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The ATAAC project aims at improvements to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods for aerodynamic flows used in today's aeronautical industry. The accuracy of these is limited by insufficient capabilities of the turbulence modelling / simulation approaches available, especially at the high Reynolds numbers typical of real-life flows. As LES will not be affordable for such flows in the next 4 decades, ATAAC focuses on approaches below the LES level, namely Differential Reynolds Stress Models (DRSM), advanced Unsteady RANS models (URANS), including Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS), Wall-Modelled LES, and different hybrid RANS-LES coupling schemes, including the latest versions of DES and Embedded LES. The resources of the project will be concentrated exclusively on flows for which the current models fail to provide sufficient accuracy, e.g. in stalled flows, high lift applications, swirling flows (delta wings, trailing vortices), buffet etc. The assessment and improvement process will follow thoroughly conceived roadmaps linking practical goals with corresponding industrial application challenges and with modelling/simulation issues through stepping stones represented by appropriate generic test cases. The final goals of ATAAC are: - to recommend one or at most two best DRSM for conventional RANS and URANS- to provide a small set of hybrid RANS-LES and SAS methods that can be used as reference turbulence-resolving approaches in future CFD design tools - to formulate clear indications of areas of applicability and uncertainty of the proposed approaches for aerodynamic applications in industrial CFD - Contributing to reliable industrial CFD tools, ATAAC will have a direct impact on the predictive capabilities in design and optimisation, and directly contribute to the development of Greener Aircraft.
Bei der Konstruktion neuer Produkte bestehen viele Anforderungen, deren Einhaltung der Konstrukteur sicherzustellen hat. Wesentlich sind dabei neben der Erfüllung der Gesamtfunktion auch die Kostendeckung und die Zuverlässigkeit des Systems. Maschinenakustische Anforderungen gewinnen durch verschärfte gesetzliche Bestimmungen und durch steigenden Wettbewerbsdruck an Bedeutung. Im Rahmen des Projektes wurde ein computergestütztes Beratungssystem für den Konstrukteur entwickelt, dessen Aufgabe es ist, auch in frühen Phasen der Konstruktion maschinenakustisches Wissen bereitzustellen. Damit soll der Konstrukteur in die Lage versetzt werden, bei allen Konstruktionsentscheidungen auch akustische Belange zu berücksichtigen, so das aufwendige und zeitraubende Nachbesserungen an der fertigen Maschine vermieden werden können.
Auf Initiative des Bundesministeriums für Wissenschaft und Forschung (BMWF) entstand in Kooperation mit der Kooperationsplattform Forst - Holz - Papier (FHP) eine Doktoratsinitiative 'Holz - Mehrwertstoff mit Zukunft' (DokInHolz). Die einzelnen Dissertationsthemen sollten dabei die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette Forst - Holz - Papier abdecken und über das Leitthema 'nachhaltige Ressourcennutzung' miteinander verknüpft sein. Über die Koordination durch FHP wurden aus einem Themenpool von dreißig Themen elf Themen ausgewählt und in einer Kooperation der akademischen Betreuer der Dissertationsprojekte und der Wirtschaftspartner weiter elaboriert. Die einzelnen Themen betreffen die Sicherung der forstlichen Primärproduktion unter Aspekten von Risiko und Unsicherheit, die Entwicklung von Modellen für ein Supply-Chain Management und neue Technologieansätze für eine effiziente Verarbeitungskette von Laubholz, Grundlagen zum chemischen sowie zum mechanischen Aufschluss des Rohstoffes Holz, das Alterungsverhalten von Cellulose basierten Materialien, Modelle zur Festigkeit von Cellulosefasern, Modelle zur Beschreibung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Holz, Brettschichtholz und Brettsperrholz unter Berücksichtigung von Material- und Strukturnichtlinearitäten sowie von Verbindungsmittel im Bereich der ressourcen-effizienteren Nutzung von Holz im Bauwesen. Die Doktoratsinitative mit seinen einzelnen Forschungsthemen wird durch die Universität für Bodenkultur (BOKU), der TU Wien und TU Graz, sowie die Universität Innsbruck durch Unterprojekte erarbeitet. Die Projektkoordination wird durch Prof. Teischinger an der BOKU und stellvertretend durch Prof. Eberhardsteiner von der TU Wien geleitet.
