Einleitung: Die Sommerwurzgewächse (Orobanchaceae) sind parasitische Blütenpflanzen, die sich über ein Kontaktorgan (Haustorium) an die Wurzel der Wirtspflanze anhaften und von ihr Wasser, Nährstoffe und Assimilate aufnehmen. Zu den Wirtspflanzen einiger Orobanche-Arten zählen auch wichtige Nutzpflanzen, wie etwa Bohnen, Sonnenblumen oder Tabak. Je nach Befallsintensität kann es zu signifikanten Ertragsminderungen oder sogar zu kompletten Ertragsverlusten kommen. Insbesondere im Mittelmeergebiet, Asien und Nordafrika steigt die Bedrohung der Nutzpflanzenproduktion durch Orobanche stetig an. Die Kontrolle von Orobanche mit Hilfe von Herbiziden ist teuer, schwierig handhabbar und nicht ausreichend effektiv. Resistenzzüchtungen der Nutzpflanzen werden aufgrund des Vorkommens verschiedenster Orobanche-Rassen (mit verschiedenen Pathogenitätsfaktoren) schnell durchbrochen. Leider fehlen bislang ausreichende Informationen zur Interaktion von Orobanche mit den jeweiligen Wirten. Anhand derartiger grundlegender Erkenntnisse könnten alternative oder verbesserte Kontrollmaßnahmen entwickelt werden. Stärkung der Resistenz der Nutzpflanzen (induzierte Resistenz) oder die Verwendung Orobanche-spezifischer Antagonisten (wie etwa des Hyperparasiten F. oxysporum f.sp. orthoceras) als biologisches Kontrollagens stellen wirksame Möglichkeiten der Kontrolle des Pathogens dar. Ziele: Als Modell zum Verständnis der Interaktion der Sommerwurz mit seinen Wirten wird die Assoziation von Orobanche cumana Wallr. und der Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus L.) verwendet. Die Ziele des Projektes sind: - grundlegender Erkenntniszuwachs zur Interaktion von O. cumana und H. annuus. - Wirkungsweise des Hyperparasiten F. oxysporum f.sp. orthoceras auf seinen Wirt O. cumana (Biochemie, Histologie), - Auswirkung von Pflanzenstärkungsmitteln als Resistenzaktivatoren der Sonnenblume auf den Befall mit O. cumana.
Makronährstoffe, wie Phosphor, sind wichtig für das Wachstum von Meeresmikroorganismen, wie Phytoplankton. Diese sind sehr bedeutsam für die marine Nährstoffkette und Biologie. Verschiedene Phytoplanktonarten emittieren klimarelvante organische Verbindungen, z.B. DMS, welches in der Atmosphäre zu Schwefelsäure oxidiert wird und anschließend zur Bildung neuer Aerosolpartikel beiträgt. Diese können weiterhin als potentielle Wolkenkondensaktionskeime dienen. Informationen über die Verfügbarkeit von Phosphor für diese Mikroorganismen sind somit essentiell für ein besseres Verständnis der Ozean-Atmosphären-Wechselwirkung. Der Haupteintrag von Phosphor in den offenen Ozean erfolgt vorwiegend über atmosphärische Deposition. Informationen über atmosphärische Phosphorkonzentrationen, die Bioverfügbarkeit und Quellen sind notwendig, um den Verbleib in den Ozeanen zu verstehen. Dabei werden vor allem in den Regionen des tropischen Nord- und Südost-Atlantik immer noch Daten benötigt. Die wenigen verfügbaren Daten basieren zumeist auf kurzzeitigen Schiffsmessungen, die in ihrer Anwendung auf langfristige Prognosen und jahreszeitlichen Zyklen sehr begrenzt sind. Um das Verständnis über die Phosphorverfügbarkeit, -quellen, und -bioverfügbarkeit in diesen ozeanischen Gebieten zu verbessern, sollen größenaufgelöste Langzeitmessungen zur Bestimmung des Phosphorgehalts von Aerosolpartikeln durchgeführt werden. Weiterhin werden analytische Methoden entwickelt und optimiert (basierend auf der Kombination von drei Techniken). Diese sollen eine empfindliche Bestimmung von löslichem als auch dem Gesamtphosphor in feinen Partikeln ermöglichen, aufgrund der geringen Aerosolmasse in dieser Größenfraktion. Die ermittelten Daten werden benutzt, um wichtige Quellen des Phosphors in diesen Regionen zu charakterisieren, die Rolle von unterschiedlichen Quellen wie Mineralstaub, Biomassenverbrennung, sowie anthropogenen Verbrennungsaerosols auf die Speziation (organische und anorganische Zusammensetzung), Löslichkeit und atmosphärische Prozessierung des Phosphors, sowie ihre saisonale Variabilität zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus soll eine regionale Staubmodellsimulation angewendet werden, um den Aerosoltransport und die Staupdeposition in diesen Regionen besser zu beschreiben. Die Ergebnisse sind wichtig für kombinierte Modelle zur Ozean-Atmosphäre Wechselwirkung und das Verständnis der wichtigsten Faktoren, die den Verbleib von atmosphärischem Phosphor im Ozean beeinflussen.
