Soil organic matter is considered to become an increasingly important source of bioavailable phosphorus (P) with depletion of inorganic P within primary minerals. Current concepts on P cycling and mobilization of organic P largely ignore the formation of mineral-organic associations. This project aims to link processes occurring at the nanoscale on mineral surfaces with the bioavailability of organic P, with particular focus on the influence of biodiversity and establishment of functional niches by microbial communities on P recycling in soils. Along a soil P availability gradient the proportion of mineral-associated P as well as its composition (31P NMR and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy) will be determined and related to mineralogical soil properties. Based on adsorption and desorption experiments using both, monomeric and polymeric P sources, the recycling potential of mineral-bound organic P by various biotic communities (plants, mycorrhiza, bacteria) will be determined in mesocosm and field experiments. We expect to assess the relevance of mineral-associated organic P for the P recycling of forest ecosystems and to identify the major controlling abiotic and biotic variables.
Makronährstoffe, wie Phosphor, sind wichtig für das Wachstum von Meeresmikroorganismen, wie Phytoplankton. Diese sind sehr bedeutsam für die marine Nährstoffkette und Biologie. Verschiedene Phytoplanktonarten emittieren klimarelvante organische Verbindungen, z.B. DMS, welches in der Atmosphäre zu Schwefelsäure oxidiert wird und anschließend zur Bildung neuer Aerosolpartikel beiträgt. Diese können weiterhin als potentielle Wolkenkondensaktionskeime dienen. Informationen über die Verfügbarkeit von Phosphor für diese Mikroorganismen sind somit essentiell für ein besseres Verständnis der Ozean-Atmosphären-Wechselwirkung. Der Haupteintrag von Phosphor in den offenen Ozean erfolgt vorwiegend über atmosphärische Deposition. Informationen über atmosphärische Phosphorkonzentrationen, die Bioverfügbarkeit und Quellen sind notwendig, um den Verbleib in den Ozeanen zu verstehen. Dabei werden vor allem in den Regionen des tropischen Nord- und Südost-Atlantik immer noch Daten benötigt. Die wenigen verfügbaren Daten basieren zumeist auf kurzzeitigen Schiffsmessungen, die in ihrer Anwendung auf langfristige Prognosen und jahreszeitlichen Zyklen sehr begrenzt sind. Um das Verständnis über die Phosphorverfügbarkeit, -quellen, und -bioverfügbarkeit in diesen ozeanischen Gebieten zu verbessern, sollen größenaufgelöste Langzeitmessungen zur Bestimmung des Phosphorgehalts von Aerosolpartikeln durchgeführt werden. Weiterhin werden analytische Methoden entwickelt und optimiert (basierend auf der Kombination von drei Techniken). Diese sollen eine empfindliche Bestimmung von löslichem als auch dem Gesamtphosphor in feinen Partikeln ermöglichen, aufgrund der geringen Aerosolmasse in dieser Größenfraktion. Die ermittelten Daten werden benutzt, um wichtige Quellen des Phosphors in diesen Regionen zu charakterisieren, die Rolle von unterschiedlichen Quellen wie Mineralstaub, Biomassenverbrennung, sowie anthropogenen Verbrennungsaerosols auf die Speziation (organische und anorganische Zusammensetzung), Löslichkeit und atmosphärische Prozessierung des Phosphors, sowie ihre saisonale Variabilität zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus soll eine regionale Staubmodellsimulation angewendet werden, um den Aerosoltransport und die Staupdeposition in diesen Regionen besser zu beschreiben. Die Ergebnisse sind wichtig für kombinierte Modelle zur Ozean-Atmosphäre Wechselwirkung und das Verständnis der wichtigsten Faktoren, die den Verbleib von atmosphärischem Phosphor im Ozean beeinflussen.
Beach sand deposits are widespread in the area around Sandefjord, at the western coast of the Oslofjord, southern Norway. The age of the deposits continuously increases with elevation, as the area has been subject to steady glacio-isostatic uplift throughout the Holocene. Existing local sea level curves provide age control related to elevation. Thus, the area offers excellent conditions to test hypotheses on soil formation and OSL dating. A chronosequence covering the last 10 000 years will be established. A preliminary study showed that soil formation leads to Podzols within 4300 - 6600 years. Micromorphological analyses suggest that clay illuviation takes place before and below podzolisation. It is hypothesised that clay translocation goes on contemporarily with podzolisation, but at greater soil depth, where the chemical conditions are suitable. This hypothesis will be proved by more detailed micromorphological investigation and chemical analyses. The factors controlling soil forming processes and their rates, will be determined by analyzing elemental composition, primary minerals and clay mineralogy. Preliminary OSL dating tests suggest that the beach sand deposits are OSL dateable despite the high latitude. This hypothesis will be checked by comparing OSL datings to ages derived from the 14C-based sea level curves.
