The CoASTS-BiOMaP data set comprises in situ near-surface inherent (e.g., absorption, scattering and backscattering coefficient s) and apparent (e.g., normalized-water leaving radiance and the corresponding remote sensing reflectance) optical properties of relevance for satellite ocean colour applications. The data were produced through the Coastal Atmosphere & Sea Time Series (CoASTS) and the Bio-Optical mapping of Marine optical Properties (BiOMaP) measurement programs implemented by the Marine Optical Laboratory of the Joint Research Center (JRC) in collaboration with a number of European institutions. Common to both CoASTS and BiOMaP is the standardization of instruments, measurement methods, quality control schemes and processing codes to enforce temporal and spatial consistency to data products. CoASTS measurements comprise 125 field campaigns and 637 stations performed from December 1998 up to March 2016 benefitting of the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT) in the northern Adriatic Sea to generate time series data at a fixed coastal site. CoASTS data exhibit occurrence of waters with optical properties largely determined by phytoplankton, as well as diverse concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and of coloured organic matter (CDOM). BiOMaP measurements comprise 36 bio-optical oceanographic campaigns and 1915 stations performed between July 2000 and May 2022 using a variety of oceanographic vessels to produce spatially distributed data across various European Seas. BiOMaP measurement regions include: the Baltic Sea exhibiting waters dominated by a high concentration of CDOM; the Adriatic Sea, Black Sea, North Sea (comprising the English Channel), Ligurian Sea, Iberian Shelf and the Greenland Sea, characterized by a variety of optically complex waters determined by diverse concentrations of CDOM and SPM; the Eastern and Western Mediterranean oligotrophic and mesotrophic Seas.
Coccolithophoriden sind eine Gruppe von ca. 200-300 marinen Phytoplanktonarten, die in allen Weltmeeren vorkommt. Sie besitzen die besondere Fähigkeit eine Kalkschale (Coccosphäre) zu bauen, die sie aus vielen kleinen Kalkplättchen (Coccolithen) zusammensetzen. Aufgrund ihrer Fähigkeit zu kalzifizieren sind sie ein wichtiger Bestandteil im Klimasystem, denn die Produktion von Kalk nahe der Meeresoberfläche führt zu einem vertikalen Gradienten der Seewasseralkalinität, beschleunigt den Kohlenstoffexport in die Tiefsee und erhöht die Rückstrahlung von einfallender Sonnenenergie von der Erdoberfläche ins Weltall. Trotz intensiver Forschung an der Physiologie der Kalzifizierung und dessen biogeochemischer Relevanz konnten wir eine der entscheidenden Fragen immer noch nicht beantworten: Wozu bauen Coccolithophoriden eine Kalkschale? Die Beantwortung dieser Frage ist von außerordentlicher Bedeutung, denn solange wir nicht wissen wozu die Kalkschale dient können wir auch nicht vorraussagen in welchem Maße sich die durch die Ozeanversauerung zu erwartende Abnhame in der Kalzifizierung negativ auf die Fitness dieser Lebewesen in ihrem natürlichen Lebensraum auswirkt. In dem hier vorgestellten Projekt möchten wir die Frage nach der Bedeutung der Kalzifizierung erforschen, indem wir untersuchen ob die Coccosphäre einen Schutz gegen planktonische Räuber, Bakterien und Viren darstellt. Dazu haben wir eigens einen experimentellen Ansatz entwickelt wobei kalzifizierte und dekalzifizierte Coccolithophoridentzellen zusammen mit deren Fressfeinden und Pathogenen kultiviert werden. Dieser Ansatz erlaubt es uns folgende Fragestellungen zu untersuchen: 1) Sind kalzifizierte Zellen besser in der Lage sich gegen Fraß und Infektion zu schützen als Zellen ohne Coccosphäre? 2) Bevorzugen Fressfeinde und Pathogene solche Zellen, bei denen die Coccosphäre entfernt wurde, wenn ihnen beides angeboten wird? 3) Sind Wachstum und Reproduktion von Fressfeinden und Pathogenen verlangsamt, wenn sie kalzifizierte Zellen fressen oder infizieren?
The Lower Saxony Water Management, Coastal and Nature Protection Agency regularly monitors the abundance, biomass, cell size and species composition of phytoplankton species in the East Frisian Wadden Sea. A total of 5 stations are sampled from a monthly to weekly frequency, either throughout the whole year or from March to October. Samples are taken at the surface using a bucket, and kept in 5L canisters to be stored in the cold and dark until subsequent fixation with Lugol's iodine solution and later microscopic analysis. An inverted microscope was used to identify and analyze phytoplankton samples following Utermöhl (1958). The unaccepted or original names of species are given in the 'Species UID' variable, and the accepted identifications are given in the 'Species' variable. The data provides a detailed time series of phytoplankton abundance, biomass, cell size and species composition from 2020 to 2025 in the East Frisian Wadden Sea surface waters.