Beach sand deposits are widespread in the area around Sandefjord, at the western coast of the Oslofjord, southern Norway. The age of the deposits continuously increases with elevation, as the area has been subject to steady glacio-isostatic uplift throughout the Holocene. Existing local sea level curves provide age control related to elevation. Thus, the area offers excellent conditions to test hypotheses on soil formation and OSL dating. A chronosequence covering the last 10 000 years will be established. A preliminary study showed that soil formation leads to Podzols within 4300 - 6600 years. Micromorphological analyses suggest that clay illuviation takes place before and below podzolisation. It is hypothesised that clay translocation goes on contemporarily with podzolisation, but at greater soil depth, where the chemical conditions are suitable. This hypothesis will be proved by more detailed micromorphological investigation and chemical analyses. The factors controlling soil forming processes and their rates, will be determined by analyzing elemental composition, primary minerals and clay mineralogy. Preliminary OSL dating tests suggest that the beach sand deposits are OSL dateable despite the high latitude. This hypothesis will be checked by comparing OSL datings to ages derived from the 14C-based sea level curves.
Glendonites are pseudomorphs after the mineral ikaite (CaCO3 x 6H2O) and composed of calcite (CaCO3). In the past, they have been used as a paleo-thermometer because the primary mineral ikaite, according to observations and experiments, seems to be formed at temperatures near freezing, high alkalinity and high phosphate concentrations in marine sediments. An enigmatic occurrence of the largest glendonites known world-wide, in the Early Eocene Fur Formation of northwestern Denmark offers the unique possibility to shed more light on the actual mechanism and controlling parameters of ikaite formation. Right in the aftermath of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, a time known for its global pertubation in the global carbon cycle, the formation of authigenic calcium carbonate concretions start in the Fur Formation. In a specific stratigraphic interval inbetween these concretions, the glendonites can be found. We will investigate if termperature changes or changes in geochemical parameters of the Danish Basin caused the sudden formation of ikaite during a time interval that was based on known paleoclimatic reconstructions (semi tropic) not favorable for ikaite formation.
For surface soils, the mechanisms controlling soil organic C turnover have been thoroughly investigated. The database on subsoil C dynamics, however, is scarce, although greater than 50 percent of SOC stocks are stored in deeper soil horizons. The transfer of results obtained from surface soil studies to deeper soil horizons is limited, because soil organic matter (SOM) in deeper soil layers is exposed to contrasting environmental conditions (e.g. more constant temperature and moisture regime, higher CO2 and lower O2 concentrations, increasing N and P limitation to C mineralization with soil depth) and differs in composition compared to SOM of the surface layer, which in turn entails differences in its decomposition. For a quantitative analysis of subsoil SOC dynamics, it is necessary to trace the origins of the soil organic compounds and the pathways of their transformations. Since SOM is composed of various C pools which turn over on different time scales, from hours to millennia, bulk measurements do not reflect the response of specific pools to both transient and long-term change and may significantly underestimate CO2 fluxes. More detailed information can be gained from the fractionation of subsoil SOM into different functional pools in combination with the use of stable and radioactive isotopes. Additionally, soil-respired CO2 isotopic signatures can be used to understand the role of environmental factors on the rate of SOM decomposition and the magnitude and source of CO2 fluxes. The aims of this study are to (i) determine CO2 production and subsoil C mineralization in situ, (ii) investigate the vertical distribution and origin of CO2 in the soil profile using 14CO2 and 13CO2 analyses in the Grinderwald, and to (iii) determine the effect of environmental controls (temperature, oxygen) on subsoil C turnover. We hypothesize that in-situ CO2 production in subsoils is mainly controlled by root distribution and activity and that CO2 produced in deeper soil depth derives to a large part from the mineralization of fresh root derived C inputs. Further, we hypothesize that a large part of the subsoil C is potentially degradable, but is mineralized slower compared with the surface soil due to possible temperature or oxygen limitation.
