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Multibeam bathymetry raw data (Kongsberg EM712 entire dataset) of RV MARIA S. MERIAN during cruise MSM99

Multibeam bathymetry raw data using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 712 multibeam echosounder was not continuously recorded during RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM99. Data was recorded on 16 days between 2021-02-26 and 2021-03-19. This dataset contains 13x survey lines (occasionally with some line crossing perpendicular to the track) in the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia. The approximate average depth of the entire dataset is around 150m, ranging from 280m to 22m. No ancillary sound velocity profiles (SVP) files from the cruise are added to this dataset. Data analysis of the multibeam raw data revealed that SVP has been changed several during the survey. This publication is conducted within the efforts of the German Marine Research Alliance in the core area 'Data management and Digitalization' (Deutsche Allianz Meeresforschung, DAM). Data are unprocessed and therefore contains incorrect depth measurements (artifacts) without further processing. Note that refraction errors can be expected due to the lack of proper SVP. Overall, it appears that the data quality is rather good since the gridded hillshade data showed relatively few obstacles. Data can be processed e.g. with the open source software package MB-System (Caress et al. 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6302801).

Fixed-wing Magnetics NOGRAM I + II

In 1998, as part of the expedition NOGRAM I (Northern Gravity, Radio Echo Sounding and Magnetics), a flight campaign was carried out over the Lincoln Sea north of Greenland with the Polar 2 aircraft (Dornier 228-100) in cooperation with the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research. A second flight campaign NOGRAM II took place in 2011 with the Polar 5 (Basler BT-67) over the Wandel Sea north of Greenland. The aim of the research was the structure and architecture of the upper Earth’s crust underneath the ice-covered offshore areas of the Morris Jesup Plateau and coastal waters north of Greenland. The airborne magnetic surveys were carried out with a flight line spacing of 3 km, and control profiles were flown every 30 km. During the two expeditions, 33000 km of line data were collected (16000 km in 1998, and 17000 km in 2011).

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (KONGSBERG EM712 working area dataset) of RV HEINCKE during cruise HE622, east Steingrund, North Sea

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (KONGSBERG EM712 multibeam echosounder) was collected onboard RV HEINCKE on two different days during cruise HE622 in the German North Sea (2023-06-06 - 2023-06-20). The raw data (.all format) were processed using QPS Qimera software (v 1.7), based on the following workflow: 0.Raw data > 1.Apply correct Sound Velocity Profiles -> 2.Create dynamic surface (shallow Mode) -> 3.Apply Spline Filter (Medium/Weak) > 4. Finalize with manual 2D and 3D editing, -> 5.Export in GeoTIFF format and projected in the UTM32N coordinate system (EPSG:32632). The bathymetry dataset here is gridded at 0.50 m resolution. The data products were created in the context of the DAM (German Marine Research Alliance), CONMAR research project.

Charakterisierung von Schiffsemissionen und ihr Eintrag ins Meer

PlumeBaSe beschäftigt sich mit der detaillierten Analyse der Zusammensetzung organischer Aerosole, freigesetzt während der Verbrennung fossiler Treibstoffe durch Schiffe, und deren weiterem Weg in der marinen Umwelt. Durch die hochaufgelöste Beprobung der Aerosole und ihrer Transformationsprodukte vom Schiffsschornstein bis in die Ostsee wird eine Brücke zwischen Atmosphären- und Meeresforschung geschlagen. Der zunehmende globale Warentransport auf dem Wasserweg erhöht den Druck auf marine Ökosysteme. Große Schiffe emittieren, zusätzlich zu gasförmigen Schadstoffen, große Mengen an Partikeln reich an Spurenmetallen und organischen Schadstoffen zunächst in die Atmosphäre von wo aus die Schadstoffe ins Meer gelangen. Negative Auswirkungen saurer Oxide und organischer Schadstoffe sind bekannt, weniger hingegen wurde bisher die Deposition der Schiffsaerosole und deren Beitrag zur Meeresverschmutzung untersucht. Besonders lückenhaft ist das Verständnis für die Alterungsprozesse während des atmosphärischen Transports sowie in der Wassersäule, beispielweise durch UV-Strahlung oder reaktive Sauerstoffspezies, obwohl die Transformationsprodukte sehr unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf Biota haben und die Molekülstruktur den weiteren Weg in der Umwelt maßgeblich beeinflussen können.Um diese Wissenslücken zu schließen, soll in PlumeBaSe durch eine vielschichtige Umweltbeprobung eine neuartige, umfassende Erhebung des Emissionstransports und der Aerosolalterung erreicht werden. Die Projektpartner des Leibniz Instituts für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde (IOW), der Universität Rostock (UR) und der Karls-Universität Prag (CU) befassen sich mit den folgenden zentralen Hypothesen: (H1) Schiffsemissionen tragen signifikant zur Verschmutzung des Oberflächenwassers bei, der Eintrag ist besonders hoch entlang der Hauptschifffahrtsrouten. (H2) Während des atmosphärischen und marinen Transports ändern sich die physikalischen (Partikelgrößenverteilung) und chemischen (molekulare Profile) Eigenschaften der emittierten Aerosole, was ihren weiteren Weg in der Umwelt beeinflusst. (H3) Die Veränderungen auf molekularer Ebene können verfolgt und genutzt werden um Schadstoffeinträge über die Atmosphäre von den über Nassabscheider eingebrachte Verschmutzungen zu unterscheiden.Diese angestrebten Zielsetzungen werden in drei Arbeitspaketen adressiert via I. Zeitlich und räumlich hochaufgelöster Analyse von Partikelgrößenverteilungen direkt in den Abgasfahnen der Schiffe unter Nutzung eines unbemannten Luftschiffes, kombiniert mit hochsensitiven gerichteten und ungerichteten chemischen Analysen der II. atmosphärischen Schadstoffe in Partikeln unterschiedlicher Größe, sowie der III. Schadstoffe im Meerwasser. Die Ostsee stellt durch die hohe Schiffsverkehrsdichte, gute Erreichbarkeit und Regulation der Schiffsemissionen ein ideales Untersuchungsgebiet dar, welches sich auch als Modellsystem für die Beeinflussung küstennaher Ozeane durch Schiffsverkehr weltweit eignet.

