Gridded Level 3 BrO total column densities derived from the Metop/GOME-2-instruments. In the troposphere BrO is a short-lived atmospheric constituent released from the sea (via algae or so called ice flowers). Also volcanic eruptions emit bromine compounds reacting to BrO. In the stratosphere, the major source of BrO are halogenated hydrocarbos that are destroyed by high energy UV radiation. In the stratosphere, BrO plays a key role in the ozone hole chemistry. The total BrO column is retrieved from GOME solar back-scattered measurements in the UV wavelength region between 332 and 359 nm [using the DOAS method]. The applied Airmassfactor is based on monthly climatologies. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).
Gridded Level 3 ozone column densities derived from the Metop/GOME-2-instruments. In the stratosphere – where the majority of the total O3 amount is located - O3 plays an vital role for the UV protection. In the troposphere O3 is generated by chemical processes caused by natural and anthropogenic emission of NO2 and volatile organic components (VOCs) (e.g. HCHO). Direct exposure to O3 is harmfull for humans and our environment. The total O3 column is retrieved from GOME solar back-scattered measurements in the uv wavelength region 325-335nm [using the DOAS method]. To determine the AMF an iterative process is applied, the assumed profile depends on the latitude, month, but also on the total column. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).
Gridded Level 3 NO2 total (NO2 tropospheric) column densities derived from the Metop/GOME-2-instruments. In the troposphere NO2 is a short-lived atmospheric constituent caused by combustion processes, e.g. fossil fuel consumption or biomass buring or by lightning. In the troposphere as well as in the stratosphere NO2 plays an important role in the ozone chemistry. The total NO2 column is retrieved from GOME solar back-scattered measurements in the visible wavelength region around 440nm [using the DOAS method]. To derive tropospheric NO2 columns, the estimated stratospheric component is substracted from the total column. In addition, an air mass factor based on monthly climatological NO2 profiles is considered. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).
Ziel der Bannwaldforschung ist die langfristige Beobachtung der Entwicklung des Waldbestandes und seiner Fauna und Flora. Zur Dokumentation dient die Anlage eines systematischen Stichprobenrasters in den einzelnen Bannwäldern, das vermessen und dauerhaft vermarkt wird. An den Rasterpunkten erfolgen terrestrische Aufnahmen der Waldstrukturen und der Vegetation. Auch faunistische Untersuchungen können hier eingehängt und mit Strukturdaten korreliert werden. Die Einzeldaten werden ausgewertet und zu Zeitreihen der Bestandesentwicklung zusammengefasst.
Additionally, at four shallow water stations (Booknis Eck, Buelk, Behrensdorf and Katharinenhof) temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen are continuously logged at 2-3 m depth by self-contained data loggers. These are: (I) MiniDOT loggers (Precision Measurement Engineering; http://pme.com; ±10 µmol L-1 or ±5 % saturation) including copper antifouling option (copper plate and mesh) to measure dissolved oxygen concentration and (II) DST CT salinity & temperature loggers (Star-Oddi; http://star-oddi.com; ±1.5 mS cm-1) to record the conductivity. Both sensor types additionally record water temperature with an accuracy of ± 0.1 °C. The sampling interval was set to 30 minutes for all parameters. In context of the long-term monitoring project RegLocDiv (Regional-Local-Diversity) by M. Wahl (Franz, M. et al. 2019a), another seven stations were equipped with the same two types of sensors at 4-6 m depth to continuously record environmental parameters (again: temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen) and included into this data set. These stations are at: Falshoeft, Booknis Eck, Schoenberg, Westermarkelsdorf, Staberhuk, Kellenhusen and Salzhaff (abandoned in 2023). Since 2021, in the context of implementing a reef monitoring to fulfil obligations by the EU Habitats Directive, step-by-step, eleven further stations were installed at reefs in the Schleswig-Holstein Baltic Sea. These are at: Platengrund (14 m depth) and Mittelgrund (8 m) (both since 2021), at Walkyriengrund (9 m), Brodtener Ufer (8 m), Außenschlei (11 m), Kalkgrund (8 m), Stollergrund (7.5 m) and Flueggesand (10 m) (all since 2022), as