Boron (B) is an essential microelement for plants. Despite the use of modern fertilization methods, B deficiency still causes losses in agricultural plant production. Even though many positive effects of B on plant growth and physiology have been reported, a large majority of B functions and the regulatory mechanisms controlling the B nutritional status remain unknown. The main objective of this project is to elucidate how the greatly B deficiency-sensitive Brassica crop plants process and regulate their B status during vegetative and reproductive growth. In this context, the project aims at identifying the mode of action of B in mechanisms regulating the B status itself and uncovering those mechanisms contributing to B efficiency in different genotypes. Plant species subjected to investigation will be the agronomically important oilseed and vegetable plant Brassica napus (rapeseed) and its close relative the genetic and molecular model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Questions addressed within the scope of this project should lead to a detailed understanding of mechanisms controlling B uptake and allocation from the level of the whole plant down to the cellular level. B transport routes and rates will be determined in sink- and source tissues and in developmental periods with a particularly high B demand. A special focus will be on the identification of B transport bottlenecks and the analysis of B deficiency-sensitive transport processes to and within the highly B-demanding reproductive organs. Recent studies in Arabidopsis suggest that Nodulin26-like Intrinsic Proteins (NIPs), which belong to the aquaporin channel protein family, are essential for plant B uptake and distribution. The systematic focus on the molecular and physiological characterization of B. napus NIPs will clarify their role in B transport and will identify novel NIP-associated mechanisms playing key roles in the B response network.To further resolve the mostly unknown impact of the B nutritional status on gene regulation and metabolism, a transcript and metabolite profile of B-sufficient and B-deficient rapeseed plants will be generated. Additionally, an Arabidopsis transcription factor knockout collection (greater 300 lines) will be screened for abnormalities in responses to the B nutritional status. This will identify yet unknown B-responsive genes (transcription factors and their targets) and gene products (enzymes or metabolite variations) playing key roles in signalling pathways and mechanisms regulating the B homeostasis. Boron (in form of boric acid) and arsenite (As) share in all likelihood the same NIP-mediated transport pathways. To assess the consequences of this dual transport pathway the so far unstudied impact of the plants B nutritional status on the accumulation and distribution of As will be investigated in B. napus. Moreover, the current dimension of the As contamination of Brassica-based food products, to which consumers are exposed to, will be analyzed. usw.
The formation of biogeochemical interfaces in soils is controlled, among other factors, by the type of particle surfaces present and the assemblage of organic matter and mineral particles. Therefore, the formation and maturation of interfaces is studied with artificial soils which are produced in long-term biogeochemical laboratory incubation experiments (3, 6, 12, 18 months. Clay minerals, iron oxides and charcoal are used as major model components controlling the formation of interfaces because they exhibit high surface area and microporosity. Soil interface characteristics have been analyzed by several groups involved in the priority program for formation of organo-mineral interfaces, sorptive and thermal interface properties, microbial community structure and function. Already after 6 months of incubation, the artificial soils exhibited different properties in relation to their composition. A unique dataset evolves on the development and the dynamics of interfaces in soil in the different projects contributing to this experiment. An integrated analysis based on a conceptual model and multivariate statistics will help to understand overall processes leading to the biogeochemical properties of interfaces in soil, that are the basis for their functions in ecosystems. Therefore, we propose to establish an integrative project for the evaluation of data obtained and for publication of synergistic work, which will bring the results to a higher level of understanding.
Methane emissions from inland water bodies are of growing global concern since surveys revealed high emissions from tropical reservoirs and recent studies showed the potential of temperate water bodies. First preliminary studies at the River Saar measured fluxes that exceed estimates used in global budgets by one order of magnitude. In this project we will investigate the fluxes and pathways of methane from the sediment to the surface water and atmosphere at the River Saar. In a process-based approach we will indentify and quantify the relevant environmental conditions controlling the potential accumulation of dissolved methane in the water body and its release to the atmosphere. Field measurements, complemented by laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, will be conducted on spatial scales ranging from the river-basin to individual bubbles. We will further quantify the impact of dissolved methane and bubble fluxes on water quality in terms of dissolved oxygen. Special emphasize will be put on the process of bubble-turbation, i.e. bubble-mediated sediment-water fluxes. The project aims at serving as a reference study for assessing methane emissions from anthropogenically altered river systems.
Entfernung der Restkontaminationen von Oberflächen mit der Möglichkeit zur Anwendung im nuklearen, biotechnologischen und medizinischen Bereich.
Ökologisch erzeugte Speisekartoffeln werden häufig durch Larvenfraß verschiedener Schnellkäferarten, Drahtwürmer genannt, geschädigt. Dieser Sachverhalt kann zu erheblichen Sortierverlusten führen. Untersucht werden Kontrollmaßnahmen auf Basis differenzierter Bodenbearbeitung und Terminierung der Kartoffelernte sowie die Nutzung von Repellent-Pflanzen. Weiterhin findet ein intensives Monitoring des Verhaltens der männlichen Käfer durch Einsatz von Pheromonfallen statt. Das Monitoring erfolgt seit 2004, die Feldversuche werden seit 2005 durchgeführt.
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