded to keep the dataset refined, as the syntheses aim to cover the entire Holocene (i.e., 11-1 ka BP). The modern pollen training dataset was integrated from Legacy Climate 1.0 (Herzschuh et al., 2023) and the EMPD2 (Davis et al., 2020). Two different approaches were applied in parallel to reconstruct climate variables from fossil pollen assemblages, namely Modern Analogue Technique (MAT) and Weighted Averaging Partial Least Squares (WAPLS). Reconstruction uncertainties were provided as Root Mean Squared Errors of Prediction (RMSEPs). All the reconstructions and tests were conducted using the rioja and analogue packages in R (R Core Team, 2019). The synthesized results were interpolated from all reconstructed climate records. The mean value of reconstructed climatic variables with the same ages was calculated before any interpolations. Due to the different chronological resolution of the time series, the sequences were then interpolated to equidistant time series of 50-year intervals. Two different interpolation methods were applied in R. The first is to use the interp.dataset function from rioja package with loess regression to interpolate the dataset as a whole. The second is to interpolate each complete record that can cover the Holocene (i.e., 11-1 ka) and has a mean resolution of less than 1ka separately using the corit package with linear regression and then calculate the mean of these records. To perform the latter interpolation, a total of 214 records covering the entire period between 11-1 ka BP were used. The Root Mean Squared Errors (RMSEs) were calculated for the synthesis results.

CNS and isotopes of sediment core SAC05 from Sacrower See, NE Germany

Biogenic silica of sediment core SAC05 from Sacrower See, NE Germany

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and magnetic susceptibility measurements of sediment core SAC05 from Sacrower See, NE Germany

Plant wax composition of sediment core ROT21 from the Rotsee, Switzerland

This dataset contains compound-specific hydrogen (δ2H) and carbon (δ13C) isotope compositions and concentrations of long-chain n-alkanes and fatty acids (n-alkanoic acids) from the ROT21 sediment record of Rotsee, Central Switzerland (47°04′10″N, 8°18′48″E, 419 m a.s.l.). Sediment cores were retrieved in October 2021 using a UWITEC gravity corer, and the dataset spans the past ~13,000 years based on 19 radiocarbon dates (terrestrial and aquatic macrofossils) integrated with 210Pb and 137Cs profiles (see De Jonge et al., 2025). Laboratory analyses were conducted between February 2023 and November 2024 at the University of Basel. Sediment samples (~2–5 g) were sub-sampled, freeze-dried, spiked with internal standards (n-C19-alkanoic acid, n-C36-alkane, 2-octadecanone, and n-C21-alkanol), and extracted with dichloromethane/methanol (9:1, v/v) using an Accelerated Solvent Extractor (Dionex ASE 350, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Following saponification, neutral fractions were separated via silica gel chromatography, and fatty acids were converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Both n-alkanes and FAMEs were further purified to isolate saturated compounds using AgNO3-impregnated silica gel columns, then analyzed and quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Peak areas were normalized to recovery standards to account for potential losses during sample handling, and compounds were identified by comparison with external standards. Compound-specific δ2H and δ13C values were determined by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) and normalized to the VSMOW-SLAP (δ2H) and VPDB (δ13C) scales. Analytical precision was ±3-5 ‰ for δ2H and ±0.2–0.3 ‰ for δ13C. The dataset was generated to reconstruct past hydroclimate and vegetation dynamics in Central Europe using plant wax δ2H records. Full methodological details are provided in the study: Central Europe hydroclimate since the Younger Dryas inferred from vegetation-corrected sedimentary plant wax δ2H values (Santos et al., 2026).

Physical and chemical parameters of sediment core SAC05 from Sacrower See (NE Germany) provide a robust reconstruction of climate change and human impact since 13,000 cal. BP

The 11.8 m-long composite sediment record from the hardwater lake of Sacrower See, located near the city of Potsdam (north-eastern Germany), has been characterised by a range of analytical techniques. These include magnetic susceptibility, chemical parameters (XRF core scanning, CNS analysis, biogenic silica) and stable isotopes (13C, 15N). The chronology covers the entire Holocene and the concluding Lateglacial (Alleröd, Younger Dryas) and is based on age-depth modelling using radiocarbon dates refined by the onset of the local varve chronology in 1870 CE (Lüder et al., 2006) and by the Laacher See Tephra, an isochrone dated to 13,000 cal. BP. It offers a detailed environmental reconstruction providing insights into depositional processes influenced by both natural climatic variations and human activities (Enters et al., 2009; Kirilova et al., 2009). The Lateglacial and Early Holocene are distinguished by the stabilisation of natural landscapes characterised by the presence of pine-birch (Alleröd) and mixed oak forests (Early Holocene). This development was interrupted by the climatic deterioration of the Younger Dryas, which resulted in a destabilisation of vegetation and increased natural soil erosion. It is evident that, for the first time around 5500 cal. BP, anthropogenic forest clearing became a factor, which subsequently led to increasing cultural soil erosion further accelerating during the Bronze Age (3600-3200 cal. BP), the Early Iron Age (2800-2600 cal. BP) and the Middle Ages (900-600 cal. BP). In the course of industrialisation since the 19th century, human impact underwent a transition from the destabilisation of soils to the phenomenon of eutrophication. This transition resulted in the occurrence of hypolimnetic anoxia, accompanied by the formation of carbonaceous varves.

