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Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1689: Climate Engineering: Risiken, Herausforderungen, Möglichkeiten?, Climate Engineering durch Modifikation der Arktischen Zirren im Winter: Risiken und Durchführbarkeit (AWiCiT)

Das sogenannte 'Climate Engineering' beschreibt ein gezieltes Eingreifen ins Klimasystem mit dem Ziel, der globalen Erwärmung entgegen zu wirken. Zusätzlich zu dem Entfernen von Kohlendioxid und der Beeinflussung von Solarstrahlung (solar radiation management), wurde eine Methode vorgeschlagen, die zu mehr Emission von langwelliger Strahlung in den Weltall führen soll. Hierbei soll der wärmende Effekt der Zirruswolken reduziert werden. Wir wollen diese Methode in unserem Forschungsantrag genauer untersuchen. Wir planen uns auf die mittleren und hohen Breiten der Nordhemisphäre im Winter zu konzentrieren, um die Strahlungseffekte von Zirren auf die Solarstrahlung zu minimieren. Insbesondere möchten wir folgender Frage nachgehen: Ist das Ausdünnen von arktischen Zirren im Winter (AWiCiT) durchführbar und was ist die maximale Abkühlung, die hiermit erreicht werden kann? Die hiermit verbundenen Risiken und Nebenwirkungen des AWiCiT wollen wir auf der regionalen Skala hinsichtlich möglicher Änderungen der arktischen Stratosphäre insbesondere Auswirkungen auf die Ozonschicht sowie mögliche Veränderungen in tiefer liegenden Wolken mit dem gekoppelten Wettervorhersage/Chemiemodell ICON-ART studieren. Mögliche Auswirkungen auf die globale Zirkulation, Meeresströmungen sowie die Meereisbedeckung werden mit Hilfe des globalen gekoppelten Aerosol-Atmosphären-Ozean Klimamodells MPI-ESM-HAM untersucht. Um die oben genannten Fragen zu beantworten, müssen wir die gegenwärtigen globalen Zirkulationsmodelle validieren insbesondere hinsichtlich ihrer Fähigkeit die beobachtete Ausbreitung und Höhe der Zirruswolken im arktischen Winter zu reproduzieren. Des Weiteren werden wir die Transportwege der natürlichen Eiskeime und der Impf-Eiskeime unten den dynamischen Bedingungen im arktischen Winter analysieren um die Lebensdauer der Impf-Eiskeime in der Impfregion abzuschätzen. Sind die Höhen und Flugrouten der kommerziellen Langstreckenflüge geeignet um einen Großteil des Arktischen Zirrus zu impfen oder sollte die Impfgegend in mittlere Breiten ausgedehnt werden? Ist Bismut(III)-iodid (BiI3), das als Impf-Eiskeim hierfür vorgeschlagen wird, unter diesen Umständen der am besten geeignete Impfstoff? Das Ausdünnen der Zirren ist nur dann effektiv, wenn der natürlich Zirrus hauptsächlich durch homogenes Gefrieren von Lösungströpfchen entsteht. Wenn er primär durch heterogene Nukleation gebildet werden würde, würde Impfen zu einer Erwärmung statt Abkühlung führen können. Deshalb müssen die Eigenschaften der Zirren noch besser verstanden werden, insbesondere der Anteil der Zirren, der im heutigen Klima durch heterogene Nukleation gebildet wird.

ALOIS: DEPAS ocean-bottom seismometer operations at the western Gakkel Ridge / Lena Trough in 2022-2023

This ocean-bottom seismometer deployment is part of an interdisciplinary project examining the Aurora hydrothermal vent field in an attempt to understand its fluid circulation. A total of 8 ocean bottom seismometers modified for the operation in sea ice covered oceans was deployed around Aurora vent field at the intersection of Gakkel Ridge and Lena Trough in the Fram Strait. The aim of the experiment was to monitor seismicity related to the hydrothermal circulation system and to reveal potentially heat reservoirs devoid of seismicity. The network consisted of 8 DEPAS Lobster type broadband OBS. Instruments were free-fall deployed and spaced by about 5-8 km. Their position at the seafloor is known to within few meters from ultrashort baseline positioning system Posidonia. The OBS recorded continuously at 100 Hz for up to 12 months between end of July 2022 and mid July 2023. One instrument (AUR02) had an unreliable seismometer records due to levelling problems. Skew values were obtained for all stations and ranged between -18 s and 12.3 s. Clock drift in this experiment was partially nonlinear. After the skew correction, a nonlinear time drift for stations AUR02, AUR04, AUR06, AUR08 was determined using noise cross-correlation. A best-fit correction was obtained by using skew-corrected station AUR01 as reference station for stations AUR04 and AUR08, while skew-corrected station AUR03 served as reference for stations AUR02 and AUR06. Station specific phase residuals obtained from a manually picked catalog of 492 events were used to further validate the clock drift corrections. For AUR04 a nonlinear phase residual drift was observed and, subsequently, the applied drift polynomial was manually adjusted to minimize resulting residuals. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre under network code 4V.