well as at Gabelsflach (10 m), Sagasbank (8.5 m) and Stabehuk (11.5 m) (all since 2023). Again, at all of these 11 stations, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen are continuously logged by self-contained data loggers: Conductivity (and temperature) is logged by HOBO® Salt Water Conductivity/Salinity Data Logger (Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA; https://www.onsetcomp.com) using the U2X protective housing to prevent fouling on the sensors. The same MiniDOT loggers (Precision Measurement Engineering) as at the above mentioned more shallow stations (including antifouling copper plate and mesh) are used to measure dissolved oxygen concentration. Dissolved oxygen concentration data measured by the MiniDOT loggers are corrected for a depth of 10 m (or 2,5 m on the shallow stations) using the software provided by the manufacturer. Additionally, a manual compensation for salinity was calculated (see details in Franz, M. et al. 2019b). Quality control was carried out by spike and gradient tests, following recommendations of SeaDataNet quality control procedures (see https://seadatanet.org/Standards/Data-Quality-Control). All data values were flagged according to applied quality checks using the following flags: 1 = Pass, 2 = Suspect, 3 = Fail, 4 = Visually suspect, 5 = Salinity compensation fail (further explanations can be found in Franz, M. et al. 2019b).
Additionally, at four shallow water stations (Booknis Eck, Buelk, Behrensdorf and Katharinenhof) temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen are continuously logged at 2-3 m depth by self-contained data loggers. These are: (I) MiniDOT loggers (Precision Measurement Engineering; http://pme.com; ±10 µmol L-1 or ±5 % saturation) including copper antifouling option (copper plate and mesh) to measure dissolved oxygen concentration and (II) DST CT salinity & temperature loggers (Star-Oddi; http://star-oddi.com; ±1.5 mS cm-1) to record the conductivity. Both sensor types additionally record water temperature with an accuracy of ± 0.1 °C. The sampling interval was set to 30 minutes for all parameters. In context of the long-term monitoring project RegLocDiv (Regional-Local-Diversity) by M. Wahl (Franz, M. et al. 2019a), another seven stations were equipped with the same two types of sensors at 4-6 m depth to continuously record environmental parameters (again: temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen) and included into this data set. These stations are at: Falshoeft, Booknis Eck, Schoenberg, Westermarkelsdorf, Staberhuk, Kellenhusen and Salzhaff (abandoned in 2023). Since 2021, in the context of implementing a reef monitoring to fulfil obligations by the EU Habitats Directive, step-by-step, eleven further stations were installed at reefs in the Schleswig-Holstein Baltic Sea. These are at: Platengrund (14 m depth) and Mittelgrund (8 m) (both since 2021), at Walkyriengrund (9 m), Brodtener Ufer (8 m), Außenschlei (11 m), Kalkgrund (8 m), Stollergrund (7.5 m) and Flueggesand (10 m) (all since 2022), as well as at Gabelsflach (10 m), Sagasbank (8.5 m) and Stabehuk (11.5 m) (all since 2023). Again, at all of these 11 stations, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen are continuously logged by self-contained data loggers: Conductivity (and temperature) is logged by HOBO® Salt Water Conductivity/Salinity Data Logger (Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA; https://www.onsetcomp.com) using the U2X protective housing to prevent fouling on the sensors. The same MiniDOT loggers (Precision Measurement Engineering) as at the above mentioned more shallow stations (including antifouling copper plate and mesh) are used to measure dissolved oxygen concentration. Dissolved oxygen concentration data measured by the MiniDOT loggers are corrected for a depth of 10 m (or 2,5 m on the shallow stations) using the software provided by the manufacturer. Additionally, a manual compensation for salinity was calculated (see details in Franz, M. et al. 2019b). Quality control was carried out by spike and gradient tests, following recommendations of SeaDataNet quality control procedures (see https://seadatanet.org/Standards/Data-Quality-Control). All data values were flagged according to applied quality checks using the following flags: 1 = Pass, 2 = Suspect, 3 = Fail, 4 = Visually suspect, 5 = Salinity compensation fail (further explanations can be found in Franz, M. et al. 2019b).
