Ziel dieses Projektes ist es, ein teilchenbasiertes numerisches Modell für die Simulation der Staubemission im Rahmen des äolischen Sandtransports zu entwickeln. Die Quantifizierung dieser Emission ist für die zuverlässige Repräsentation des Staubzykluses in Klimamodellen wesentlich, da die Aufnahme von Staubpartikeln in die Atmosphäre hauptsächlich durch den Beschuss des Sedimentbettes mit Sandpartikeln verursacht wird. Um den vertikalen Fluss emittierter Staubteilchen als Funktion der Boden- und Windbedingungen vorherzusagen, wurden verschiedene empirische Staubparametrisierungsschemata erarbeitet. Die Physik interpartikulärer Wechselwirkungen ist jedoch durch weitgehend unverstandene stochastische Kräfte gekennzeichnet, was die Entwicklung eines zuverlässigen theoretischen Staubemissionsmodells erschwert. Deshalb soll im vorliegenden Projekt ein numerisches Simulationswerkzeug, welches numerische Strömungsmechanik mit einem auf der Diskrete-Elemente-Methode basierenden Modell für granulare Dynamik koppelt, entwickelt werden, um die Trajektorien äolischer Sand- sowie emittierter Staubpartikel zu berechnen. Dabei werden die Trajektorien aller Teilchen in Luft und im Sedimentbett aus der Wirkung der Schwerkraft sowie interpartikulärer bzw. Teilchen-Wind-Wechselwirkungen berechnet, sodass auf die Annahme einer Splash-Funktion verzichtet wird. Zunächst soll ein physikalisches Modell für die interpartikulären Wechselwirkungen --- welche sowohl Kontakt- als auch van-der-Waals-Kräfte einbeziehen --- unter Berücksichtigung deren stochastischer Natur entwickelt werden. Um die Parameter dieses Modells zu bestimmen, werden Windkanalmessungen von Staubemissionsraten aus einem Sedimentbett unter gegebenen Partikelgrößenverteilungen und Windgeschwindigkeiten mit Vorhersagen der Simulationen verglichen. Daraufhin soll die Staubemission unter verschiedenen Verfügbarkeitsbedingungen mobilisierbarer Sedimente untersucht werden. Dies ist wichtig, um ein Parametrisierungsschema für die Staubemission aus schwer erodierbaren Böden (z.B. Böden mit biogener Kruste) aufstellen zu können.
INFRO wird im Rahmen des Projektes Modellierung der Bioökonome sektorale Modelle für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft für Deutschland entwickeln. Darin wird der Stoffstrom der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette von Ressourcen über halbfertige Produkte (z. B. Paneel, Zellstoff) bis zu fertigen Produkten (z. B. Möbel, Papier) abgebildet. Reststoffe treten in allen Verarbeitungsschritten (Rohstoff, Halbfertig- und Fertigprodukte) auf. Die Analyse der Recyclingprodukte ist durchgängig nur über den Stoffstrom im Endwarensektor darzustellen. Dies setzt Analysen der Holzanteile in den Produkten voraus. Der vollständig quantifizierte Materialfluss ist die Grundlage für die Anwendung der LCA-Wirkungsanalyse auf Marktflüsse. Auf der Grundlage der Fallstudie für Holz soll ein verallgemeinerter Ansatz für die Materialflussanalyse für andere Ressourcen entwickelt werden. Die Ergebnisse werden in Form von Materialbilanzen und Stoffströmen dargestellt. Die Quantifizierung der einzelnen Stoffströme ermöglicht die Abbildung eines vollständigen Kreislaufmodells und die Berechnung von Kaskadenfaktoren. Darüber hinaus wird die das Verhältnis von stofflicher und energetischer Nutzung berechnet. Schließlich werden die sehr umfangreichen Erfahrungen in der Analyse von Stoffströmen im Bereich der Holzbiomasse auf ihre grundsätzlichen Strukturen zurückgeführt, um sie ggf. auch auf andere Sektoren wie den Agrarbereich zu übertragen.
The overarching goal during the first four years is to interactively simulate the full methane cycle during deglaciation within the model CLIMBER-LPJmL. This includes the simulation of natural wetlands as the largest natural source of methane within the land surface models, as well as the simulation of the atmospheric sink where methane is oxidized to CO2. Using these two components, the atmospheric concentration of methane will be determined, allowing a comparison to proxy data from ice cores. The transient simulation of climate changes from last glacial maximum to present day including a fully interactive methane cycle has never been attempted before. If successful, this will substantially improve the knowledge on patterns of methane emissions under a wide range of climate states, as well as the atmospheric sink of methane under a variety of boundary conditions. This goal will require a fully interactive model simulation of both sources and sinks of methane. Scientific questions to be investigated include - How can we explain the 75% increase in atmospheric methane between LGM and early Holocene? - What caused the large fluctuations in atmospheric methane during the YD/BA? - How does the distribution of methane sources change between LGM and Holocene? - How do the changes in climate affect the atmospheric oxidation of methane? The postdoc will be responsible for the integration and calibration of permafrost carbon cycle, wetland carbon accumulation and wetland methane emission routines in LPJmL. While the seamless integration of these routines remains a challenge requiring considerable expertise, the development for LPJmL is considerably more advanced than for JSBACH. Therefore less time is required for implementation and integration, making development on a 75% position feasible. Nontheless, the computational tasks in the project are very ambitious. Throughout the project a substantial number of model experiments will have to be carried out for model development and validation, and the sensitivity experiments envisaged will be close to computational limits.
