API src

Found 726 results.

Related terms

Marine Makroalgen (marine Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae & Rhodophyta)

Groß- oder Makroalgen haben besonders in küstennahen marinen Ökosystemen eine außerordentlich wichtige Bedeutung: Sie dienen als Nahrung, Schutz- und Lebensraum für eine Vielzahl von Fischen und wirbellosen Tieren im Meer. Die Insel Helgoland ist Deutschlands Zentrum der Großalgenvielfalt. Insgesamt leben im deutschen Nord- und Ostseeraum 365 etablierte Großalgen-Arten, -Unterarten und -Varietäten aus den Gruppen der Grünalgen (Chlorophyta), Rotalgen (Rhodophyta) und Braunalgen (Phaeophyceae). Vor allem die großwüchsigen marinen Braunalgen werden auch als Tange oder Seetange bezeichnet. Einige von ihnen (meist Algen der Gattung Laminaria ) können Längen bis zu 45 Metern erreichen und die als „kelp forests“ bekannten Tangwälder bilden, z.B. vor den Felsküsten Kanadas, Argentiniens, Südafrikas und Australiens. Entlang der europäischen Atlantikküste bleiben die Seetangwälder meist niedriger, aber es gibt auch hier viele Algenarten, die großflächige, submarine „Buschlandschaften“ bilden können. Einige zu den Großalgen gerechnete Arten sind weniger groß und spektakulär; manche Rot- und Grünalgen bilden z.B. nur rasige Überzüge auf Steinen oder am Meeresboden, wie etwa die „Meersalate“ der Gattung Ulva . Manchmal werden Seegräser mit den Makroalgen verwechselt. Seegräser – auch die vollständig untergetaucht lebenden Arten – gehören aber zu den Blütenpflanzen. Algen brauchen Licht. Daher ist ihr Lebensraum auf Wassertiefen in der Gezeitenzone und im oberen Sublitoral beschränkt. Bis in welche Tiefe Algen vorkommen, hängt auch davon ab, wie trüb das Wasser ist. Meist wachsen sie bis ca. 20 Meter unter dem Meeresspiegel, können aber je nach Region auch noch in mehr als 100 Metern Tiefe vorkommen. Viele Arten brauchen Hartsubstrate als Wuchsflächen. Im deutschen Meeresraum liegt der Verbreitungsschwerpunkt deshalb rund um die Insel Helgoland (Nordsee) und an einigen Stellen der Ostsee. Im deutschen Wattenmeer finden sich nur relativ wenige Arten, vor allem Grünlagen. Außer an natürlichen Felsen findet man Makroalgen auch an Hafenbefestigungen oder Molen. Einen großen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Algenpopulationen hat der Mensch: Zunehmende Nährstoffeinträge durch Landwirtschaft und Industrie haben das Artenspektrum in den Algenwuchsgebieten der Küstenzonen in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich verändert. Bei Grünalgen ist es relativ einfach: Sie haben den grünen Farbstoff Chlorophyll in ihren Zellen, der den Algen Photosynthese ermöglicht und sie grün färbt. Bei Rotalgen ist es schon ein wenig komplizierter: Sie haben in der Regel rot färbende Phycoerythrine in ihren Zellen, die als Pigmente ebenso der Photosynthese dienen – aber nicht alle Rotalgen erscheinen deshalb auch rot. Manche wirken eher braun, schwarz oder sogar bläulich oder grünlich. Die meisten der einheimischen Rotalgen sind eher kleinwüchsig und bilden zarte „Bäumchen“ von wenigen Zentimetern Höhe. Auch bei den Braunlagen ist ein Farbstoff für die zumeist bräunliche, gelbliche oder beige Färbung verantwortlich: Fucoxanthin. Manche Braunalgen erscheinen aber auch olivgrün. Zu den Braunalgen gehört die in Deutschland bekannteste Großalgen-Gattung Fucus , zu der auch der Blasentang ( Fucus vesiculosus ) gehört, der oft an Hafenmauern oder Küstenschutzeinrichtungen zu finden ist und dunkel olivgrün gefärbt ist. In der aktuell gültigen Roten Liste der marinen Makroalgen Deutschlands sind von den 357 einheimischen Algentaxa (Arten, Unterarten, Varietäten) nur 121, also 34 %, der Algenflora ungefährdet. Bei 153 Taxa (43 %) ist die Datenlage nicht ausreichend, um die Gefährdung angemessen einschätzen zu können. Von den verbleibenden 23 % sind 7 % als bestandsgefährdet eingestuft und 8,5% als ausgestorben oder verschollen, 1 % stehen auf der Vorwarnliste und 6,5 % gelten als extrem selten. Gegenüber der vorhergehenden Roten Liste ergaben sich keine wesentlichen Veränderungen. Für die nächste Überarbeitung der Roten Liste der marinen Makroalgen wird angestrebt, den Kenntnisstand zu verbessern, um die Zahl der Arten, deren Bestandsentwicklung eingeschätzt werden kann, zu erhöhen. Dazu finden bereits umfangreiche Recherchen und Vorarbeiten statt. (Stand Juni 2010) Schories, D.; Kuhlenkamp, R.; Schubert, H. & Selig, U. (2013): Rote Liste und Gesamtartenliste der marinen Makroalgen (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae et Rhodophyta) Deutschlands. – In: Becker, N.; Haupt, H.; Hofbauer, N.; Ludwig, G. & Nehring, S. (Red.): Rote Liste gefährdeter Tiere, Pflanzen und Pilze Deutschlands, Band 2: Meeresorganismen. – Münster (Landwirtschaftsverlag). – Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 70 (2): 179–229. Die aktuellen Rote-Liste-Daten sowie die elektronische Publikation sind auch als Download verfügbar. Im Datenportal „Algen Deutschlands“ stehen darüber hinaus Beobachtungsdaten, Kartier-/Artenlisten und Verbreitungskarten zur Verfügung.