HATPRO microwave radiometer measurements of the surface emissions from onboard the RV POLARSTERN during the ATWAICE expedition PS131 to the Arctic in summer 2022

The data set contains daily files of microwave radiation measurements by the HATPRO microwave radiometer (see Rose et al., 2015, doi:doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.12.005) during a surface-observation mode onboard the RV POLARSTERN during cruise PS131 (ATWAICE expedition, see Kanzow, 2023, doi:10.57738/BzPM_0770_2023). The instrument was installed at about 22 m height at the top deck on starboard site. Via a mirror construction the radiometers were observing the surface, i.e, ocean and sea ice, at a viewing angle of about 53° off nadir for 15 min each hour. The actual viewing angle could vary by a few degrees because of ship motion. Also, on six occasions the mirror position was changed to observe at different viewing angles. The data covers the range July 7, 2022 to August 12, 2022. The radiation measurements are given as brightness temperatures in seven K band channels (22.24 - 31.4 GHz), predominantly-vertical polarization at the viewing angle, and seven V band (51.26 - 58 GHz) channels, predominantly-horizontal polarization at the viewing angle. During the cruise the instrument was calibrated with liquid nitrogen on July 7 and July 30. The data is processed with the mwr_pro software (doi:10.5281/zenodo.7973552). Quality flags characterizing the instrument and retrieval performance are set and described. The brightness temperatures are provided for all available times so that it is up to the user to decide whether or not to use the values if quality flags are set. The sanity_receiver_band1, sanity_receiver_band2 and rain_flag are rather strict and data quality might still be satisfying despite the flag being set. However, we recommend to exclude data where visual_inspection_filter_band_1, visual_inspection_filter_band_2 or visual_inspection_filter_band_3 are set.

Wechselwirkungen zwischen saisonale arktische Meereisprozessen und Stabilität der Halokline – auf dem Weg zum Verständnis arktischer Gas- und Stoffflüsse

In Folge des globalen Klimawandels hat sich die Meereisdecke in der Arktis dramatisch verändert. Im derzeitigen Zustand spielt die arktische Eisdecke eine wichtige Rolle; so schirmt sie das Oberflächenwasser, die sogenannte arktische Halokline (Salzgehaltsschichtung), von der Erwärmung durch die sommerliche Sonneneinstrahlung ab. Zudem wird die Halokline durch die Salze, welches beim Gefrierprozess des Meerwassers aus der Kristallstruktur austritt, gebildet und stabilisiert. Gleichzeitig wirkt die Halokline als Barriere zwischen der Eisdecke und dem darunter liegenden warmen atlantischen Wasser und trägt so zum Erhalt der arktischen Meereisdecke bei. Dieses Gleichgewicht ist nun durch die insgesamt wesentlich dünnere arktische Meereisdecke und ihre verringerte sommerliche Ausdehnung gestört. Im Meerwasser sind zudem Gase und biogeochemisch wichtige Spurenstoffen enthalten. Diese werden durch die Gefrierprozesse eingeschlossen, beeinflusst und wieder ausgestoßen. So beeinflusst die Meereisdecke die Gas- und Stoffflüsse zwischen Atmosphäre, Eis und oberer Wasserschicht. Durch die Eisbewegung findet außerdem ein Transport statt z.B. in der sogenannten Transpolarendrift von den sibirischen Schelfgebieten, über den Nordpol, südwärts bis ins europäische Nordmeer. Nun wird mit den weitreichenden Veränderungen des globalen und arktischen Klimawandels bereits von der „neuen Arktis“ gesprochen, da angenommen wird, dass sich die Arktis bereits in einem neuen Funktionsmodus befindet. Dabei ist jedoch weitgehend unbekannt wie dieses neue System funktioniert, sich weiterentwickelt und wie sich dies auf die Eisbildungsprozesse und damit die Stabilität der Halokline und die damit verbundenen Gas- und Stoffflüsse auswirkt. Für solche Untersuchungen werden über den Jahresverlauf Proben der oberen Wassersäule und der Eisdecke benötigt. Ermöglicht wird dies durch die wissenschaftliche Initiative MOSAiC. Mithilfe der stabilen Isotope des Wassers (?18O und ?D) aus dem Eis und der Wassersäule kann Rückschlüsse auf die Herkunftswässer und den Gefrierprozess gezogen werden und diese Ergebnisse sollen in direkten Zusammenhang mit Gas- und biogeochemischen Stoffuntersuchungen (aus Partnerprojekten) gesetzt werden. Dabei können z.B. Stürme, Schmelzprozesse, Schneebedeckung, Teichbildung und Alterungseffekte des Eises eine Rolle spielen. Untersucht wird parallel die Veränderung der Wassersäule welche z.B. durch Wärmetransport, wiederum die Eisdecke beeinflussen kann.Diese prozessorientierten Untersuchungen der saisonalen Eisbildungsprozesse in Eis und Wassersäule der zentralen Arktis, werden einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Stabilität der arktischen Halokline und der arktischen Gas- und Stoffflüsse liefern. Da sich die Gase und Stoffe nicht-konservativ verhalten, während die Isotope im Gefrierprozess konservativ sind, erwarten wir aus der Diskrepanz wiederum wichtige Informationen z. B. über wiederholtes Einfrieren von Süßwasserbeimengungen ableiten zu können.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (EM 1002 echosounder entire dataset) of RV MARIA S. MERIAN during cruise MSM51/1

