Other language confidence: 0.8630173701326047
Analyses were carried out on samples from 20 archaeological bipyramidal iron ingots from the Speyer depot in the Upper Rhine region, Germany, dated to the Hallstatt D and La Tène A periods (800–450 BCE). Typologically, the ingots belong to type BLS4 of bi-pointed ingots, consistent with their distribution in the Rhine and Moselle valleys. In addition, 40 iron ore samples were analysed; these were collected from iron ore deposits, former iron ore mines, and smelting sites in southern Germany. The aim of the analyses was to determine the geographic location and the isotopic and geochemical characteristics of the iron ore resources exploited during the Iron Age for the production of bipyramidal ingots. We aimed to obtain the most comprehensive possible provenance signature for each ingot sample by combining Re–Os isotope and concentration measurements with trace-element analyses. The signature preserved in an archaeological iron object largely reflects the isotopic and chemical characteristics of the ore smelted to produce the iron that was subsequently forged into the ingot. For the iron ingots, analyses were performed on bulk metal (Re–Os isotope analyses and ICP-MS trace-element analyses of the metallic matrix) and on polished sections (slag-inclusion analyses by LA-ICP-MS). Iron ores were analysed in bulk for Re–Os isotopes and as pressed pellets by LA-ICP-MS to determine whole-rock geochemical compositions. A further aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Re–Os system for determining the provenance of archaeological iron. In addition, two AMS radiocarbon measurements were performed on metal from the ingots to determine their chronological timeframe of use. The iron ore dataset includes samples from southern Germany, specifically the Swabian Alb, the Danube valley in Bavarian Swabia, and the Black Forest massif. Many of these ore samples had previously been analysed only for Os isotopes within the CIPIA project (Dillmann et al., 2017, ESM 1). All analytical data were acquired at the laboratory of the Curt Engelhorn Centre for Archaeometry (Mannheim, Germany). The full description of the data and methods is provided in the data description file. The datasets are provided as six Microsoft Excel files. This research was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG project BR 4312/5-1, “Zum Verhalten der siderophilen Spurenelemente bei der Eisenherstellung”).
This dataset presents a comprehensive geochemical and petrological record for the Hujialin ultramafic body in the Sulu orogenic belt, a major ultrahigh-pressure terrane in eastern China. The data compilation includes mineral proportions (Table S1), whole-rock major and trace element compositions (Table S2), whole-rock Sr–Nd isotopic ratios (Table S3), major and trace element compositions of olivine (Table S4), spinel (Table S5), garnet (Table S6), and clinopyroxene (Table S7), oxygen isotope compositions of whole-rock and mineral separates (Table S8), and modeled melt–cumulate compositions using the MELTS algorithm (Table S9). The dataset integrates newly acquired analyses with previously published data for several garnet-rich clinopyroxenites, allowing a unified comparison across the Hujialin ultramafic suite. This study was supported by funds from National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFF0807300) and the Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Disciplines Breakthrough Plan of the Ministry of Education of China (JYB2025XDXM911).
This dataset is a continuously growing collection of lead isotope reference data. Lead isotopes are an established method to reconstruct the raw material provenance of archaeological objects. They are typically applied to artefacts made of copper, lead, silver, and their alloys. However, also the raw ma- terial provenance of other materials such as glass, pigments and pottery was already investigated us- ing lead isotopes. To successfully reconstruct the origin of the raw material, lead isotope signatures from as many as possible suitable raw material occurrences must be known. In the past, large-scaled research projects were carried out to characterise ore deposits especially in the Mediterranean area and Western Eu- rope. However, many of these data are dispersed in the literature and were published in scientific articles or monographs. Consequently, each researcher or at least each research group had to build their own up-to-date database of reference data from the literature. To overcome these restrictions, to facilitate work with lead isotope reference data and particularly to make the data FAIR, i.e., finda- ble, accessible, interoperable and reusable (Wilkinson et al. 2016), these published data are compiled and transferred into a uniform layout. They are further enhanced with additional metadata to facili- tate their use in raw material provenance studies. Currently, the database is restricted to ores and minerals as these are the most relevant materials for provenance studies of ancient metals. Future updates will include hitherto uncovered regions but also additional data from countries already present. Slag and other metallurgical (by-) products from ancient sites in close vicinity to ore deposits generally are a genuine representation of the ores uti- lised in historic times. As such, they are highly relevant for provenance studies and an extension to these materials is therefore planned. GlobaLID is a representation of the collective work of researchers on Pb isotope studies. As such, the database is seen as a community engagement project that invites scientists all over the world to be- come active contributors of GlobaLID. The initiators of the database dedicate their effort to the con- tinuation and maintenance of the database but only the support of the whole community will allow a rapid and successful growth of GlobaLID.