Bedeutung des Projekts für die Praxis: - Falsche Bewirtschaftungsintensität bedeutet für ca.30.000 Milchviehbetriebe mittelfristig einen enormen wirtschaftlichen Schaden (über 70 Mio. Euro jährlich) - Überzogene Leistungsansprüche an die Wiederkäuer führen dazu, dass das betriebliche System nicht mehr kreislaufbasiert laufen und negative Umweltwirkungen auftreten können - Ökonomische Bewertung der Bewirtschaftungsintensität kann die Standortanpassung fördern und dadurch eine Steigerung der wirtschaftlichen Effizienz der grünlandbasierten Milchproduktion erreichen - Dokumentation objektiver Veränderungen auf Dauerwiesen sind für die Beratung, aber vor allem für die Landwirte selbst essentiell, um durch die maßgeschneiderte Auswahl von Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen und -intensitäten eine nachhaltige Aufrechterhaltung der umweltgerechten Produktivität zu gewährleisten - Neue Erkenntnisse können unter Berücksichtung maßgeblicher Kriterien die Beratung für die Grünland- und Viehwirtschaft deutlich verbessern, weil eine regionalisierte Beratung möglich wird - Basis für künftige Förderungsprogramme für Dauergrünland, welche in der Lage wären auf die regionalen Standortunterschiede (Boden, Klima, Wasser, Produktionskosten) Rücksicht zu nehmen - Daten und Versuchsergebnisse sind für den Unterricht an den Landwirtschaftlichen Fachschulen von großem Wert, weil die Schüler unmittelbar von der Forschungskooperation profitieren können. Fortschritte bei Tierzüchtung und Milchviehmanagement führten zur Steigerung der Milchleistung von 1995 auf 2016 um 2.227 kg Milch/Kuh und Jahr, das entspricht einem jährlichen Zuwachs von ca. 106 kg. Laut Rinderzucht Austria (ZAR) lag die durchschnittliche Milchleistung der österreichischen Kontrollkühe im Jahr 2016 bei (75 % der gesamten Population) bei ca. 7.425 kg Milch. Diese Entwicklung fordert zwingend eine parallele Leistungsverbesserung der pflanzenbaulichen Seite auf den Grünlandflächen. Den Dauerwiesen werden in Abhängigkeit von vielen Einflussfaktoren Grenzen im Hinblick auf Ertrag und Qualität aufgezeigt, sodass die Kluft zwischen geforderter Produktivität und effektiv erzieltem Ergebnis sehr groß werden kann. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Dauergrünlandes wird durch die Wahl der Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen, aber auch durch die gegebenen Wetterbedingungen (Sommertrockenheit, Starkregen, Hagel, etc.) sehr stark beeinträchtigt. Das komplexe Ökosystem Wiese (Pflanzenbestand, Insekten, Tiere) reagiert auf die Einflüsse unterschiedlicher Faktoren mit einer positiven oder negativen Veränderung von diversen Kennwerten, welche sich jedoch oft erst durch eine langfristige Beobachtung verifizieren lassen. Die nachhaltige Sicherstellung einer umweltgerechten Bewirtschaftung und ökonomischen Produktivität von Dauerwiesen erfordert daher ein ausgewogenes Bewirtschaftungsmanagement durch das Zusammenspiel von Nutzungshäufigkeit, Düngungsintensität und Pflegemaßnahmen, welche auf den Standort angepasst sein sollten. Text gekürzt
The here presented data time-series are connected to the publication "Environmental parameters of shallow water habitats in the SW Baltic Sea" (Franz, M. et al. 2019b). Since 2019 a number of stations were added, and, hence, new time-series started. Every year a new dataset will be published including both, old and new stations. The following abstract is revised from Franz, M. et al. (2019b): The coastal areas of the Baltic Sea represent highly variable environments. In order to record the environmental conditions in shallow water habitats of the SW Baltic Sea, a monitoring program was established. The monitoring sites are located along the Baltic Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Along the coast, 23 stations were established, where samplings for dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations are conducted. Here, twice