New and compiled palaeomagnetic data from western Ross Sea (Antarctica) spanning the last ca. 10 ka

This dataset includes both original and previously published paleomagnetic data. The new data refer to a marine sediment sequence (ANTA02-AV43 core) collected in the in Wood Bay, located along the coast of Victoria Land, within the western Ross Sea (Antarctica) and spanning the last ca. 10 ka. The formerly published paleomagnetic data from coeval sediment cores refer to the from the RS15‐GC57 core of Truax et al. (2025) collected in the adjacent Robertson Bay, and from the PC18 and PC19 cores of Macrì et al. (2005), recovered from the continental rise of the Wilkes Land basin offshore the coast of East Antarctica. The data from these two latter cores were relocated to the location of the ANTA02-AV43 core with the Noel and Batt (1990) method. The estimated age of the formerly published dataset has been re-evaluated after correlation of paleomagnetic trends with the ANTA02-AV43 core and prediction of geomagnetic variation at the ANTA02-AV43 site according to the CALS10k.2 model of Constable et al. (2016). We then combined the new ANTA02-AV43 dataset with existing Holocene records from sediment cores of comparable resolution (PC18 and PC19) to develop the paleomagnetic “HOLOANTA” stack. This composite record averages paleomagnetic data over the last 10,000 years in 200-year intervals. It includes relative paleointensity (RPI) as well as paleomagnetic inclination and declination data, providing a robust regional Holocene RPI curve alongside directional secular variation (PSV) trends.

Environmental parameters of the Arid Central Asian Data Base (ACADB) for surface brGDGT samples

A full Holocene record of transient gridded vegetation cover in Europe

Fossil pollen assemblages provide a record of past vegetation composition, both natural (climate-induced) and anthropogenic (human-induced). Pollen-based quantitative reconstruction of plant abundance (in percentage cover) require that biases due to differences between plants in pollen productivity and dispersal characteristics are corrected. Such correction is achieved by the “Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites”(REVEALS) model given that estimates of relative pollen productivity (RPPs) and fall speed of pollen (FSP) are available for the major plants building the plant cover. For details about the REVEALS model, see Sugita (2007). REVEALS estimates of the abundance of 31 taxa, 11 plant functional types (PFTs), and 3 land-cover types (LCTs) were produced for Europe at a 1˚x1˚ spatial scale for 25 consecutive time windows from 11.7 ka calibrated years BP* to present as part of the Swedish Research Council (VR) research project “LandClimII”. This is the second generation (version June 2021) of REVEALS reconstruction for Europe; it is based on a total of 1128 pollen records from pollen databases/archives and individual authors (See LandClimII Contributors). The first generation was published in Trondman et al. (2015) and Gaillard (2019). These pollen-based REVEALS estimates of land cover are currently used to quantify the effects of the biogeophysical forcing induced by human deforestation on the regional climate of Europe at 6 ka and 2.5 ka BP (VR LandClim II project), and to evaluate and revise the scenarios of anthropogenic land-cover change (ALCC) HYDE (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2017) and KK10 (Kaplan et al., 2009; 2011) . The gridded pollen-based REVEALS reconstructions cover Europe (30°-75°N, 25°W-50°E) and were performed at a spatial scale of 1° × 1° (ca. 100 km × 100 km), which is the estimated spatial scale of REVEALS plant-cover estimates using all available pollen records (1128) within a grid cell and all pollen counts within each time window to ensure reliable estimates of plant cover and minimize their error estimates. The REVEALS estimates and standard errors were reconstructed for 25 time windows covering the Holocene i.e. X to 100 BP, 100 – 350 BP, 350 – 700, 700 – 1200, 1200 -1700 BP and in 500 consecutive time windows from here to 11,700 BP (BP – before present (1950)). The RPP and FSP values used in this REVEALS reconstruction are found in csv table Taxa_to_PFT, PPE and FSP values. All details of the protocol used for this REVEALS reconstruction can be found in Trondman et al. (2015). All REVEALS estimates and their SEs are given in proportions of the grid cell (the total of all REVEALS estimates sum up to 1). There are 25 files labelled TW.(number of time window).RVestimates.jun21.csv and 25 files labelled TW.(number of time window).standarderrors.jun21.csv. The RVestimates.csv files contain the REVEALS estimates for each land-cover type (LCT), plant function type (PFT) and taxa which has a unique grid ID and corresponding longitude and latitude. The standard error csv files contain the standard errors for each land-cover type (LCT), plant function type (PFT) and taxa. * BP = before present (1950). The information about the quality (previously referred to as reliability (Trondman et al. 2015)) of the REVEALS estimates in each grid cell is provided in the GC_quality_by_TW.xlsx file. There are 3 categories i.e. 1 is high quality ( 1 or more large lakes, OR 2 or more sites of any site type), 2 is low quality (only 1 small lake, OR small bog OR large bog) and no data. Extra information about each site is provided in the metadata file.

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