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Projekt Schadstoffbeherrschung in der Umwelt (PSU)

Projektorganisation fuer die Planung, Durchfuehrung und Koordination aller Umweltaktivitaeten des Kernforschungszentrums Karlsruhe auf den Gebieten Biologie, Kommunale Abfallwirtschaft, Wasser und Boden, Klimaforschung, Schadstoffverhalten in der Atmosphaere, Systemanalyse und Umweltanalytik, emissionsmindernde Verfahren. Die Projektleitung ist Anlaufstelle fuer alle das Projekt betreffenden organisatorischen Fragen und vertritt dessen Belange nach aussen. Die einzelnen Vorhaben des Projektes sind bei den durchfuehrenden Instituten und Abteilungen des Kernforschungszentrums Karlsruhe beschrieben.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1294: Bereich Infrastruktur - Atmospheric and Earth system research with the 'High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft' (HALO), Untersuchung von Wolken und Niederschlag auf der Subkilometer-Skala mit HAMP - der Übergang zu leichtem Regen

Die Bildung von Niederschlag ist ein Schlüsselprozess in der Passatregion, um ein Regime von flacher Konvektion aufrechtzuerhalten, in dem das Wachstum der Grenzschicht und von konvektiven Wolken gehemmt wird. Dieser Effekt entscheidet mit darüber, wie diese Wolken auf die globale Erwärmung reagieren und ob sie den Klimawandel beschleunigen oder verzögern. Die Einflussfaktoren, die bestimmen ob eine flache Konvektionswolke zu regnen beginnt, sind bis heute nicht vollständig geklärt - insbesondere, weil umfassende, simultane Messdaten aller Einflussgrößen fehlen. Die EUREC4A Messkampagne ("Elucidating the Role of Cloud-Circulation Coupling in Climate") wird diese Beschränkung überwinden und erstmalig gleichzeitige Beobachtung der Makro- und Mikrophysik von Wolken, der großskaligen Dynamik und der zugrundeliegenden Energie- und Feuchteflüsse liefern. EUREC4A wird im Januar und Februar 2020 stattfinden und wird Wolken östlich von Barbados vermessen. Die Antragsteller sind Teil des internationalen Teams, das diese Kampagne initiiert hat, und werden das "HALO Microwave Package" (HAMP) bestehend aus einem Wolkenradar und Mikrowellenradiometern betreiben. Als Basis zur Beantwortung der wissenschaftlichen Fragen werden synergistische Verfahren zur Ableitung von Flüssig- und Regenwassergehalt entwickelt und eine Wolkendatenbank, in der bereits Daten der vorangegangen NARVAL-Kampagnen enthalten sind, erweitern. Diese Datenbasis wird sowohl zur Validierung von Satellitenprodukten als auch zur Evaluierung der nächsten Generation von Atmosphärenmodellen mit Maschenweitern zwischen 100 m und wenigen Kilometern eingesetzt.

WarmWorld - 'Modul 2 Faster', Teilprojekt 3: Struktur und Design

A comprehensive 22-year global GNSS climate data record from 5085 stations

Abstract. This work presents a comprehensive global GNSS climate data record derived from 5085 stations, spanning a 22-year time period 2000–2021. Generated through the GPAC-Repro campaign, the dataset utilises state-of-the-art processing methodologies and precise products from the International GNSS Service (IGS) Repro-3 initiative. The dataset includes high-quality hourly estimates of Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) and Precipitable Water Vapour (PWV), offering improved accuracy and spatiotemporal coverage. A rigorous data screening and quality assessment framework was implemented, including formal error detection, offset identification, and extensive cross-validation with ERA5 reanalysis dataset, radiosonde profiles, and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) measurements. Collectively, these efforts ensured the consistency, accuracy, and homogeneity of the dataset. The insights provided by the dataset address critical data gaps in global climate observing systems and provide a robust foundation for advancing climate research and applications.

Experiment on Germination Success of Injection-Based Zostera marina Sowing Methods in Aquaria

