Many studies have been conducted with the aim to better understand biologic and hydrologic processes that control C and N fluxes in rice paddy systems. But rarely have studies attempted to explicitly link the hydrological and biogeochemical controls of nutrient transport on the field scale. In this research project we aim to improve our understanding of processes that are involved in storing and releasing water and nutrients of different rice-based cropping systems. The Catchment Modeling Framework (CMF) will be coupled to the biogeochemical MOBILE-DNDC model (SP6) in to simulate (1) vertical and lateral transport processes of water, C and N and (2) to predict the reaction of ecosystem services such as water storage and purification, gas regulation, nutrient cycling and food supply in dependence of cropping systems. SP7 follows a rejectionist framework where model complexity is adapted to available data and process understanding. State-of-the-art analytical instruments will be connected to a unique automatic sampling system to continuously measure water isotopic composition as well as dissolved carbon and nitrogen solutes in situ for the first time. Waters to be sampled include surface water, irrigation water, groundwater and water vapor. Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy will be used to measure 2H/H and 18O/16O. Isotopic signatures will allow estimating water mean transit times, partitioning between evaporation and transpiration and separating flow paths. Hyperspectral UV photometers equipped with a flow-through cell will be installed for continuous measurements of nitrate and DOC.
This project aims at the improvement and testing of a modeling tool which will allow the simulation of impacts of on-going and projected changes in land use/ management on the dynamic exchange of C and N components between diversifying rice cropping systems and the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Model development is based on the modeling framework MOBILE-DNDC. Improvements of the soil biogeochemical submodule will be based on ICON data as well as on results from published studies. To improve simulation of rice growth the model ORYZA will be integrated and tested with own measurements of crop biomass development and transpiration. Model development will be continuously accompanied by uncertainty assessment of parameters. Due to the importance of soil hydrology and lateral transport of water and nutrients for exchange processes we will couple MOBILE-DNDC with the regional hydrological model CMF (SP7). The new framework will be used at field scale to demonstrate proof of concept and to study the importance of lateral transport for expectable small-scale spatial variability of crop production, soil C/N stocks and GHG fluxes. Further application of the coupled model, including scenarios of land use/ land management and climate at a wider regional scale, are scheduled for Phase II of ICON.
Im Rahmen des hier vorgeschlagenen Kooperationsprojektes werden unsere chinesischen Partner Feldversuche in drei verschiedenen Klimazonen Chinas (Peking, Nanking und Kanton (Guangzhou)) durchführen. Diese sollen durch die National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC) gefördert werden. Die Feldversuchsanlage wird an allen Orten identisch sein. Zusätzlich führt jede Gruppe Ergänzungsstudien gemäß der jeweiligen Arbeitsrichtung durch. Unser gemeinsames Projekt soll die relative Vorzüglichkeit von GCRPS gegenüber dem traditionellen Nassreis- bzw. Trockenreisanbau in der zweiten Reisanbausaison in der Region von Guangzhou (South China Agricultural University) untersuchen. Der Schwerpunkt wird auf den Wasserbedarf, die Stickstoffnutzungseffizienz (15N-Methode und Bilanzmethode) sowie auf N2O-, CH4 und NH3-Emissionen gelegt werden. Die Felduntersuchungen in Südchina werden durch Versuche unter kontrollierten Umweltbedingungen in Kiel unterstützt. Mit diesen Experimenten soll der Effekt von Stickstoffform und Stickstoffdüngungsrate auf die Fe-, Mn- und P-Aufnahme von Reis studiert werden. Diese Frage hat hohe Priorität, denn Ernährungsstörungen aufgrund Veränderungen des Bewässerungsmanagements wurden in verschiedenen chinesischen Provinzen im Nassreisanbau beobachtet. Weiterhin sollen die physiologische Wassernutzungseffizienz und der Effekt der Stickstoffform auf die CH4-Emissionen geprüft werden. Die kooperierenden vier chinesischen Arbeitsgruppen haben ihre jeweiligen Forschungsanträge an die NSFC eingereicht.
Fusarium species of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex cause serious diseases on different crops such as rice, wheat and maize. An important group of plant pathogens is the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFC) of closely related Fusarium species which are associated with specific hosts; F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum are particularly associated with maize where they can cause serious ear-, root-, and stalk rot diseases. Two other closely related species of the GFC, F. mangiferae and F. fujikuroi, which share about 90Prozent sequence identity with F. verticillioides, are pathogens on mango and rice, respectively. All of these species produce a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites such as phytohormones (gibberellins, auxins, and cytokinins), and harmful mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, fusarin C, or fusaric acid in large quantities. However, the spectrum of those mycotoxins might differ between closely related species suggesting that secondary metabolites might be determinants for host specificity. In this project, we will study the potential impact of secondary metabolites (i.e. phytohormones and certain mycotoxins) and some other species-specific factors (e.g. species-specific transcription factors) on host specificity. The recently sequenced genomes of F. mangiferae and F. fujikuroi by our groups and the planned sequencing of F. proliferatum will help to identify such determinants by genetic manipulation of the appropriate metabolic pathway(s).