Swath sonar bathymetry data used for that dataset was recorded during RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM51/1 using Kongsberg EM1002 multibeam echosounder. The cruise took place between 01.02.2016 and 27.02.2016 in the Baltic Sea. The cruise aimed to perform seismo- and hydroacoustic surveys, sampling of Holocene sediments and to investigate the water column wintertime mixing close to sea-ice limits. These surveys improved the understanding of variations in the ventilation of the deeper Baltic, considering not only external climate forcing but also the effects of postglacial sealevel rise and isostatic uplift [CSR]. CI Citation: Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de) as responsible party for bathymetry raw data ingest and approval. During the MSM51-1 cruise, the moonpooled KONGSBERG EM1002 multibeam echosounder (MBES) was utilized to perform bathymetric mapping in shallow depths. 111 beams are formed for each ping while the seafloor is detected using amplitude and phase information for each beam sounding. For further information on the system, consult https://www.km.kongsberg.com/. Postprocessing and products were conducted by the Seafloor-Imaging & Mapping group of MARUM/FB5, responsible person Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de). The open source software MB-System (Caress, D. W., and D. N. Chayes, MB-System: Mapping the Seafloor, https://www.mbari.org/products/research-software/mb-system, 2017) was utilized for this purpose. A sound velocity correction profile was applied to the MSM51-1 data; there were no further corrections for roll, pitch and heave applied during postprocessing. A tide correction was applied, based on the Oregon State University (OSU) tidal prediction software (OTPS) that is retrievable through MB-System. CTD measurements during the cruise were sufficient to represent the changes in the sound velocity throughout the study area. Using Mbeditviz, artefacts were cleaned manually. NetCDF (GMT) grids of the edited data as well as statistics were created with mbgrid. The published bathymetric EM1002 grid of the cruise MSM51-1 has a resolution of 15 m. No total propagated uncertainty (TPU) has been calculated to gather vertical or horizontal accuracy. A higher resolution is, at least partly, achievable. The grid extended with _num represents a raster dataset with the statistical number of beams/depths taken into account to create the depth of the cell. The extended _sd -grid contains the standard deviation for each cell. The DTMs projections are given in Geographic coordinate system Lat/Lon; Geodetic Datum: WGS84.

