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The Korea Emissions Trading System and electricity market

Dieser Bericht analysiert die Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem südkoreanischen Emissionshandelssystem (K-ETS) und dem Stromsektor. Wir analysieren erstens das CO2-Preissignal anhand von vier Kriterien: Preisschwankungen, Widerspiegelung der Grenzvermeidungskosten von CO2-Emissionen, Vorhersehbarkeit und Umweltwirksamkeit. Zweitens bewerten wir die Wechselwirkungen des Zertifikatspreises mit der Struktur des Stromsektors sowie mit Marktregelungen hinsichtlich Stromverbrauch, -produktion und Investitionen. Seit seiner Einführung im Jahr 2015 ist der Zertifikatspreis des K-ETS relativ kontinuierlich gestiegen. Phasenweise Preisschwankungen traten am Ende der Erfüllungszeiträume, als Folge politischer Ankündigungen und aufgrund externer Einflüsse wie der COVID-19-Pandemie auf. Während die Reformen der Phase 3 des K-ETS zu einer verbesserten Preisfindung im System führen würden, stellt ein anhaltender Nachfragerückgang nach Zertifikaten aufgrund einer verminderten Wirtschaftstätigkeit im Zuge der Bekämpfung von COVID-19 in Südkorea und auf der ganzen Welt ein neues Risiko eines lang anhaltenden Überangebots an Zertifikaten dar. Trotz der hohen Zertifikatspreise bis weit in das Jahr 2020 hinein, stellen wir fest, dass das K-ETS keinen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Emissionsminderungen im südkoreanischen Stromsektor hatte. Das hängt damit zusammen, dass die Kosten der Zertifikatspreise nur unzureichend auf die Großhandelsstrompreise umgelegt wurden, die Zertifikate, die die Stromerzeuger gekauft haben, subventioniert waren und die Nettostromkosten für Großverbraucher niedrig waren. Die Angleichung der Regelungen des ETS mit denen des Stromsektors wird mit den laufenden Diskussionen über weitere Reformen des Strommarktes und die Einführung eines ökologischen Dispatch-Mechanismus, mit dem sich die Kosten für die Zertifikate (teilweise) in den Betriebskosten der Stromerzeuger widerspiegeln könnten, weiter voranschreiten. Jüngste Reformen der Stromtarife zur Einbeziehung von umweltbezogenen Kosten werden die Kostendeckung unterstützen und könnten den Weg für eine vollständige Weitergabe des CO2-Preises in den kommenden Jahren ebnen. Quelle: Forschungsbericht

EU schließt sich neuen Regeln der OECD für Exportkredite an

Die EU hat sich neuen, im Rahmen der OECD entwickelten Regeln für Exportkredite für Kohlekraftwerke angeschlossen. Die Teilnehmer an einem Übereinkommen über öffentlich unterstützte Exportkredite verständigten sich am 17. November 2015 auf eine Sektorvereinbarung über geplante Kohlekraftwerke zur Stromerzeugung. Der Rat billigte den Standpunkt der EU am 26. November 2015, so dass sich die EU dem Konsens über die neuen Regeln förmlich anschließen kann. Ziel der Vereinbarung ist es, die Nutzung hocheffizienter Technologien mit niedrigen Emissionen zu fördern und bestehende Regeln zu überprüfen. So werden die Finanzierungsbedingungen festgelegt, die ab 1. Januar 2017 für Exportkredite für geplante Kohlekraftwerke zur Stromerzeugung gelten werden. Die öffentliche Förderung von Kohlekraftwerken wird dann verboten oder schrittweise abgebaut, um die Nutzung weniger effizienter Kohlekraftwerke deutlich zu verringern. Die Teilnehmer am Übereinkommen sind derzeit Australien, Kanada, die EU, Japan, Korea, Neuseeland, Norwegen, die Schweiz und die Vereinigten Staaten. Weitere OECD-Mitglieder und Nicht-Mitglieder können zur Teilnahme eingeladen werden.

China’s Pilot Emissions Trading Systems and Electricity Markets (Hubei and Shenzhen)

Electricity generation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in many countries. Most emissions trading systems (ETS) therefore address emissions from electricity generation. The de-sign of an ETS and the structure and regulation of the electricity sector have a large impact on the environmental effectiveness and the quality of the carbon price signal. This report analyses the interaction of carbon and electricity markets in two pilot systems in China: Hubei and Shenzhen. The two pilot systems have adopted very different design features due to the specific local circum-stances. Due to strong government regulation of China’s electricity sector, carbon pricing has played a very limited role in driving low carbon investments. A more market-oriented electricity trading market and deregulation of electricity pricing for certain end-users seems necessary for an effective ETS in China. However, this will depend on the political acceptability of electricity price increases resulting from a strong carbon price signal. This case study is part of the project “Influence of market structures and market regulation on the carbon market” that aims to identify the impact of market structures and regulations on carbon markets and to investigate the interdependencies between carbon and energy markets in Europe, California, China, South Korea, and Mexico. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 37/2021.