For surface soils, the mechanisms controlling soil organic C turnover have been thoroughly investigated. The database on subsoil C dynamics, however, is scarce, although greater than 50 percent of SOC stocks are stored in deeper soil horizons. The transfer of results obtained from surface soil studies to deeper soil horizons is limited, because soil organic matter (SOM) in deeper soil layers is exposed to contrasting environmental conditions (e.g. more constant temperature and moisture regime, higher CO2 and lower O2 concentrations, increasing N and P limitation to C mineralization with soil depth) and differs in composition compared to SOM of the surface layer, which in turn entails differences in its decomposition. For a quantitative analysis of subsoil SOC dynamics, it is necessary to trace the origins of the soil organic compounds and the pathways of their transformations. Since SOM is composed of various C pools which turn over on different time scales, from hours to millennia, bulk measurements do not reflect the response of specific pools to both transient and long-term change and may significantly underestimate CO2 fluxes. More detailed information can be gained from the fractionation of subsoil SOM into different functional pools in combination with the use of stable and radioactive isotopes. Additionally, soil-respired CO2 isotopic signatures can be used to understand the role of environmental factors on the rate of SOM decomposition and the magnitude and source of CO2 fluxes. The aims of this study are to (i) determine CO2 production and subsoil C mineralization in situ, (ii) investigate the vertical distribution and origin of CO2 in the soil profile using 14CO2 and 13CO2 analyses in the Grinderwald, and to (iii) determine the effect of environmental controls (temperature, oxygen) on subsoil C turnover. We hypothesize that in-situ CO2 production in subsoils is mainly controlled by root distribution and activity and that CO2 produced in deeper soil depth derives to a large part from the mineralization of fresh root derived C inputs. Further, we hypothesize that a large part of the subsoil C is potentially degradable, but is mineralized slower compared with the surface soil due to possible temperature or oxygen limitation.
Installation eines Infrarot-Thermographiesystems mit einer pyroelektrischen Waermebildkamera. Langzeiterprobung des Systems anhand eines Versuchsprogramms. Standort ist die Muellverbrennungsanlage in Oberhausen.
It is well established that reduced supply of fresh organic matter, interactions of organic matter with mineral phases and spatial inaccessibility affect C stocks in subsoils. However, quantitative information required for a better understanding of the contribution of each of the different processes to C sequestration in subsoils and for improvements of subsoil C models is scarce. The same is true for the main controlling factors of the decomposition rates of soil organic matter in subsoils. Moreover, information on spatial variabilities of different properties in the subsoil is rare. The few studies available which couple near and middle infrared spectroscopy (NIRS/MIRS) with geostatistical approaches indicate a potential for the creation of spatial maps which may show hot spots with increased biological activities in the soil profile and their effects on the distribution of C contents. Objectives are (i) to determine the mean residence time of subsoil C in different fractions by applying fractionation procedures in combination with 14C measurements; (ii) to study the effects of water content, input of 13C-labelled roots and dissolved organic matter and spatial inaccessibility on C turnover in an automatic microcosm system; (iii) to determine general soil properties and soil biological and chemical characteristics using NIRS and MIRS, and (iv) to extrapolate the measured and estimated soil properties to the vertical profiles by using different spatial interpolation techniques. For the NIRS/MIRS applications, sample pretreatment (air-dried vs. freeze-dried samples) and calibration procedures (a modified partial least square (MPLS) approach vs. a genetic algorithm coupled with MPLS or PLS) will be optimized. We hypothesize that the combined application of chemical fractionation in combination with 14C measurements and the results of the incubation experiments will give the pool sizes of passive, intermediate, labile and very labile C and N and the mean residence times of labile and very labile C and N. These results will make it possible to initialize the new quantitative model to be developed by subproject PC. Additionally, we hypothesize that the sample pretreatment 'freeze-drying' will be more useful for the estimation of soil biological characteristics than air-drying. The GA-MPLS and GA-PLS approaches are expected to give better estimates of the soil characteristics than the MPLS and PLS approaches. The spatial maps for the different subsoil characteristics in combination with the spatial maps of temperature and water contents will presumably enable us to explain the spatial heterogeneity of C contents.