GEM-2 raw electromagnetic measurements of the ice floe transects during the PS149 CONTRASTS expedition (July-August 2025)

This dataset contains the raw electromagnetic induction (EM) measurements from repeated walks with the GEM instruments on a sledge across ice floes (called long transects) conducted during the PS149 CONTRASTS expedition. All measurements were acquired using the Geophex Ltd. GEM-2-730 broadband EM sensor. During each ice station (i.e., floe visit), a long transect was traversed across the ice floe to obtain statistically representative distributions of snow/pond depth and ice thickness. Each transect was marked with flags at its corner points to ensure that a similar track was measured during repeated visits to each ice floe. This dataset provides only the raw GEM measurements acquired along these transects, including in-phase and quadrature responses, as well as electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility of sea ice and snow / melt ponds. These raw data enable users to apply various processing methods to, e.g., derive sea ice thickness. For reference, processed sea ice thickness derived from these measurements (using the gem2-seaice-toolbox, https://gitlab.awi.de/sitem/gem2-seaice-toolbox), along with co-located MagnaProbe snow and pond depth measurements, are available in the Level 2 dataset (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.996908).

ARK 2018: AWI airborne ultra-wideband microwave radar data at and upstream of 79°N Glacier, northeast Greenland Ice Sheet (RESURV 79 Project)

This dataset contains airborne radar data acquired using the AWI ultra-wideband microwave radar (UWBM) during the Arctic season of 2018. The profiles extend across the Greenland Ice Sheet over and upstream of 79°N Glacier (Nioghalvfjerdsbræ; northeast Greenland). Furthermore, one flight extends over sea ice northeast of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The data are available as netCDF files (including waveforms and metadata), KML files of the profile line locations, and quicklook images of the radargrams. For every profile we provide four radar products (img_01, img_02, img_03, img_04), which correspond to the four polarizations (VV, VH, HH, HV).

Temperature measurements from SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy 2022T97

Temperature and heating-induced temperature difference profiles were measured through the atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean using a SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy equipped with a several meter long thermistor chain. The present dataset was recorded by SIMBA 2022T97 (original name NPOL_0803) installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the expedition Kronprins Haakon AO22 in 2022. Data is available between 2022-08-06 10:38:00 and 2022-11-22 03:02:00. The thermistor chain was Variable 5 m long and included 241 sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The resulting time series includes the evolution of temperature and temperature differences at 30 s and 120 s during a heating cycle of 120 s as a function of location, depth and time. The sampling intervals were usually between hourly and daily, but were most frequently configured to 6 hours for temperature, and 24 hours for temperature differences. In addition to temperatures and geographic location, barometric pressure, ~1 m air temperature, instrument tilt, and compass heading were measured. The present dataset was processed as follows: obvious inconsistencies (missing values) and unrealistic values of GPS position have been removed. This instrument was deployed as part of the project Arctic Passion.

Temperature measurements from SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy 2018T51

Temperature and heating-induced temperature difference profiles were measured through the atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean using a SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy equipped with a several meter long thermistor chain. The present dataset was recorded by SIMBA 2018T51 (original name Awi_33r) installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the expedition Oden AO18 in 2018. Data is available between 2018-08-23 15:50:00 and 2019-03-30 13:31:00. The thermistor chain was Variable 5 m long and included 240 sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The resulting time series includes the evolution of temperature and temperature differences at 30 s and 120 s during a heating cycle of 120 s as a function of location, depth and time. The sampling intervals were usually between hourly and daily, but were most frequently configured to 6 hours for temperature, and 24 hours for temperature differences. In addition to temperatures and geographic location, barometric pressure, ~1 m air temperature, instrument tilt, and compass heading were measured. The present dataset was processed as follows: obvious inconsistencies (missing values) and unrealistic values of GPS position have been removed. This instrument was deployed as part of the project Sea Ice Physics @ AWI (AWI_SeaIce).

Temperature measurements from SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy 2018T55

Temperature and heating-induced temperature difference profiles were measured through the atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean using a SIMBA-type sea ice mass balance buoy equipped with a several meter long thermistor chain. The present dataset was recorded by SIMBA 2018T55 (original name FMI_0505) installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the expedition Fedorov Transdrift XXIV (TICE) in 2018. Data is available between 2018-09-15 10:00:00 and 2020-04-04 03:00:00. The thermistor chain was Variable 5 m long and included 241 sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The resulting time series includes the evolution of temperature and temperature differences at 30 s and 120 s during a heating cycle of 120 s as a function of location, depth and time. The sampling intervals were usually between hourly and daily, but were most frequently configured to 6 hours for temperature, and 24 hours for temperature differences. In addition to temperatures and geographic location, barometric pressure, ~1 m air temperature, instrument tilt, and compass heading were measured. The present dataset was processed as follows: obvious inconsistencies (missing values) and unrealistic values of GPS position have been removed. This instrument was deployed as part of the project FMI.

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