It is well established that reduced supply of fresh organic matter, interactions of organic matter with mineral phases and spatial inaccessibility affect C stocks in subsoils. However, quantitative information required for a better understanding of the contribution of each of the different processes to C sequestration in subsoils and for improvements of subsoil C models is scarce. The same is true for the main controlling factors of the decomposition rates of soil organic matter in subsoils. Moreover, information on spatial variabilities of different properties in the subsoil is rare. The few studies available which couple near and middle infrared spectroscopy (NIRS/MIRS) with geostatistical approaches indicate a potential for the creation of spatial maps which may show hot spots with increased biological activities in the soil profile and their effects on the distribution of C contents. Objectives are (i) to determine the mean residence time of subsoil C in different fractions by applying fractionation procedures in combination with 14C measurements; (ii) to study the effects of water content, input of 13C-labelled roots and dissolved organic matter and spatial inaccessibility on C turnover in an automatic microcosm system; (iii) to determine general soil properties and soil biological and chemical characteristics using NIRS and MIRS, and (iv) to extrapolate the measured and estimated soil properties to the vertical profiles by using different spatial interpolation techniques. For the NIRS/MIRS applications, sample pretreatment (air-dried vs. freeze-dried samples) and calibration procedures (a modified partial least square (MPLS) approach vs. a genetic algorithm coupled with MPLS or PLS) will be optimized. We hypothesize that the combined application of chemical fractionation in combination with 14C measurements and the results of the incubation experiments will give the pool sizes of passive, intermediate, labile and very labile C and N and the mean residence times of labile and very labile C and N. These results will make it possible to initialize the new quantitative model to be developed by subproject PC. Additionally, we hypothesize that the sample pretreatment 'freeze-drying' will be more useful for the estimation of soil biological characteristics than air-drying. The GA-MPLS and GA-PLS approaches are expected to give better estimates of the soil characteristics than the MPLS and PLS approaches. The spatial maps for the different subsoil characteristics in combination with the spatial maps of temperature and water contents will presumably enable us to explain the spatial heterogeneity of C contents.
The formation of biogeochemical interfaces in soils is controlled, among other factors, by the type of particle surfaces present and the assemblage of organic matter and mineral particles. Therefore, the formation and maturation of interfaces is studied with artificial soils which are produced in long-term biogeochemical laboratory incubation experiments (3, 6, 12, 18 months. Clay minerals, iron oxides and charcoal are used as major model components controlling the formation of interfaces because they exhibit high surface area and microporosity. Soil interface characteristics have been analyzed by several groups involved in the priority program for formation of organo-mineral interfaces, sorptive and thermal interface properties, microbial community structure and function. Already after 6 months of incubation, the artificial soils exhibited different properties in relation to their composition. A unique dataset evolves on the development and the dynamics of interfaces in soil in the different projects contributing to this experiment. An integrated analysis based on a conceptual model and multivariate statistics will help to understand overall processes leading to the biogeochemical properties of interfaces in soil, that are the basis for their functions in ecosystems. Therefore, we propose to establish an integrative project for the evaluation of data obtained and for publication of synergistic work, which will bring the results to a higher level of understanding.
Einleitung: Die Sommerwurzgewächse (Orobanchaceae) sind parasitische Blütenpflanzen, die sich über ein Kontaktorgan (Haustorium) an die Wurzel der Wirtspflanze anhaften und von ihr Wasser, Nährstoffe und Assimilate aufnehmen. Zu den Wirtspflanzen einiger Orobanche-Arten zählen auch wichtige Nutzpflanzen, wie etwa Bohnen, Sonnenblumen oder Tabak. Je nach Befallsintensität kann es zu signifikanten Ertragsminderungen oder sogar zu kompletten Ertragsverlusten kommen. Insbesondere im Mittelmeergebiet, Asien und Nordafrika steigt die Bedrohung der Nutzpflanzenproduktion durch Orobanche stetig an. Die Kontrolle von Orobanche mit Hilfe von Herbiziden ist teuer, schwierig handhabbar und nicht ausreichend effektiv. Resistenzzüchtungen der Nutzpflanzen werden aufgrund des Vorkommens verschiedenster Orobanche-Rassen (mit verschiedenen Pathogenitätsfaktoren) schnell durchbrochen. Leider fehlen bislang ausreichende Informationen zur Interaktion von Orobanche mit den jeweiligen Wirten. Anhand derartiger grundlegender Erkenntnisse könnten alternative oder verbesserte Kontrollmaßnahmen entwickelt werden. Stärkung der Resistenz der Nutzpflanzen (induzierte Resistenz) oder die Verwendung Orobanche-spezifischer Antagonisten (wie etwa des Hyperparasiten F. oxysporum f.sp. orthoceras) als biologisches Kontrollagens stellen wirksame Möglichkeiten der Kontrolle des Pathogens dar. Ziele: Als Modell zum Verständnis der Interaktion der Sommerwurz mit seinen Wirten wird die Assoziation von Orobanche cumana Wallr. und der Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus L.) verwendet. Die Ziele des Projektes sind: - grundlegender Erkenntniszuwachs zur Interaktion von O. cumana und H. annuus. - Wirkungsweise des Hyperparasiten F. oxysporum f.sp. orthoceras auf seinen Wirt O. cumana (Biochemie, Histologie), - Auswirkung von Pflanzenstärkungsmitteln als Resistenzaktivatoren der Sonnenblume auf den Befall mit O. cumana.