per month, water samples are collected in a water depth of 0.5 m. The samples are analysed for the concentration of dissolved inorganic nutrients (total oxidized nitrogen, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate and silicate) by UV/VIS spectroscopy using a continuous flow analyser (type QuAAtro 30; comp. SEAL Analytical, Hamburg, Germany. The system is equipped with a SEAL XY-2 autosampler). Quality control for nutrient measurements is ensured by certified reference material (CRM) by KANSO TECHNOS CO, LTD, Osaka, Japan. Additionally, at four shallow water stations (Booknis Eck, Bülk, Behrensdorf and Katharinenhof) temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen are continuously logged at 2-3 m depth by self-contained data loggers. These are: (I) MiniDOT loggers (Precision Measurement Engineering; http://pme.com; ±10 µmol L-1 or ±5 % saturation) including antifouling copper option (copper plate and mesh) to measure dissolved oxygen concentration and (II) DST CT salinity & temperature loggers (Star-Oddi; http://star-oddi.com; ±1.5 mS cm-1) to record the conductivity. Both sensor types additionally record water temperature with an accuracy of ± 0.1 °C. The sampling interval was set to 30 minutes for all parameters. Another seven stations for continuous recordings of environmental parameters (again: temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen) with the same two types of sensors were installed at 4-6 m depth in the context to the long-term monitoring project RegLocDiv (Regional-Local-Diversity) by M. Wahl (Franz, M. et al. 2019a) and included into this data set. These stations are at: Falshoeft, Booknis Eck, Schoenberg, Westermakesdorf, Staberhuk, Kellenhusen and Salzhaff (abandoned in 2023). Since 2021, in the context of implementing a reef monitoring to fulfil obligations by the EU Habitats Directive, step-by-step, eleven further stations were installed at reefs in the Schleswig-Holstein Baltic Sea. These are at: Platengrund (14 m depth) and Mittelgrund (8 m) (both since 2021), at Walkyriengrund (9 m), Brodtener Ufer (8 m), Außenschlei (11 m), Kalkgrund (8 m), Stollergrund (7.5 m) and Flueggesand (10 m) (all since 2022), as well as at Gabelsflach (10 m), Sagasbank (8.5 m) and Stabehuk (11.5 m) (all since 2023). Again, at all of these 11 stations, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen are continuously logged by self-contained data loggers: Conductivity (and temperature) is logged by HOBO® Salt Water Conductivity/Salinity Data Logger (Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA; https://www.onsetcomp.com) using the U2X protective housing to prevent fouling on the sensors. The same MiniDOT loggers (Precision Measurement Engineering) as at the above mentioned more shallow stations (including antifouling copper plate and mesh) are used to measure dissolved oxygen concentration. Dissolved oxygen concentration data measured by the MiniDOT loggers are corrected for a depth of 5 m (or 2,5 m on the shallow stations) using the software provided by the manufacturer. Additionally, a manual compensation for salinity was calculated (see details in Franz, M. et al. 2019b). Quality control was carried out by spike and gradient tests, following recommendations of SeaDataNet quality control procedures (see https://seadatanet.org/Standards/Data-Quality-Control). All data values were flagged according to applied quality checks using the following flags: 1 = Pass, 2 = Suspect, 3 = Fail, 4 = Visually suspect, 5 = Salinity compensation fail (further explanations can be found in Franz, M. et al. 2019b). The project is funded by the LfU (Landesamt für Umwelt, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany). Main responsible persons are C. Hiebenthal, C. Lieberum, F. Weinberger and R. Karez. Responsible for the nutrient analysis: N. Stärck; Responsible for taking the water samples: C. Lieberum and D. Bürger.