Objective: Low-noise road surfaces are recognized as a cost-effective tool for traffic noise abatement. The best performance can be achieved by optimizing surface texture and porosity. That way, a bottom line of a 3dB lifetime average reduction with respect to ordinary asphalt has been reached. Any progress must resort to another noise-relevant characteristic i.e. elasticity by which the noise due to tyre vibrations can be suppressed. A recently completed European project has shown that, in order to be effective, the elasticity of the road surface must be in the same range as that of the tyre itself. This explains why previous attempts of incorporating a little rubber in an asphalt mix failed to produce significant noise reductions. The solution consists of a fully rubberized, porous compound: a so-called.
Objective: The present proposal aims at the development of innovative multidisciplinary sets of tests and indicators for toxicological profiling of nanoparticles (NPs) as well as unravelling the correlation between the physicochemical characteristics of NPs and their toxic potential on various organs of the human body. For a comprehensive understanding of the complex data to be obtained on toxicology of NPs, based on in-vitro and ex-vivo studies, we will employ conventional toxicology combined with the methodologies of toxicogenomics, metabonomics, Knowledge Discovery from Data (KDD) and Data Mining (DM). This research program is focused towards understanding the relation of size and surface chemistry on the deposition, uptake, translocation, and toxicity of a few s elected industrially important NPs as well as novel synthesized NPs, whose size and surface chemistry will be methodically modified. Since it was shown that the penetration of NPs into the human body proceeds principally through inhalation or orally, whereas penetration through healthy skin is restricted, we have chosen lung and intestine as the primary interacting tissues/organs with NPs, while liver, kidney and the immunological system have been selected to be the secondary major sites of interaction, following the penetration of NPs into the blood circulation. The interaction of the NPs with these different target organs will be studied by making use of alternative methods to animal experimentation by employing in-vitro cell systems as well as ex-vivo studies based on precision-cut slices of lung, liver and kidney. The present proposal addresses the needs of the European society for assessing the risk of occupational and general population exposure to industrially manufactured NPs. It will generate new knowledge on potential health risk or the absence of it, providing objective arguments for recommendations and regulations.
Objective: We combine state-of-the-art techniques, methodologies, skills and instrumentation from several scientific arenas to create discipline-independent platforms to address key questions in nanotoxicology. Thus, we identify the routes via which nanoparticles enter and accumulate in living organisms, and connect this to representative cell-nanoparticle systems. Then using the most advanced methods of chemical, physical, biological and toxicological sciences we connect nanoparticle properties (in physiological conditions) to the mechanisms via which they interact with, and disrupt, cellular processes. We establish means and protocols via which every step of the program will be controlled, eliminating the factors that currently cause irreproducibilities. We emphasize novel unbiased assessments of intra- and inter-cellular processes after exposure to nanoparticles, enabling us to explore known, and unknown, processes. Key companies, large and small from several end-user groups, that are currently facing the challenge of applying nanotechnology in their products are built into the program in a substantial manner, and other key stake-holders are also incorporated into the overall consortium via the Advisory Board. This will ensure maximum uptake of the knowledge generated by NanoInteract, and enable development of Standards for nanoparticle risk assessment.
Objective: The fast-pacing development of nanosciences and nanotechnologies is due to their great potential in improving the quality of life and in creating novel knowledge-based sustainable processes. This unprecedented 'nano-pollution' may in fact pose risks to human (manufacturers and end-users) and animal health that we cannot evaluate at present because of the complete lack of appropriate instruments and bioassays. The DIPNA project aims at creating and validating these instruments and assays, and to propose to the EU and international communities new parameters for detection of nanopollution and evaluation of occupational nanotoxicology, in order to promote prevention and nanosafety in manufacturing and handling. In this novel, multidisciplinary, multination al research project it will be developed a precise knowledge on nano-immunotoxicity, i.e., the impact of nanoparticles and nanopollution in general on human defence cells. This knowledge will be validated in comparison with nano-genotoxicity and nano-carcinogenicity, i.e., studying in parallel the activity of nanoparticles in a standardised transformation assay in vitro, to predict the potential pathological risks of exposure to nanoparticles for human health. The project will be divided in 6 workpackages: 1. Production and physico-chemical characterisation of nanoparticles; 2. Evaluation of NP interaction with human defence cells: selection of representative cell systems; 3. Evaluation of one-to-one NP-cell interaction: definition of threshold and do se-dependent effects; 4. Evaluation of chronic and repeated exposure: eco-nanotoxicity; 5. Field validation and development platform; 6. Coordination, management, training, and public awareness. The scientific knowledge gained during this project will provide the ground for a development platform, aiming at standardising and field-validating prototypic assays and related instruments for biodetection of nanoparticle-associated health risks.