Methane emissions from inland water bodies are of growing global concern since surveys revealed high emissions from tropical reservoirs and recent studies showed the potential of temperate water bodies. First preliminary studies at the River Saar measured fluxes that exceed estimates used in global budgets by one order of magnitude. In this project we will investigate the fluxes and pathways of methane from the sediment to the surface water and atmosphere at the River Saar. In a process-based approach we will indentify and quantify the relevant environmental conditions controlling the potential accumulation of dissolved methane in the water body and its release to the atmosphere. Field measurements, complemented by laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, will be conducted on spatial scales ranging from the river-basin to individual bubbles. We will further quantify the impact of dissolved methane and bubble fluxes on water quality in terms of dissolved oxygen. Special emphasize will be put on the process of bubble-turbation, i.e. bubble-mediated sediment-water fluxes. The project aims at serving as a reference study for assessing methane emissions from anthropogenically altered river systems.
Entfernung der Restkontaminationen von Oberflächen mit der Möglichkeit zur Anwendung im nuklearen, biotechnologischen und medizinischen Bereich.
Ökologisch erzeugte Speisekartoffeln werden häufig durch Larvenfraß verschiedener Schnellkäferarten, Drahtwürmer genannt, geschädigt. Dieser Sachverhalt kann zu erheblichen Sortierverlusten führen. Untersucht werden Kontrollmaßnahmen auf Basis differenzierter Bodenbearbeitung und Terminierung der Kartoffelernte sowie die Nutzung von Repellent-Pflanzen. Weiterhin findet ein intensives Monitoring des Verhaltens der männlichen Käfer durch Einsatz von Pheromonfallen statt. Das Monitoring erfolgt seit 2004, die Feldversuche werden seit 2005 durchgeführt.
Entwicklung und Bau einer Verladeeinrichtung fuer Fluessiggas einschliesslich Schnelltrennkupplung (Lieferung und Montage von Zusatzeinrichtungen fuer eine Dichtheitspruefung/Dichtheitsueberwachung beim Ladevorgang an der loesbaren Verbindung, fuer die Einbindung des Bodenventils am Strassentankwagen in das anlagenseitige Not-Aus-System und eine Ablaufsteuerung. Standort der Anlage ist bei Messer Griesheim in Dortmund.
Automatische Bestimmung der Schmutzfrachten mit preiswerter FIA-Detektion. Prozesssteuerung zur Minimierung der Abwasserbelastung bei Galvanikbetrieben und Kokereien. Monitoring.
Soil organic matter is considered to become an increasingly important source of bioavailable phosphorus (P) with depletion of inorganic P within primary minerals. Current concepts on P cycling and mobilization of organic P largely ignore the formation of mineral-organic associations. This project aims to link processes occurring at the nanoscale on mineral surfaces with the bioavailability of organic P, with particular focus on the influence of biodiversity and establishment of functional niches by microbial communities on P recycling in soils. Along a soil P availability gradient the proportion of mineral-associated P as well as its composition (31P NMR and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy) will be determined and related to mineralogical soil properties. Based on adsorption and desorption experiments using both, monomeric and polymeric P sources, the recycling potential of mineral-bound organic P by various biotic communities (plants, mycorrhiza, bacteria) will be determined in mesocosm and field experiments. We expect to assess the relevance of mineral-associated organic P for the P recycling of forest ecosystems and to identify the major controlling abiotic and biotic variables.
This work aims to understand the biogeographic and biodiversity dynamics driven by Plio-Pleistocene dry/humid climatic cycles in the Sahara-Sahel desert. The main objectives are to test: i) climate-induced allopatric speciation as the main diversification agent; ii) biodiversity refugia and dispersal corridors; iii) relationships between genetic diversity and environmental-dependent taxa persistence in refugia. I examine whether genetic/spatial isolation is strong in low dispersal ability taxa, and whether taxa-specific habitat requirements are related to distinct spatial/temporal locations of refugia and of dispersal corridor dynamics. I integrate distribution, climate, and genetic data from greater than 30 co-distributed taxa with different dispersal abilities and habitat traits. I compare predicted refugia by genetic variability and species distribution modelling, while controlling for taxa-specific dispersal and habitat traits.
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