Observational dataset of behavioral response of three-spined sticklebacks to TNT exposure in a closed laboratory setup

Dumped munition in the German North Sea and Baltic Sea pose environmental risks as corrosion of the munition shells results in the leakage of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitroluene (TNT) into the marine environment. Uptake of TNT by marine biota and the associated negative effects on organisms are of major concern. This dataset reports behavioral responses of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to environmentally relevant concentrations of TNT. Experimental sticklebacks were laboratory-bred and held in groups of 30 individuals in 60 L tanks in the fish facilities at the Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology in Bremerhaven. Parental sticklebacks originated from the Weser estuary (Luneplate, Bremerhaven, Germany, 53°28'36.9" N; 8°31'08.9" E) and were collected in April 2023. A total of 60 sticklebacks were tested in a controlled laboratory setup at the fish facilities at the Thünen Institute in Bremerhaven, containing two hideout zones formed by artificial plants. Each hideout was connected to an infusion system delivering either a TNT solution (100 µg/L) or control water into the zone currently occupied by the fish. Experimental trials were video-recorded to enable post hoc behavioral analysis. Behavioral metrics included the total time spent in the exposed hideout zone (s), latency to first leave the exposed hideout zone (s), and the number of crossings between hideout zones.

Substrate und Lebensgemeinschaften der Watten des Jadebusens

Es ist das Ziel des Vorhabens, zu einem Zeitpunkt wachsender Belastung (Ausbau Wilhelmshavens zum Oelhafen und zum Standort abwasserreicher Industrien) den Zustand repraesentativer Glieder des Oekosystems Jadebusen festzuhalten. Die Untersuchung erstreckt sich auf Substrate und Organismen der Wattflaechen (120 km2) und umfasst z.B. folgende Punkte: 1) Morphologisches Relief der Oberflaeche nach Bodenuntersuchung. 2) Verteilung niederer Pilze (Chytridineen). 3) Verteilung der autotrophen bentischen Mikroflora. 4) Verteilung der Makroflora. 5) Verteilung der benthischen Mesofauna. 6) Verteilung der bentischen Makrofauna.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1158: Antarctic Research with Comparable Investigations in Arctic Sea Ice Areas; Bereich Infrastruktur - Antarktisforschung mit vergleichenden Untersuchungen in arktischen Eisgebieten, Controls on and paleoceanographic utility of the valve size frequency distribution of the Southern Ocean diatom, Fragilariopsis kerguelensis