The energetic efficiency of C4 photosynthesis is strongly affected by bundle sheath leakiness, which is commonly assessed with the 'linear version' of the Farquhar model of 13C discrimination, and leaf gas exchange and 13C composition data. But, the linear Farquhar model is a simplification of the full mechanistic theory of ? in C4 plants, potentially generating errors in the estimation of leakiness. In particular, post-photosynthetic C isotope fractionation could cause large errors, but has not been studied in any detail. The present project aims to improve the understanding of the ecological and developmental/physiological factors controlling discrimination and leakiness of the perennial grass Cleistogenes squarrosa. C. squarrosa is the most important member of the C4 community which has spread significantly in the Mongolia grasslands in the last decades. It has an unusually high and variable discrimination, which suggests very high (and potentially highly variable) leakiness. Specifically, we will conduct the first systematic study of respiratory 13C fractionation in light and dark at leaf- and stand-scale in this C4 species, and assess its effect on discrimination and estimates of leakiness. These experiments are conducted in specialized 13CO2/12CO2 gas exchange mesocosms using ecologically relevant scenarios, testing specific hypotheses on effects of environmental drivers and plant and leaf developmental stage on discrimination and leakiness.
The formation of biogeochemical interfaces in soils is controlled, among other factors, by the type of particle surfaces present and the assemblage of organic matter and mineral particles. Therefore, the formation and maturation of interfaces is studied with artificial soils which are produced in long-term biogeochemical laboratory incubation experiments (3, 6, 12, 18 months. Clay minerals, iron oxides and charcoal are used as major model components controlling the formation of interfaces because they exhibit high surface area and microporosity. Soil interface characteristics have been analyzed by several groups involved in the priority program for formation of organo-mineral interfaces, sorptive and thermal interface properties, microbial community structure and function. Already after 6 months of incubation, the artificial soils exhibited different properties in relation to their composition. A unique dataset evolves on the development and the dynamics of interfaces in soil in the different projects contributing to this experiment. An integrated analysis based on a conceptual model and multivariate statistics will help to understand overall processes leading to the biogeochemical properties of interfaces in soil, that are the basis for their functions in ecosystems. Therefore, we propose to establish an integrative project for the evaluation of data obtained and for publication of synergistic work, which will bring the results to a higher level of understanding.
Einleitung: Die Sommerwurzgewächse (Orobanchaceae) sind parasitische Blütenpflanzen, die sich über ein Kontaktorgan (Haustorium) an die Wurzel der Wirtspflanze anhaften und von ihr Wasser, Nährstoffe und Assimilate aufnehmen. Zu den Wirtspflanzen einiger Orobanche-Arten zählen auch wichtige Nutzpflanzen, wie etwa Bohnen, Sonnenblumen oder Tabak. Je nach Befallsintensität kann es zu signifikanten Ertragsminderungen oder sogar zu kompletten Ertragsverlusten kommen. Insbesondere im Mittelmeergebiet, Asien und Nordafrika steigt die Bedrohung der Nutzpflanzenproduktion durch Orobanche stetig an. Die Kontrolle von Orobanche mit Hilfe von Herbiziden ist teuer, schwierig handhabbar und nicht ausreichend effektiv. Resistenzzüchtungen der Nutzpflanzen werden aufgrund des Vorkommens verschiedenster Orobanche-Rassen (mit verschiedenen Pathogenitätsfaktoren) schnell durchbrochen. Leider fehlen bislang ausreichende Informationen zur Interaktion von Orobanche mit den jeweiligen Wirten. Anhand derartiger grundlegender Erkenntnisse könnten alternative oder verbesserte Kontrollmaßnahmen entwickelt werden. Stärkung der Resistenz der Nutzpflanzen (induzierte Resistenz) oder die Verwendung Orobanche-spezifischer Antagonisten (wie etwa des Hyperparasiten F. oxysporum f.sp. orthoceras) als biologisches Kontrollagens stellen wirksame Möglichkeiten der Kontrolle des Pathogens dar. Ziele: Als Modell zum Verständnis der Interaktion der Sommerwurz mit seinen Wirten wird die Assoziation von Orobanche cumana Wallr. und der Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus L.) verwendet. Die Ziele des Projektes sind: - grundlegender Erkenntniszuwachs zur Interaktion von O. cumana und H. annuus. - Wirkungsweise des Hyperparasiten F. oxysporum f.sp. orthoceras auf seinen Wirt O. cumana (Biochemie, Histologie), - Auswirkung von Pflanzenstärkungsmitteln als Resistenzaktivatoren der Sonnenblume auf den Befall mit O. cumana.
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