Uncertainty estimation in hydro-biogeochemical modeling is an ongoing area of research that focuses primarily on the investigation of stochastic model uncertainty. The evaluation of structural model uncertainty remains unusual, however there are various techniques available to quantify structural uncertainty. Ensemble modeling is one such technique that is commonly used in climatology and meteorology; disciplines where the structural uncertainty of predictive models has long been established. Its application in hydrological modeling is, however, much less common. Here we propose to evaluate structural uncertainty through *P ensemble modeling, using a set of four models to predict hydrological and nitrogen fluxes: SWAT, LASCAM, HBV-N and CMF-N. The models were selected to represent the range of complexity found in catchment scale modeling, from conceptual models to physically-based approaches, and from lumped to fully distributed descriptions. The GLUE concept is applied to quantify parameter uncertainty. This approach leads to the formulation of single-model ensembles. These single-model ensembles are then combined to produce different sets of probabilistic and deterministic multi-model ensembles. These multi-model ensembles are used to quantify the contribution of structural errors to overall predictive uncertainty. The development of conditional multi-model ensembles represents a large component of the work plan. In this case, the selection of the multi-model ensemble members is based on the capability of different model structures and parameterizations to capture certain conditions of the investigated catchments such as high-low flow, freeze-thaw cycles, or rewetting after extended droughts. The ensemble model is applied to German, Swedish and Australian catchments, and covers a broad range of different climatic boundary conditions, land uses and levels of anthropogenic disturbances.
The ATAAC project aims at improvements to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods for aerodynamic flows used in today's aeronautical industry. The accuracy of these is limited by insufficient capabilities of the turbulence modelling / simulation approaches available, especially at the high Reynolds numbers typical of real-life flows. As LES will not be affordable for such flows in the next 4 decades, ATAAC focuses on approaches below the LES level, namely Differential Reynolds Stress Models (DRSM), advanced Unsteady RANS models (URANS), including Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS), Wall-Modelled LES, and different hybrid RANS-LES coupling schemes, including the latest versions of DES and Embedded LES. The resources of the project will be concentrated exclusively on flows for which the current models fail to provide sufficient accuracy, e.g. in stalled flows, high lift applications, swirling flows (delta wings, trailing vortices), buffet etc. The assessment and improvement process will follow thoroughly conceived roadmaps linking practical goals with corresponding industrial application challenges and with modelling/simulation issues through stepping stones represented by appropriate generic test cases. The final goals of ATAAC are: - to recommend one or at most two best DRSM for conventional RANS and URANS- to provide a small set of hybrid RANS-LES and SAS methods that can be used as reference turbulence-resolving approaches in future CFD design tools - to formulate clear indications of areas of applicability and uncertainty of the proposed approaches for aerodynamic applications in industrial CFD - Contributing to reliable industrial CFD tools, ATAAC will have a direct impact on the predictive capabilities in design and optimisation, and directly contribute to the development of Greener Aircraft.
Objective: The proposed project will develop a method for scaling down the analysis of policy impacts on multifunctional land uses and on the economic activities. This method will rely on micro-simulation and multi-agents models, designed and validated at municipality level using input from stakeholders. The models will address the structural evolution of the populations (appearance, disappearance and change of agents) depending on the local conditions for applying the structural policies on a set of municipality case studies. We shall consider policies related to use of Structural Funds (SFs), Cohesion Fund (CF), Preaccession funds (PAFs) and EAFRD (respectively CAP). This project will include the following actions: - Review the EU structural policies, identify driving forces at EU, national and regional levels for multifunctional land use activities and provide baselines for the design of national and regional scenarios on multifunctional land use activities. - Interaction with stakeholders: pre-model engagement with stakeholders in terms of scenario design and formulating agent decision rules for agent-based models, on-model engagement with stakeholders mirroring agent-based models, and post-model engagement with stakeholders in terms of assessing model outputs. - Design and develop micro-simulation and multi-agents models, of local dynamics and of the impact of European structural policies at the municipality level. - Build a mapping between available data on municipalities and prototypical, contrasted evolutions of micro-simulation and agent based models. This will allow us to aggregate the results provided by these models at a regional level, on a set of regional case studies, and to compare these results with existing models at regional scale. - Investigate the potential of the approach to design a method that enhances the scope of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Sustainable Impact Assessment (SIA). Prime Contractor: Centre National du Machinisme Agricole, du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forets; Antony; France.
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