Unraveling the role of the Southern Ocean's biological pump in regulating climate would be enhanced by the development of paleoceanographic proxies specific to carbon or silica cycling. Observations that the average size of valves of the diatom, Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, varies seasonally, with latitude, and over glacial-interglacial cycles in the Southern Ocean suggest that the valve size frequency distribution in sediments could be used to reconstruct aspects of paleoproductivity and silica cycling. We aim to develop this proxy by using culture, field and sediment samples to determine the exact controls on valve size frequency distributions, the most important of which is likely to be the frequency of auxospore formation within the population. The controls on auxospore formation are as yet unknown and both mating experiments in culture as well as in situ iron fertilization experiments are likely to unravel the mechanisms determining auxospore formation under both controlled and field conditions. The valve size frequency distribution can then be used to indicate the intensity of the environmental and/or biological conditions triggering auxospore formation.

Chemical analysis of explosive compounds in common dab collected during RV Heincke expedition HE635 from munition dumping areas west of Sylt (NNW03L) and south-west of Heligoland (North Sea)

This dataset documents field investigations regarding the release of legacy World War I and II munition explosive compounds into marine biota, focusing on munition dumping areas west of the island of Sylt and south west of the island of Heligoland, North Sea. Flatfish Limanda limanda (common dab) was chosen as a sentinel species. Sampling was conducted during the HE635 cruise in March 2024 with the research vessel Heincke of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI). Fish were caught using bottom trawls deployed close to the borders of the dumping areas marked on the sea charts. Before dissection, captured fish were transferred to seawater tanks, and only live fish were taken for analysis. Each individual was measured, weighed, and after killing the fish livers were assessed macroscopically. In addition, biometric factors were measured to determine condition factors as indicators of general health. Tissue samples of gills, liver, and muscle, as well as blood, bile, and urine, were taken, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -20°C before chemical analysis. Sample processing in the laboratory followed established protocols (Bünning et al. 2021). In brief, all samples were homogenized and then extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE). Bile, urine, and blood samples were treated with β-glucuronidase (Helix pomatia), followed by a liquid-liquid extraction step for blood and bile samples before SPE. All samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for the explosive compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), its metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), and the explosive by-products 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB). Additionally, liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify the nitramine explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). The dataset includes measured compound concentrations and associated sample metadata.

Chemical analysis of explosive compounds in common dab (Limanda limanda) collected during the RV Heincke expedition HE622 from World War I + II munition dumping areas west of Sylt (NNW03L) and north of Spiekeroog (NSW03L)

This dataset documents field investigations regarding the release of legacy World War I and II munition explosive compounds into marine biota, focusing on munition dumping areas west of the island of Sylt, north of the island of Spiekeroog, and south of the reference area Borkum Riffgrund, North Sea. Flatfish Limanda limanda (common dab) was chosen as a sentinel species. Sampling was conducted during the HE622 cruise in June 2023 with the research vessel Heincke of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI). Fish were caught using bottom trawls deployed close to the borders of the dumping areas marked on the sea charts. Before dissection, captured fish were transferred to seawater tanks, and only live fish were taken for analysis. Each individual was measured, weighed, and after killing of the fish livers were assessed macroscopically. In addition, biometric factors were measured to determine condition factors as indicators of general health. Tissue samples of gills, liver, and muscle, as well as blood, bile, and urine, were taken, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -20°C before chemical analysis. Sample processing in the laboratory followed established protocols. In brief, all samples were homogenized and then extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE). Bile, urine, and blood samples were treated with β-glucuronidase (Helix pomatia), followed by a liquid-liquid extraction step for blood and bile samples before SPE. All samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for the explosive compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), its metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), and the explosive by-products 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB). Additionally, liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify the nitramine explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). The dataset includes measured compound concentrations and associated sample metadata.