Planktondynamik im oligotrophen Ozean: Verbindungen zwischen dem mikrobiellen Nahrungsgewebe und höheren trophischen Ebenen im ultraoligotrophen Golf von Aqaba

Nährstoffarme Bereiche bilden die große Mehrheit des Ozeans, aber das Schicksal der dominierenden kleinen Autotrophen in diesen Bereichen ist wenig erforscht und noch weniger verstanden. Formen kleiner als 5 mym machen die große Mehrheit der Autotrophen in nährstoffarmen Systemen aus, und Protisten sind vermutlich die Haupträuber dieser Fraktion, aber besonders im Meer ist diese Verbindung wenig erforscht. Offene, grundlegende Fragen sind: Wie viel, und mit welcher Effizienz fließt Primärproduktion der kleinen Autotrophen in höhere trophische Ebenen? Sind kleine Ciliaten im Meer genauso wichtige Konsumenten kleiner Autotropher wie im Süßwasser oder sind heterotrophe Nanoflagellaten (HNF) die Haupträuber? Sind Synechococcus und Prochlorococcus, die beiden wichtigsten Vertreter der kleinen Autotrophen, in gleichem Masse frassempfindlich? Wie wichtig ist Nährstoff-Recycling durch Protisten, um Primärproduktion zu erhalten? Das vorgeschlagene Projekt wird im Golf von Aqaba stattfinden, einem oligroptrophen Tiefseesystem nicht weit vom Labor entfernt und deshalb logistisch für experimentelle Arbeit optimal geeignet. Das Projekt ist als Zusammenarbeit mit Prof. Anton Post, Eilat, Israel geplant. Experimente werden in Jahreszeiten durchgeführt, in denen unterschiedliche Autotrophe dominieren. Dabei werden Interaktionen zwischen gesamten trophischen Ebenen innerhalb der Planktongemeinschaft aber auch zwischen Arbeiten berücksichtigt, um allgemeine Vorhersagen für oligotrophe Systeme zu machen.

Pan-Arctic Visualization of Landscape Change (2003-2022), Arctic PASSION Permafrost Service

This raster dataset, in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF format (COG), provides information on land surface changes at the pan-arctic scale. Multispectral Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-7 ETM+, and Landsat-8 OLI imagery (cloud-cover less than 80%, months July and August) was used for detecting disturbance trends (associated with abrupt permafrost degradation) between 2003 and 2022. For each satellite image we calculated the Tasseled Cap multi-spectral index to translate the spectral reflectance signal to the semantic information Brightness, Greenness, and Wetness. In order to characterize change information, we calculated the linear trend of the Brightness, Greenness and Wetness over two decades on the individual pixel level. The final map product therefore contains information on the direction and magnitude of change for all three Tasseled Cap parameters in 30m spatial resolution across the pan-arctic permafrost domain. Features detected include coastal erosion, lake drainage, infrastructure expansion, and fires. The general processing methodology was developed by Fraser et al. 2014 and adapted and expanded by Nitze et al. 2016 and Nitze et al. 2018. Here we upscaled the processing to the circum-arctic permafrost region and the recent 20-year period from 2003 through 2022. The service covers the permafrost region up to 81° North: Alaska (USA), Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Mongolia, and China. For Russia and China, regions not containing permafrost were excluded. The data has been processed in Google EarthEngine within the research projects ERC PETA-CARB, ESA CCI+ Permafrost, NSF Permafrost Discovery Gateway, and EU Arctic PASSION. The dataset is a contribution to the 'Panarctic requirements-driven Permafrost Service' of the Arctic PASSION project (see references). Changes in the Tasseled Cap indices Brightness, Greenness, and Wetness are displayed in the image bands red, green, and blue, respectively. Here, coastal erosion (a trend of a land surface transitioning to a water surface) is depicted in dark blue colors, while coastal accretion (a trend of a water surface transitioning to a land surface) is depicted in bright orange colors. Drained lakes appear in bright yellow or orange colors, depending on the soil conditions and vegetation regrowth. Fire scars are a further common feature, which can appear in different colors, depending on the time of the fire and pre-fire land cover. The data can be explored via the Arctic Landscape EXplorer (ALEX, see references) and is available as a public web map service (WMS, see references), both hosted by Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research.