The unique chromatographic behaviour of DOM was investigated on three exemplary water samples representing coastal DOM, oceanic surface DOM and oceanic refractory DOM. Weddell Sea surface (30 m depth, oceanic surface DOM) and deep water (1356 m depth, refractory DOM) was sampled with a rosette sampler on RV Polarstern during ANT XXII/2 (station PS67/006-130, latitude -67.5633, longitude -55.3448) and are described elsewhere (El Naggar et al., 2007; Koch et al., 2008). Coastal DOM is routinely extracted from southern North Sea (latitude 54.1447, longitude 7.8711) and used as an in-house laboratory standard. Mass spectra were obtained with liquid chromatography coupled to a Fourier-transform Orbitrap mass spectrometer (LC-FT-Orbitrap-MS) with negative electrospray ionisation. A Q-Exactive Plus (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) was coupled to an ultra-performance liquid chromatography system (UPLC, Vanquish, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany).Reversed phase chromatography was done with a C18 column (Waters AQUITY 2 x 100 mm, 1.7 µm) column at 0.3 mL min 1 and a linear gradient: A (ultrapure water, 4 mmol L 1 ammonium formate) 2 min: 99 %, 11 min: 0 %, 14.9 min: 99 %; B (MeOH, 4 mmol L 1 ammonium formate) 2 min: 1 %, 11 min: 100 %, 14.5 min 100 %, 14.9 min 1 %. The exact mass lists and intensities of the 1.1 min binned scans were exported with the Xcalibur software package (Thermo Electron Corporation). Scans were calibrated with an in-house script. Molecular formulas were assigned with the following elemental composition: 12C≤∞1H≤∞16O≤∞14N≤232S≤1 within 0.8 ppm mass deviation, and filtered with the Ultra Mass Explorer (UME, www.awi.de/en/ume, (Leefmann et al., 2019)).
The unique chromatographic behaviour of DOM was investigated on three exemplary water samples representing coastal DOM, oceanic surface DOM and oceanic refractory DOM. Weddell Sea surface (30 m depth, oceanic surface DOM) and deep water (1356 m depth, refractory DOM) was sampled with a rosette sampler on RV Polarstern during ANT XXII/2 (station PS67/006-130, latitude -67.5633, longitude -55.3448) and are described elsewhere (El Naggar et al., 2007; Koch et al., 2008). 160 L sea water was filtered with 0.2 µm filter cartridges, acidified to pH 2 and pumped through 60 mL solid phase extraction cartridges (PPL, 5 g). DOM was eluted with 40 mL MeOH and stored at -18 °C. Coastal DOM is routinely extracted from southern North Sea (latitude 54.1447, longitude 7.8711) and used as an in-house laboratory standard. Sea water was filtered over 0.2 µm PTFE (Whatman), acidified to pH 2 and extracted with PPL cartridges. After elution with methanol, extracts are stored at -18 °C until measurement to minimize esterification (Flerus et al., 2011). The molecular composition was obtained by two mass spectrometric platforms with negative electrospray ionisation: 1) Fourier Transform Orbitrap mass spectrometer (FT-Orbitrap-MS; Q-Exactive Plus, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) coupled to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC, Vanquish, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany); 2) Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS; 7 Tesla scimaX MRMS system, Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany) coupled to UPLC (Elute LC, Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany). Reversed phase chromatography was done with a C18 column (Waters AQUITY 2 x 100 mm, 1.7 µm) column at 0.3 mL min 1 and a linear gradient: A (ultrapure water, 4 mmol L 1 ammonium formate) 2 min: 99 %, 11 min: 0 %, 14.9 min: 99 %; B (MeOH, 4 mmol L 1 ammonium formate) 2 min: 1 %, 11 min: 100 %, 14.5 min 100 %, 14.9 min 1 %.