The Mexican Emission Trading System and the Electricity Market

Electricity generation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in many countries. Most emissions trading systems (ETS) therefore address emissions from electricity generation. The de-sign of an ETS and the structure and regulation of the electricity sector have a large impact on the environmental effectiveness and the quality of the carbon price signal. This report analyses the potential interaction of carbon and electricity markets in Mexico. The Mexican ETS started as pilot scheme in 2020 with the aim to gather experience in the implementation of an ETS without having impacts on the economy. Due to this, no carbon price has been established yet and the political uncertainty about future climate and energy policy is high. While it is unlikely that the trading sys-tem will have a noticeable impact in the short term on demand, supply, or investments, a carbon price has the potential to spur renewable energy growth under an appropriate electricity market regulation. The potential for short-term fuel switching is low, as natural gas is already the cheapest fossil fuel in the merit order. This case study is part of the project “Influence of market structures and market regulation on the carbon market” that aims to identify the impact of market structures and regulations on carbon markets and to investigate the interdependencies between carbon and energy markets in Europe, California, China, South Korea, and Mexico. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change.

The European Emissions Trading System and the German and Polish Electricity Market

Electricity generation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in many countries. Most emissions trading systems (ETS) therefore address emissions from electricity generation. The design of an ETS and the structure and regulation of the electricity sector have a large impact on the environmental effectiveness and the quality of the carbon price signal. This report analyses the interaction of carbon and electricity markets in Poland and Germany. In a largely liberalised market, especially the capacity mix, the age of the fleet and the design of complementary policies determine the impact of the ETS on abatement in the power sector, which is therefore different in both countries. This case study is part of the project “Influence of market structures and market regulation on the carbon market” that aims to identify the impact of market structures and regulations on carbon markets and to investigate the interdependencies between carbon and energy markets in Europe, California, China, South Korea, and Mexico. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 48/2020.

The Korea Emissions Trading System and electricity market

Electricity generation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in many countries. Most emissions trading systems (ETS) therefore address emissions from electricity generation. The de-sign of an ETS and the structure and regulation of the electricity sector have a large impact on the environmental effectiveness and the quality of the carbon price signal. This report analyses the interaction of carbon and electricity markets in the Republic of Korea. Since its launch in 2015, the K-ETS has evolved into one of the country’s principle mechanisms for achieving its emission reduction target. Regulatory reform in the carbon and the electricity market has a large potential for acceler-ating emission reductions through the ETS and could set an example for countries considering in-troducing carbon pricing policies to advance decarbonisation in regulated electricity sectors. This case study is part of the project “Influence of market structures and market regulation on the carbon market” that aims to identify the impact of market structures and regulations on carbon markets and to investigate the interdependencies between carbon and energy markets in Europe, California, China, South Korea, and Mexico. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 36/2021.

Influence of market structures and market regulation on the carbon market: Insights from selected emissions trading systems

Electricity generation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in many countries. Most emissions trading systems (ETS) therefore capture emissions from electricity generation. The design of an ETS and the structure and regulation of the electricity sector have a major impact on the environmental effectiveness and quality of the carbon price signal. This project identified the impact of market structures and regulations on the carbon market and examined the interdependencies between carbon and electricity markets through 5 case studies in Europe (Germany/Poland), California, China (Hubei/Shenzhen), South Korea, and Mexico. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 06/2022.

Essential Elements of Robust MRV-Systems and Analysis of Their Relevance for Linking Emissions Trading Schemes

The present study is a contribution to the linking discussion of emissions trading systems. Between 2012 and 2016, the comparability of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of established emissions trading systems, carbon tax systems and pure monitoring systems was analysed, inter alia based on the California Cap-and-Trade Program, Target Management System / Korea ETS, Shanghai-ETS, Carbon Pricing Mechanism Australia and the European Emissions Trading System. The approaches formulated for evaluating MRV systems are based on the general reporting principles of transparency, consistency, comparability, completeness and accuracy in order to maintain the robustness and integrity of the data in a common market. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 18/2020.

International paths for more resource efficiency

The brochure describes ways to increase resource efficiency and presents approaches to policies and trends in nine countries. The summary is based on the results of the research project "⁠ Monitoring ⁠ international resource policy", which was carried out between 2016 and 2019 under the direction of the ifeu - Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg GmbH on behalf of the German Environment Agency. The thematic focus is on activities in the areas of production, consumption as well as waste and recycling management. The countries examined include Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, South Korea and the United States. All countries pursue approaches to resource efficiency that differ in terms of priorities and funding instruments. Veröffentlicht in Broschüren.

Climate change mitigation in emerging economies: From potentials to actions

This report provides an overview of current activities regarding climate change mitigation in six emerging economies: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa and South Korea. We cover the institutional set up, measurement, reporting and verification systems for greenhouse gases and mitigation policies and measures. The analysis also addresses existing barriers to mitigation and considers where the international community could provide support to remove these. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 19/2013.

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