Objective: A major limitation on the application of the unique properties of carbon nanotubes has been their high cost and lack of availability. This IP brings together leading laboratories and companies within Europe to produce nanotubes on a bulk scale of ultimately tons per year. The large-scale growth of carbon nanotubes will be developed by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). The applications in electronics as interconnects and vias for integrated circuits, for field effect transistors, and spin coherent transport will be developed. Field emission will be developed further for use in microwave amplifiers and micron scale x-ray sources. Electronic applications will be enabled by controlled growth in plasma enhanced CVD and thermal CVD. Multi-wall CNTs will be used as a catalyst in large-scale chemical reactions such as the dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene to styrene. Control of the nanotube internal orientation to give the herring bone microstructure is needed for catalysis, as plane edges are catalytically active. Fictionalisation of CNTs will be extended, in order to improve the performance of structural, electrically conducting and thermally conducting nanotube-polymer composites. Dispersion of nanotubes at high loading will be achieved in polymers to obtain high strength composites. Nanotubes are known to act as high energy density actuators, or 'artificial muscles'. Nanobiological devices will be fabricated based on self-assembly and molecular absorption. A toxicological study of CNTs particularly with respect to possible health hazards will be carried out, and nanotube/polymer composites will be tested for biocompatibility. Public acceptance of nanomaterials and nanotechnology will be encouraged by publicity and poling. Training, workshops and conferences will be held, and to promote technology transfer from universities and research institutes to companies. SMEs will be dominant in the CVD, catalysis and composite applications
Objective: This SSA aims to foster lasting research relations between European research organisations and research organisations in Latin America specialising in nanotechnology. We do this by organising exchange visits for some twenty Latin American researchers to f our European research organisations specialising in nanotechnology. Furthermore, we will organise two workshops and subsequent fact-finding missions in Mexico and Brazil to enable European researchers and industrialists to identify opportunities for establishing working relations.
General Information: For material recycling of plastics and polymers from domestic waste it is necessary to identify and sort the different parts to obtain pure material fractions. A rapid piece-by-piece method is possible by identification of the composition of each waste particle with laser using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. It is the aim of this project to investigate the technical feasibility of this technique for the recycling of plastics and polymers from domestic waste. The project activities comprise the beam guiding of the laser to the plastic and polymer parts, the detection of spectra, determination of spectral features for the identification of different materials and handling, sorting and further processing of the different fractions. Achievements: The sorting of waste bottles into pure polymers fractions of PE, PP, PET and PVC with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been investigated. Element and molecule structures were detected in spectra of laser-induced plasmas. Classification algorithms based on multivariate statistical analysis and neural networks were tested. The achievable identification accuracy depends on the kinds of polymers and their additives. Typical results on recycled and virgin polymer samples achieved under laboratory conditions are 90-95 per cent for PE and PP and largely 99 per cent for PET and PVC, where 20 per cent of all measured samples could not be identified and have been sorted out. For bottle pieces, about 95 per cent have been classified correctly. The measuring times are smaller100 us, the evaluation times in the order of milliseconds, enabling sorting rates of 10 per second and more. Autofocussing to the varying geometry of the bottles is a challenging problem. An autofocus system based on triangulation operates reliably with coloured samples, but not with transparent ones. Future work should aim to avoid the necessity of an autofocus system by proper handling of the bottles and usage of a focussing lens with a long focal length. A modular handling and sorting equipment for singularization, pressing to +/- 10 mm surface position range and sorting 3 bottles per second was constructed and put into operation. The handling and sorting equipment is successfully combined with a PC for laser triggering and generation of sorting signals. Singularization and transport of about 10 bottles/s is assessed as feasible. Nevertheless, in order to avoid two bottles arriving at the identification point at the same time, the handling device has to be carefully adjusted. In summary, after completion of the fundamental research project, the possibility of laser-based identification of plastics is realistic. Further work has to concentrate on technical oriented development.
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