The unique chromatographic behaviour of DOM was investigated on three exemplary water samples representing coastal DOM, oceanic surface DOM and oceanic refractory DOM. Weddell Sea surface (30 m depth, oceanic surface DOM) and deep water (1356 m depth, refractory DOM) was sampled with a rosette sampler on RV Polarstern during ANT XXII/2 (station PS67/006-130, latitude -67.5633, longitude -55.3448) and are described elsewhere (El Naggar et al., 2007; Koch et al., 2008). Coastal DOM is routinely extracted from southern North Sea (latitude 54.1447, longitude 7.8711) and used as an in-house laboratory standard. Mass spectra were obtained with liquid chromatography coupled to a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (LC-FT-ICR-MS) with negative electrospray ionisation. A 7 Tesla scimaX MRMS system (Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany) was coupled to an ultra-performance liquid chromatography system (UPLC, Elute LC, Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany). Reversed phase chromatography was done with a C18 column (Waters AQUITY 2 x 100 mm, 1.7 µm) column at 0.3 mL min 1 and a linear gradient: A (ultrapure water, 4 mmol L 1 ammonium formate) 2 min: 99 %, 11 min: 0 %, 14.9 min: 99 %; B (MeOH, 4 mmol L 1 ammonium formate) 2 min: 1 %, 11 min: 100 %, 14.5 min 100 %, 14.9 min 1 %. The exact mass lists and intensities of the 1.1 min binned scans were exported with the DataAnalysis 5.3 software package (Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany).
About 30% of the anthropogenically released CO2 is taken up by the oceans; such uptake causes surface ocean pH to decrease and is commonly referred to as ocean acidification (OA). Foraminifera are one of the most abundant groups of marine calcifiers, estimated to precipitate ca. 50 % of biogenic calcium carbonate in the open oceans. We have compiled the state of the art literature on OA effects on foraminifera, because the majority of OA research on this group was published within the last three years. Disparate responses of this important group of marine calcifiers to OA were reported, highlighting the importance of a process-based understanding of OA effects on foraminifera. We cultured the benthic foraminifer Ammonia sp. under a range of carbonate chemistry manipulation treatments to identify the parameter of the carbonate system causing the observed effects. This parameter identification is the first step towards a process-based understanding. We argue that CO3 is the parameter affecting foraminiferal size-normalized weights (SNWs) and growth rates. Based on the presented data, we can confirm the strong potential of Ammonia sp. foraminiferal SNW as a CO3 proxy.
The unique chromatographic behaviour of DOM was investigated on three exemplary water samples representing coastal DOM, oceanic surface DOM and oceanic refractory DOM. Weddell Sea surface (30 m depth, oceanic surface DOM) and deep water (1356 m depth, refractory DOM) was sampled with a rosette sampler on RV Polarstern during ANT XXII/2 (station PS67/006-130, latitude -67.5633, longitude -55.3448) and are described elsewhere (El Naggar et al., 2007; Koch et al., 2008). Coastal DOM is routinely extracted from southern North Sea (latitude 54.1447, longitude 7.8711) and used as an in-house laboratory standard. Mass spectra were obtained with liquid chromatography coupled to a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (LC-FT-ICR-MS) with negative electrospray ionisation. A 7 Tesla scimaX MRMS system (Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany) was coupled to an ultra-performance liquid chromatography system (UPLC, Elute LC, Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany). Reversed phase chromatography was done with a C18 column (Waters AQUITY 2 x 100 mm, 1.7 µm) column at 0.3 mL min 1 and a linear gradient: A (ultrapure water, 4 mmol L 1 ammonium formate) 2 min: 99 %, 11 min: 0 %, 14.9 min: 99 %; B (MeOH, 4 mmol L 1 ammonium formate) 2 min: 1 %, 11 min: 100 %, 14.5 min 100 %, 14.9 min 1 %. The exact mass lists and intensities of the 1.1 min binned scans were exported with the DataAnalysis 5.3 software package (Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany). Scans were calibrated with an in-house script. Molecular formulas were assigned with the following elemental composition: 12C≤∞1H≤∞16O≤∞14N≤232S≤1 within 0.3 ppm mass deviation, and filtered with the Ultra Mass Explorer (UME, www.awi.de/en/ume, (Leefmann et al., 2019)).