Water column raw data (Kongsberg EM712 entire dataset) of RV MARIA S. MERIAN during cruise MSM98

Water column raw data using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 712 multibeam echosounder was almost continuously recorded during RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM98. Data was recorded on 15 days between 2021-01-08 and 2021-01-22 located in the North Sea in shallow water. The corresponding .all files are published via https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.937616 and https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.928946 . This publication is conducted within the efforts of the German Marine Research Alliance in the core area 'Data management and Digitalization' (Deutsche Allianz Meeresforschung, DAM).

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (KONGSBERG EM712 working area dataset) of RV HEINCKE during cruise HE622, Sylt, North Sea

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (KONGSBERG EM712 multibeam echosounder) was collected onboard RV HEINCKE during cruise HE622 in the German North Sea (2023-06-06 - 2023-06-20). The raw data (.all format) were processed using QPS Qimera software (v 1.7), based on the following workflow: 0.Raw data > 1.Apply correct Sound Velocity Profiles -> 2.Create dynamic surface (shallow Mode) -> 3.Apply Spline Filter (Medium/Weak) > 4. Finalize with manual 2D and 3D editing, -> 5.Export in GeoTIFF format and projected in the UTM32N coordinate system (EPSG:32632). The bathymetry dataset here is gridded at 0.50 m resolution. The data products were created in the context of the DAM (German Marine Research Alliance), CONMAR research project.

Photosynthetic efficiency and symbiont cover of Amphistegina lobifera measured by PAM fluorometry and CLSM during a menthol-DCMU bleaching experiment (Nov–Dec 2022, Bremen, Germany)

This dataset contains experimental data from a one-month aquarium-based bleaching experiment conducted on Large Benthic Foraminifera (Amphistegina lobifera) from 16 November to 16 December 2022 at the Marine Experimental Facility of the Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany. The aim of the experiment was to obtain symbiont-free A. lobifera individuals for future re-inoculation studies and symbiont switching experiments. The foraminifera were originally collected in May 2022 at the Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences (IUI) in Eilat, Israel (29°30'07.8N, 34°55'04.9E) and maintained in culture in Germany until the start of the experiment. To assess the effectiveness of two chemical agents—menthol and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU)—in disrupting symbiosis, photosynthetic efficiency (measured as maximum quantum yield, Fv/Fm) was recorded every other day during the first week of the experiment using a Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (PAM) fluorometer. Fv/Fm measurements were discontinued after the first week due to complete inhibition of photosynthesis. Symbiont coverage (%) was assessed on day one and then weekly until week four using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM).

Processed seismic data of Cruise MSM9/3

The cruise leg MSM09/3 was conducted as a cooperative project between the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Resources (BGR), the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) and Dalhousie University. The data format is Society of Exploration Geophysicists SEG Y. A geophysical survey covered areas of Baffin Bay and Davis Strait between Greenland and the Canadian Baffin Island. A component of the IPY 2007/08 Lead Project Plate Tectonics and Polar Gateways in the Earth System (PLATES & GATES), this project DAVIS GATE is aimed to develop a tectonic and sedimentary reconstruction of the opening process of this oceanic gateway. Baffin Bay and Davis Strait play an important role in the shallow water exchange from the Arctic to the Atlantic Ocean. The plate-tectonic evolution as well as the magmatic history of this region has been sparsely known and required a careful geophysical investigation in order to construct a set of gridded detailed paleotopographic maps for a complete geodynamic reconstruction of this gateway. With a set of three seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiles, using ocean-bottom seismometers on 62 stations, as well as multi-channel reflection seismic recordings with a 3000-m long streamer, data were acquired from the sedimentary cover to the deep crust and even from parts of the uppermost mantle. Additional seismic data supplement these profiles and provide insights into the structures of the basement and dominant fault zones such as the Ungava fault system. A parallel running magnetic survey aimed to resolve the temporal evolution of the oceanic crust of Baffin Bay. The extension and subsidence of the continental and transitional crust in the Davis Strait and the evolution of oceanic crust in the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay could be investigated with dataset to which continuously recorded gravity anomaly data and sub-bottom profiler data also contribute. This dataset provides the basis of geometrical and physical properties of the crust required for a realistic geodynamic model which will describe the break-up and the ocean basin evolution between Greenland and Canada in terms of detailed paleo-topography.

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