Gridded Level 3 cloud optical thickness derived from Metop/GOME observations. Cloud physical properties (cloud fraction, cloud top height, cloud optical thickness) are derived from GOME/GOME-2 observations using the OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) and ROCINN (Retrieval of Cloud Information using Neural Networks). For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/ The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).
Seit Anfang dieses Jahrzehnts zeigt sich für eine Reihe von deutschen Großstädten wieder eine positive Bevölkerungsentwicklung. Zugleich zeigt sich, dass die Suburbanisierungsprozesse rückläufig sind. Diese Entwicklung wird in Fachkreisen begrüßt, hat es doch den Anschein, als käme die Stadtentwicklung dem Ideal einer kompakten, Ressourcen sparenden Entwicklung näher. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes sollen die Effekte überprüft werden. Außerdem werden die lokalen Ausprägungen eines weiteren Städtewachstums als Forschungsthema in den Blick gerückt. Bedeutet eine positive Bevölkerungsentwicklung automatisch eine neue Attraktivität der Städte? Welche Prozesse und Strategien stecken hinter den Zahlen, wie schlagen sie sich in den Stadtquartieren nieder und wie sind sie zu bewerten? Es soll herausgefunden werden, inwieweit die steigenden Bevölkerungszahlen geplant sind, d.h. ob sie Resultat gezielter Strategien sind und unter welchen Bedingungen kommunale Strategien greifen. Bringt das statisch feststellbare Städtewachstum auf der einen und die gebremste Suburbanisierung auf der anderen Seite die Stadtentwicklung einer kompakten, ausgewogenen, sozialverträglichen und Ressourcen sparenden Entwicklung näher? Ausgangslage: Die Städtelandschaft ist in Deutschland durch gleichzeitig stattfindende Wachstums- und Schrumpfungsprozesse auf der Ebene der Stadtbevölkerung gekennzeichnet. Auch wenn nur die wachsenden oder nur die schrumpfenden Städte betrachtet werden, weisen sie untereinander recht heterogene Entwicklungen auf. Im Vorfeld des Forschungsprojektes hat das Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR) ein Arbeitspapier erstellt, in dem die quantitativen Prozesse in deutschen Städten mit Bevölkerungsgewinnen näher unter die Lupe genommen werden. Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung wurde über die vergangenen zehn Jahre betrachtet, Städte wurden mit ihrem Umland verglichen und die Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Relation zur Beschäftigtenentwicklung gesetzt (Rubrik 'Ergebnisse'). Die Ergebnisse führen zur Auswahl von zehn Städten, für die vertiefende Analysen angestellt werden. Die Auswahl wurde erstens geleitet durch die Anforderung eines (geringfügigen) repräsentativen Charakters der ausgewählten Städte. Zweites galt die Bedingung, dass die Städte Mitglied im Netzwerk 'Innenstädtische Raumbeobachtung des BBSR' sind, weil dadurch eine Reihe von Daten unmittelbar verfügbar und Ansprechpartner bekannt sind. Als elfte Stadt hat sich Frankfurt am Main als assoziiertes Mitglied dem aus BBSR und Kommunen bestehenden Forschungskonsortium angeschlossen. Die BBSR-Website Werkstatt-Stadt gibt zum Einstieg und zur Illustration Hinweise auf Projekte, die in den zehn Städten in ihrer 'Wachstumsperiode' umgesetzt wurden und die Kriterien einer nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung erfüllen.
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