Im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens soll ein prozessorientiertes Modell zur Beschreibung von biogeochemischen Stoffumsetzungen in landwirtschaftlich genutzten Böden derart weiterentwickelt werden, daß es zur Prognose von CH4- und N2O-Spurengasemissionen aus dem Reisanbau eingesetzt werden kann. Insbesondere soll die numerische Beschreibung der in der CH4- und N2O-Produktion und Konsumption involvierten mikrobiologischen Prozesse Methanogenese, Methan-Oxidation, Nitrifikation und Denitrifikation und deren Abhängigkeit von Änderungen des Redoxpotentials im Boden implementiert bzw. verbessert werden. Zudem sollen die verschiedenen Mechanismen, die zur Emission von Spurengasen aus dem Reisanbau beitragen (Diffusion, Gasblasenbildung bei Überstauung, Pflanzentransport) sowie die Auswirkung von radialen Sauerstoffverlusten der Reiswurzeln auf die mikrobiologischen Prozesse in einer durch Anaerobiosis dominierten Umgebung in das Modell implementiert werden.
Subproject 3 will investigate the effect of shifting from continuously flooded rice cropping to crop rotation (including non-flooded systems) and diversified crops on the soil fauna communities and associated ecosystem functions. In both flooded and non-flooded systems, functional groups with a major impact on soil functions will be identified and their response to changing management regimes as well as their re-colonization capability after crop rotation will be quantified. Soil functions corresponding to specific functional groups, i.e. biogenic structural damage of the puddle layer, water loss and nutrient leaching, will be determined by correlating soil fauna data with soil service data of SP4, SP5 and SP7 and with data collected within this subproject (SP3). In addition to the field data acquired directly at the IRRI, microcosm experiments covering the broader range of environmental conditions expected under future climate conditions will be set up to determine the compositional and functional robustness of major components of the local soil fauna. Food webs will be modeled based on the soil animal data available to gain a thorough understanding of i) the factors shaping biological communities in rice cropping systems, and ii) C- and N-flow mediated by soil communities in rice fields. Advanced statistical modeling for quantification of species - environment relationships integrating all data subsets will specify the impact of crop diversification in rice agro-ecosystems on soil biota and on the related ecosystem services.
Previous studies indicated that the development and biogeochemistry of paddy soils relates to the parent material, thus the original soil paddies derive from. The proposed research focuses on redox-mediated changes in mineral composition and mineral-associated organic matter (OM) during paddy transformation of different soils. We plan to subject soil samples to a series of redox cycles, in order to mimic paddy soil formation and development. Soils with strongly different properties and mineral composition as well as at different states of paddy transformation; ranging from unchanged soils to fully developed paddy soils, are to be included. We hypothesize that dissolved organic matter is one key driver in redox-mediated transformations, serving as an electron donator as well as interacting with dissolved metals and minerals. The extent of effects shall depend on the parent soil's original mineral assemblage and organic matter and their mutual interactions. The experimental paddy soil transformation will tracked by analyses of soil solutions, of the (re-)distribution of carbon (by addition of 13C-labelled rice straw), of indicative biomolecules (sugars, amino sugars, fatty acids, lignin) and of minerals (including the redox state of Fe). For analyses of organic matter as well as of mineral characteristics we plan to utilize EXAFS and XPS, for Fe-bearing minerals also Mößbauer spectroscopy. This approach of experimental pedology seems appropriate to give insight into the major factors during paddy soil formation and development.
Ziele: Erschliessung eines Gewerbegebietes von ca 33 ha stark versiegelt, Regenwasser soll so im Gebiet seines Auftretens zurueckgehalten werden, dass der Gebietsabfluss dem natuerlichen Regime entspricht. Erhoehung der Grundwasserneubildung, Wasser soll erlebbar sein; Verringerung der Betriebskosten von Pumpwerken und Klaeranlagen; Zur Einsparung der kostbaren Ressource Trinkwasser soll Regenwasser genuetzt werden; Verringerung der Baukosten fuer Kanalisation und Speicherbauwerke; Bausteinprinzip. Aufgabenstellung: Es wurde ein oekologisch vorbildliches Entwaesserungskonzept entwickelt, welches zur herkoemmlichen Abwasserbeseitigung einen aufzeigbaren Weg darstellt. Schwerpunkt ist die Regenwasserbehandlung und Regenwasserableitung.
QTL Q.Tgw.ipk-7D increases grain size in wheat and also has positive effects on total grain mass and harvest index. By genetic methods, it was shown that a Mendelian gene inherited in recessive fashion is causing these effects. Our aim is the molecular identification and functional verification of the wheat gene underlying the QTL Q.Tgw.ipk-7D affecting grain size. The QTL interval was genetically delimited by fine mapping and synteny studies with rice and Brachypodium distachyon revealed a good synteny for the investigated region. The area of interest harbours 36 and 42 genes in rice and Brachypodium, respectively. Among them is a possible candidate gene for QTL Q.Tgw.ipk-7D encoding an AP2 domain containing protein. Further fine mapping is expected to narrow down the list of possible candidate genes for QTL Q.Tgw.ipk-7D. Therefore, the ongoing map based cloning approach is to be continued and obtained candidates are to be tested for their functionality in stably transformed wheat lines. The molecular identification of QTL Q.Tgw.ipk-7D will provide novel insight in the heritable regulators of grain size in wheat and would constitute the first cloned QTL reported in wheat.
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