Seawater carbonate chemistry and physiological performance parameters of Carcinus maenas under respective incubation conditions

Ocean acidification causes an accumulation of CO2 in marine organisms and leads to shifts in acid-base parameters. Acid-base regulation in gill breathers involves a net increase of internal bicarbonate levels through transmembrane ion exchange with the surrounding water. Successful maintenance of body fluid pH depends on the functional capacity of ion-exchange mechanisms and associated energy budget. For a detailed understanding of the dependence of acid-base regulation on water parameters, we investigated the physiological responses of the shore crab Carcinus maenas to 4 weeks of ocean acidification [OA, P(CO2)w = 1800 µatm], at variable water bicarbonate levels, paralleled by changes in water pH. Cardiovascular performance was determined together with extra-(pHe) and intracellular pH (pHi), oxygen consumption, haemolymph CO2 parameters, and ion composition. High water P(CO2) caused haemolymph P(CO2) to rise, but pHe and pHi remained constant due to increased haemolymph and cellular [HCO3-]. This process was effective even under reduced seawater pH and bicarbonate concentrations. While extracellular cation concentrations increased throughout, anion levels remained constant or decreased. Despite similar levels of haemolymph pH and ion concentrations under OA, metabolic rates, and haemolymph flow were significantly depressed by 40 and 30%, respectively, when OA was combined with reduced seawater [HCO3-] and pH. Our findings suggest an influence of water bicarbonate levels on metabolic rates as well as on correlations between blood flow and pHe. This previously unknown phenomenon should direct attention to pathways of acid-base regulation and their potential feedback on whole-animal energy demand, in relation with changing seawater carbonate parameters.

Seawater carbonate chemistry and in situ and laboratory measurements of calcification

Ocean acidification (OA) is generally assumed to negatively impact calcification rates of marine organisms. At a local scale however, biological activity of macrophytes may generate pH fluctuations with rates of change that are orders of magnitude larger than the long-term trend predicted for the open ocean. These fluctuations may in turn impact benthic calcifiers in the vicinity. Combining laboratory, mesocosm and field studies, such interactions between OA, the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus, the sea grass Zostera marina and the blue mussel Mytilus edulis were investigated at spatial scales from decimetres to 100s of meters in the western Baltic. Macrophytes increased the overall mean pH of the habitat by up to 0.3 units relative to macrophyte- free, but otherwise similar, habitats and imposed diurnal pH fluctuations with amplitudes ranging from 0.3 to more than 1 pH unit. These amplitudes and their impact on mussel calcification tended to increase with increasing macrophyte biomass to bulk water ratio. At the laboratory and mesocosm scales, biogenic pH fluc- tuations allowed mussels to maintain calcification even under acidified conditions by shifting most of their calcification activity into the daytime when biogenic fluctuations caused by macrophyte activity offered temporal refuge from OA stress. In natural habitats with a low biomass to water body ratio, the impact of biogenic pH fluctuations on mean calcification rates of M. edulis was less pronounced. Thus, in dense algae or seagrass habitats, macrophytes may mitigate OA impact on mussel calcification by raising mean pH and providing temporal refuge from acidification stress.

Mesocosm experiment on the influence of heatwave on plankton

In the context of global change, marine organisms are subjected not only to gradual changes in abiotic parameters, but also to an increasing number of extreme events, such as heatwaves. However, we still know little about the influence of heatwaves on the structure of marine communities, and experimental studies are needed to test the impact of heatwaves alone, and in combination with other environmental drivers. Here, we conducted a mesocosm experiment and applied an integrated multiple driver design to assess the potential impact of heatwaves under ambient and future environmental conditions on natural coastal plankton communities. To represent future environmental conditions, temperature and pH were manipulated based on the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 proposed by the IPCC for 2100, and dissolved N:P ratios were increased to simulate the conditions expected in European coastal zones. Throughout the experiment, we measured abiotic conditions as well as the abundance of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, and microzooplankton.

Mercury and explosive compound 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) in dab (Limanda limanda) caught at munition dumping site Kolberger Heide in the Kiel Bight, Baltic Sea

Dumped munitions contain various harmful substances which can affect marine biota like fish. One of them is mercury (Hg), included in the common explosive primer. Another is 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), an explosive-metabolite. 251 individual dab (Limanda limanda L.) caught at the dump site Kolberger Heide a and nearby reference sites in 2017 and 2018 were analysed. The table contain individual data on Hg, 4-aminodinitrotoluene, age, length, weight, sex and condition factor.

1 2 3 4 5 … 71 72 73