The research aims to diagnose land and forest use and management by the Hmong to adopt the prevailing legal framework in Vietnam. The questions concerned are 'How do Hmong people use and manage land forest? What are endogenous and exogenous factor that shape the way the Hmong people use and manage forest? What are the congruencies and discrepancies between customary rules of the Hmong and the legal framework regarding forest use and management?' By answering these questions, the research seeks understanding of land and forest use and management by Hmong people and provides recommendation for harmonisation between legal framework and customary rules of Hmong people.