The USGS has suspended the distribution of the widely used whole rock reference materials BHVO, BCR and BIR. The goal of this work is to identify a material as similar as possible to the original BIR Islandic basalt. This material can then undergo an ISO-compliant certification of the whole rock powder major and trace element contents. The sampling quarry east of Reykjavik has multiple basalt flows and it is not known which one was originally sampled in 1980 for production of above mentioned reference materials. In this study, three samples were tested to see which is most similar to what was published by Flanigan (1984). Here, the results of this exploratory sample collection are presented, but note that these data are not part of the certification process or represent certified results.
This dataset is a continuously growing collection of lead isotope reference data. Lead isotopes are an established method to reconstruct the raw material provenance of archaeological objects. They are typically applied to artefacts made of copper, lead, silver, and their alloys. However, also the raw material provenance of other materials such as glass, pigments and pottery was already investigated using lead isotopes. To successfully reconstruct the origin of the raw material, lead isotope signatures from as many as possible suitable raw material occurrences must be known. In the past, large-scaled research projects were carried out to characterise ore deposits especially in the Mediterranean area and Western Europe. However, many of these data are dispersed in the literature and were published in scientific articles or monographs. Consequently, each researcher or at least each research group had to build their own up-to-date database of reference data from the literature. To overcome these restrictions, to facilitate work with lead isotope reference data and particularly to make the data FAIR, i.e., findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (Wilkinson et al. 2016), these published data are compiled and transferred into a uniform layout. They are further enhanced with additional metadata to facilitate their use in raw material provenance studies. Currently, the database is restricted to ores and minerals as these are the most relevant materials for provenance studies of ancient metals. Future updates will include hitherto uncovered regions but also additional data from countries already present. Slag and other metallurgical (by-) products from ancient sites in close vicinity to ore deposits generally are a genuine representation of the ores utilised in historic times. As such, they are highly relevant for provenance studies and an extension to these materials is therefore planned. GlobaLID is a representation of the collective work of researchers on Pb isotope studies. As such, the database is seen as a community engagement project that invites scientists all over the world to become active contributors of GlobaLID. The initiators of the database dedicate their effort to the continuation and maintenance of the database but only the support of the whole community will allow a rapid and successful growth of GlobaLID.
This dataset is a continuously growing collection of lead isotope reference data. Lead isotopes are an established method to reconstruct the raw material provenance of archaeological objects. They are typically applied to artefacts made of copper, lead, silver, and their alloys. However, also the raw material provenance of other materials such as glass, pigments and pottery was already reconstructed with lead isotopes. To successfully reconstruct the origin of the raw material, lead isotope signatures from as many as possible suitable raw material occurrences must be known. In the past, large-scaled research projects were carried out to characterise ore deposits especially in the Mediterranean area and Western Europe. However, many of these data are dispersed in the literature and were published in scientific articles or monographies. Consequently, each researcher or at least each research group had to build their own up-to-date data base of reference data from the literature. To overcome these restrictions, to facilitate work with lead isotope reference data and particularly to make the data FAIR, i.e. findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (Wilkinson et al., 2016), these published data are compiled and transferred into a uniform layout. They are further enhanced with additional metadata to facilitate their use in raw material provenance studies. Currently, the database is restricted to ores and minerals as these are the most relevant materials for provenance studies of ancient metals. Future updates will include hitherto uncovered regions but also additional data from countries already present. Slag and other metallurgical (by-) products from ancient sites in close vicinity to ore deposits generally are a genuine representation of the ores utilised in historic times. As such, they are highly relevant for provenance studies and an extension to these materials is therefore planned. GlobaLID is a representation of the collective work of researchers on Pb isotope studies. As such, the database is seen as a community engagement project that invites scientists all over the world to become active contributors of GlobaLID. The initiators of the database dedicate their effort to the continuation and maintenance of the database but only the support of the whole community will allow a rapid and successful growth of GlobaLID.