Veränderungen im subantarktischen Südozean und ihre Wechselwirkungen mit der Atmosphäre werden als Schlüsselkomponenten für das Verständnis des Klimawandels auf orbitalen bis millennialen Zeitskalen angesehen. Schwankungen der Meereisbedeckung, Ozeanstratifizierung, biologischen Nährstoffnutzung und Ventilation von Zwischen- und Tiefwasser spielen eine Schlüsselrolle bei natürlichen Schwankungen pleistozäner atmosphärischer CO2-Konzentrationen. Wir planen, die Variabilität des Südozean-Zwischenwassers (SOIW) während der letzten ca. 1,5 Ma zu rekonstruieren in Bezug auf (1) Meeresoberflächen- und Thermoklinen-Stratifizierung, Temperatur- und Salzgehaltschwankungen (2) Ventilation und Karbonatchemie im Vergleich zu Zirkumpolarem Tiefenwasser (CDW) und daraus resultierende Kohlenstoffkreislauf-Änderungen, (2) mögliche Verbindungen zu niederen Breiten durch sog. Ozeantunnel. Wir verwenden einen Planktonforaminiferen Multispezies-Ansatz, bei dem stabile Isotope (18O, 13C, 11B) und Element-Geochemie (Mg/Ca, B/Ca) kombiniert werden. Unter Verwendung sowohl von oberflächennahen als auch tiefer in Thermoklinen bzw. Zwischenwasser lebenden Arten, kann eine Rekonstruktion der oberen ca. 500m Wassersäule erreicht werden, basierend auf zwei IODP-Sites, erbohrt während Expedition 383: U1541 vom pelagischen Ostpazifikrücken, und U1542 vom chilenischen Kontinentalrand. Frühere Arbeiten haben unterschiedliche Entwicklungen zwischen Oberflächen- und Thermoklinen-Charakteristika gezeigt, die auf Variationen der glazial-interglazialen SOIW Bildung oder lateraler Advektion hinweisen, möglicherweise verbunden mit Veränderungen der Westwinde. Stabile Kohlenstoffisotope werden verwendet, um die paläochemische Vorgeschichte zwischen SOIW und dem oberen Ozean zu rekonstruieren, während delta11B-Messungen Einblicke in Veränderungen der Carbonatchemie liefern sollen. Um eine zonale Rekonstruktion, als auch einen hochauflösenden Einblick in die sub-millenniale SOIW-Dynamik zu erhalten, soll IODP-Site U1542 Informationen über physikalischen Konditionierung und biogeochemischen Eigenschaften von SOIW liefern. SOIW versorgte potenziell die niederen pazifischen Breiten über den Ozeantunnel-Mechanismus mit Nährstoffen, die für die Steigerung der biologischen Primärproduktivität dort von entscheidender Bedeutung sind. Diese aus dem Süden stammende Nährstoffleckage wurde durch Zwischenwasserkonstruktionen aus dem Nordpazifik in Frage gestellt und ist Gegenstand anhaltender Debatten. Die beschriebenen Analysen werden durch hochauflösende XRF-Kernscandaten an beiden Sites ergänzt, um Änderungen der Produktivität, SE-Pazifischen Gyre und des antarktischen Zirkumpolarstrom in die Ergebnis-Interpretation einzubinden.
The AVHRR Mulitchannel Sea Surface Temperature Map (MCSST) was the first result of DLR's AVHRR pathfinder activities. The goal of the product is to provide the user with actual Sea Surface Temperature (SST) maps in a defined format easy to access with the highest possible reliability on the thematic quality. After a phase of definition, the operational production chain was launched in March 1993 covering the entire Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. Since then, daily, weekly, and monthly data sets have been available until September 13, 1994, when the AVHRR on board the NOAA-11 spacecraft failed. The production of daily, weekly and monthly SST maps was resumed in February, 1995, based on NOAA-14 AVHRR data. The NOAA-14 AVHRR sensor became some technical difficulties, so the generation was stopped on October 3, 2001. Since March 2002, NOAA-16 AVHRR SST maps are available again. With the beginning of January 2004, the data of AVHRR on board of NOAA-16 exhibited some anormal features showing strips in the scenes. Facing the “bar coded” images of NOAA16-AVHRR which occurred first in September 2003, continued in January 2004 for the second time and appeared in April 2004 again, DFD has decided to stop the reception of NOAA16 data on April 6th, 2004, and to start the reception of NOAA-17 data on this day. On April 7th, 2004, the production of all former NOAA16-AVHRR products as e.g. the SST composites was successully established. NOAA-17 is an AM sensor which passes central Europe about 2 hours earlier than NOAA-16 (about 10:00 UTC instead of 12:00 UTC for NOAA-16). In spring 2007, the communication system of NOAA-17 has degraded or is operating with limitations. Therefore, DFD has decided to shift the production of higher level products (NDVI, LST and SST) from NOAA-17 to NOAA-18 in April 2007. In order to test the performance of our processing chains, we processed simultaneously all NOAA-17 and NOAA-18 data from January 1st, 2007 till March 29th, 2007. All products are be available via EOWEB. Please remember that NOAA-18 is a PM sensor which passes central Europe about 1.5 hours later than NOAA-17 (about 11:30 UTC instead of 10:00 UTC for NOAA17). The SST product is intended for climate modelers, oceanographers, and all geo science-related disciplines dealing with ocean surface parameters. In addition, SST maps covering the North Atlantic, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the Western Atlantic equivalent to the Mediterranean MCSST maps are available since August 1994. The most important aspects of the MCSST maps are a) correct image registration and b) reasonable cloud screening to ensure that only cloud free pixels are taken for the later processing and compositing c) for deriving MCSST, only channel 4 and 5 are used.. The SST product consists of one 8 bit channel. For additional information, please see: https://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/avhrr/
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