Seed-based restoration is a promising approach to accelerate the slow natural recolonization of Zostera marina meadows. In this study, seed-based restoration was investigated through the injection of seeds into the sediment using syringes. Parallel laboratory and field experiments were conducted to examine the germination success over time under both simulated and natural field conditions. A laboratory experiment was conducted in the climate chambers of GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. Twelve replicate aquaria, each containing 6 boxes of 18 cm*13 cm*18 cm, were set up in a climate chamber. Each plastic box in the aquaria was filled with 6 cm of sandy sediment collected from sandbanks next to seagrass meadows in Falckenstein near Kiel (54°23'39.4N 10°11'23.6E). For sterilization, the sediment was autoclaved at 121°C for 20 minutes before use. Water was changed weekly, with approximately 30% replaced by filtered (50 μm and 5 μm filter cascade) Baltic Sea water with an ambient salinity ranging from 14-16 PSU. The chamber simulated field conditions typical for the season, with 12 hours of light per day and a temperature of 10°C. In each box, a seed amount equivalent to the weight of 100 Zostera marina seeds was sown, based on the average seed weight determined prior to the experiment. Seeds were collected at two sites in Laboe and Falckenstein (Kiel Fjord) in July 2023 by snorkelers and scientific divers (Laboe: 54° 24' 48.53 N, 10° 13' 29.91 E; Falckenstein: 54° 23' 31.36 N, 10° 11' 31.15 E). They were overwintered in climate cabinets in darkness at 4°C and a salinity of 32 PSU, where they rotated every 6 hours for 1 minute. Different treatment combinations were tested, involving the factors Sowing Method (syringe (100 ml) with agar medium or Hand-Sown), Sowing Depth (2 cm or 4 cm), Origin of Seeds (Falckenstein or Laboe), and Fertilization of the Sediment (from the beginning, after germination, or none at all). The Hand-Sown method served as a control. To this end, the box was filled with about 4cm autoclaved sandy sediment. Then the seeds were evenly distributed on the surface and covered with either 2 cm or 4 cm of sediment before being gently lowered into the aquarium. For the syringe treatment, seeds were injected into the sediment embedded in an agar medium prepared by cooking Baltic Sea water with 1.8% agar (Agar-Agar, BioScience Grade, pulv., Carl Roth). Each syringe contained 90 ml crumbly agar, 10 g autoclaved sediment, 100 seeds and depending on the treatment, either 1g charcoal powder, nutrients (P and N) or no further additions. For the nutrients, according to the Redfield ratio N:P = 16:1, 100 μL of nitrogen and 10 μL of phosphorus were used per 90 mL of agar. There were three timing treatments for "Timing of Nutrients in the Sediment". "Nutrients from Beginning", "Nutrients after Germination" and "no Nutrients". The treatment was the same for all boxes within one aquarium to avoid potential influence on the surrounding water. As fertilizer "osmocote Langzeitdünger 6 Monate" (N P 19+9) was used. In the boxes with "Nutrients from Beginning", two pellets were inserted with tweezers into the sediment directly after sowing. In the boxes with "Nutrients after Germination", the same treatment started on April 29, 2024, after many of the seedlings had already developed some green leaves. The seeds were sown on March 4, 2024, and from March 21 to May 25, 2024, emerging seedlings were counted three times per week. Seedlings with only cotyledons and seedlings with developed green leaves were counted together in the beginning and separately from April 24, 2024, onwards.

Global Precipitation Analysis Products of the GPCC

The Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) has been established in 1989 on request of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is operated by Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD, National Meteorological Service of Germany) as a German contribution to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Mandate of the GPCC is the global analysis of precipitation on earth’s land surface based on in situ rain gauge data. These gridded analyses provide long-term means, monthly and daily totals, quantiles and a drought index.

Forschergruppe (FOR) 1095: Stratospheric Change and its Role for Climate Prediction (SHARP), Forschergruppe (FOR) 1095: Stratospheric Change and its Role for Climate Prediction (SHARP)

Future global climate change resulting from anthropogenic activity is now inevitable. The consequences for the stratosphere are poorly understood. A better understanding of the interactions between atmospheric chemistry and climate change is urgently required. This is a prerequisite for impact assessment and the definition of mitigation strategies. The DFG Research Unit Stratospheric Change and its Role for Climate Prediction (SHARP) addresses this issue and aims to improve our understanding and ability to predict global climate change and its interplay with the stratosphere. SHARP follows the recommendations for research, formulated by the Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC) Programme of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). SHARP will focus on the quantitative detection, attribution and prediction of changes in stratospheric dynamics and composition linked to climate change and their implications for the troposphere. The evolution of the stratosphere over the next decades in response to climate change is of crucial significance for the atmosphere as a whole. A unique window of opportunity exists to exploit the investment in the development of remote sensing and atmospheric modelling for scientific objectives of societal relevance, which provide the evidence base needed by international policymakers. To address these issues SHARP brings together excellent national expertise in state-of-the-art climate models and observations, in particular those derived from satellite instruments. SHARP will provide an important contribution by German scientists to the upcoming international WMO/UNEP and IPCC assessments.

Meteorological Observation and Assimilation of the Atmosphere on Long term (Dead Sea, Israel)

Since 2006, the Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO) is involved in intensive field measurements at the Dead Sea. Long term measurements of meteorological parameters, particle concentrations and ozone mixing ratios were initiated - accompanied by short term activities like vertical profiling and determination of radiation and the surface energy balance. Objective and Results: The objective is to study the mesoscale wind systems and their role in the distribution of pollutants near the Dead Sea. Preliminary data evaluation shows that a complexe superposition of various wind systems is abundant. The existence of the widespread lake plays a mayor role in the development of atmospheric layering during the course of the day. However, synoptic influence can disturb the regional system. Since September 2006 an permanent meteorological station is working at Massada National Monument approx. at elevation sea level. Measurements of the actual week are shown here . The whole data set is available on request.

ClimXtreme II, Modul C 'Impacts', COO: Koordination, Klimarisiken für Wälder und Bäume, Austausch zwischen Wissenschaft und Stakeholdern

ClimXtreme II, Modul C 'Impacts'

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