The project from which the data derived aimed to establish the first systematic study of Cu isotope fractionation during the prehistoric smelting and refining process. For this reason, an experimental approach was used to smelt sulfide copper ore according to reconstructed prehistoric smelting models. The ore was collected by E. Hanning as part of her PhD thesis work from a Bronze Age mining site, the Mitterberg region, Austria (Hanning and Pils 2011) and was made available for the experiments. All starting materials for the experiments such as the natural ore, roasted ore, construction clay, flux, dung (used for the roasting), wood and charcoal (fuel) were natural materials. All firing conditions including the amount of fuel or charging material and the temperatures in the furnaces were recorded, and the experimental procedures were documented in the very detail. In total, 30 experiments were carried out in 4 experimental series. The smelting products, both intermediate products and final products were sampled during or after the respective experiment. Slag, matte and copper metal were the major smelting products. All other materials used in and produced by the experiments were sampled, too. Materials used and produced in the two most promising experimental series with regard to potential Cu isotope fractionation were analyzed. Based on the analytical results, the potential of Cu isotopes as a tool in archaeometallurgical research was systematically evaluated and consequences for the copper isotope application as a provenance tool in archaeometry were identified. The data include the documentation of the experiments, laboratory procedures and analytical methods. An experimental outline was previously published in Rose et al. (2019). Analytical methods applied were ICP-MS (elemental analysis, 80 samples), MC-ICP-MS (copper isotopes, 98 samples), and XRD (phase analysis, 25 samples). The experiments were carried out at the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Labor für Experimentelle Archäologie, Mayen, Germany. Laboratories used for the analytical part of the project were the research laboratories at the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum and FIERCE (Frankfurt Isotope and Element Research Center), Goethe-University Frankfurt, both Germany. Data were processed and plots created with R (R Core Team 2019) in RStudio®. Data are provided as data tables or text files, the R scripts used to create the time-temperature plots of the smelting experiments are also included. The full description of the data and methods is provided in the data description file.
The Ries impact structure in Southern Germany is one of the best-preserved impact structures on Earth. Melt-bearing impact breccia appears in a variety of well accessible exposures around the inner ring up to 10 km beyond the crater rim (so-called outer suevite) overlying a ballistically ejected lithic breccia (so-called ‘Bunte Breccia’). Occasionally individual melt bombs occur in the ‘Bunte Breccia’. Coherent impact melt rock outside the inner crater is located in the eastern megablock zone (Stöffler et al., 2013 and references therein). This data set comprises major and trace element geochemistry of samples from eight outer suevite exposures, one impact melt rock exposure, and one melt bomb of the Ries impact crater. Two analytical method approaches were performed: i) in-situ analysis using electron microprobe (EMP) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and ii) analysis of whole-rock, melt separates, and suevite matrix separates using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)/ inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
| Organisation | Count |
|---|---|
| Wissenschaft | 8 |
| Type | Count |
|---|---|
| unbekannt | 8 |
| License | Count |
|---|---|
| Offen | 8 |
| Language | Count |
|---|---|
| Englisch | 8 |
| Resource type | Count |
|---|---|
| Keine | 8 |
| Topic | Count |
|---|---|
| Boden | 6 |
| Lebewesen und Lebensräume | 5 |
| Mensch und Umwelt | 8 |
| Weitere | 8 |