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Dissolved methane concentrations, diffusive methane flux and EOVs in the German Bight in February 2025 (Sternfahrt 13)

In continuation of the previous cruises (Sternfahrten) we covered a similar area with the RV Heincke. All instruments were set up in the MOSES laboratory container. Standard hydrographic parameters were determined with a pocket ferrybox running with ship's surface water supply. In addition, dissolved methane was determined continuously. We used a degassing unit which was using surface water from the ship's water supply. The gas mixture was subsequently analysed with a Greenhouse Gas Analyzer from LosGatos. Conversion to methane concentration was performed with water samples, from which the methane content was determined with gas chromatography. Atmospheric methane concentrations were obtained from the ICOS-station Helgoland. Wind speed was obtained from the ships meteorological systems. The diffusive flux was calculated as outlined in the additional meta data description.

Dissolved methane concentrations of water samples from the North Sea during ALKOR cruise AL575 (27 June 2022 - 13 July 2022)

Water sampling was conducted during AL575 cruise in the North Sea by using Niskin Bottles attached to CTD/Water sampler rosette and ROV (Haeckel and Schmidt, 2024). To detect methane anomalies in the water column derived from seafloor gas emissions the recovered water samples were processed by using headspace gas sampling and subsequent gas chromatographic analysis. Based on measured methane concentrations of headspace gas in (micro-atm) the dissolved methane concentrations in water were calculated (nmol l-1).

Oligotrophische Adaptationen methanotropher Bakterien: Messung von relevanten Wachstumsparametern verschiedener Stämme und Nachweis der dominanten Methanotrophen in methanlimitierten Systemen

Methanoxidierende Bakterien existieren vor allem in den (mikro)oxischen Grenzflächen anoxischer methanogener Standorte. Sie sind aber auch in nicht gefluteten Böden gegenwärtig, welche nur selten als methanogene Quelle fungieren. Solche Böden wirken oft als mikrobielle Senke für atmosphärisches Methan (Konzentration ca. 1.7 ppmv). Bisher ist nicht bekannt, wie sich methanotrophe Bakterien an solche substratarmen Bedingungen anpassen bzw. diese überdauern. Wir beabsichtigen daher zu untersuchen, welche methanotrophen Bakterien unter oligotrophen Bedingungen fähig sind zu überleben oder gar zu wachsen. Ausgangspunkt dieser Analysen wird eine Sammlung von über 100 Stämmen sein, welche von Mitarbeitern des Instituts aufgebaut worden ist. Es soll die spezifische Affinität zum Methan, die Minimalkonzentration an Methan notwendig zum Wachstum und die Fähigkeit dieser Stämme die Nichtverfügbarkeit von Methan zu überdauern bestimmt werden. Ferner wird untersucht, ob zwischen den physiologischen Eigenschaften und der Phylogenie der untersuchten Stämme eine Korrelation besteht. Im zweiten Forschungsschwerpunkt soll die Übertragbarkeit der im Labormaßstab erzielten Ergebnisse auf die Freilandsituation überprüft werden. Dabei soll unter Anwendung molekularökologischer Techniken der Frage nachgegangen werden, ob in solchen Böden, welche eine Senke für atmosphärisches Methan darstellen, nur definierte Species bzw. phylogenetisch koherente Gruppen an methanoxidierenden Bakterien nachweisbar sind. Gensonden und PCR-gestützte Nachweissysteme für methanotrophe Gruppen werden in definierten Mischungen methanotropher Bakterien gewachsen unter methanlimitierten Bedingungen die dominanten Methanotrophen zu identifizieren.

Arsenmobilisierung im Grundwasser durch mikrobielle Eisen(III)-Reduktion in Verbindung mit Methanoxidation im dem Delta des Roten Flusses in Vietnam

Geogene Arsenverunreinigung (As) ist ein Problem in vielen Aquiferen in Südostasien und stellt eine Bedrohung für die Gesundheit von Millionen von Menschen dar. Das Verständnis der Mechanismen, die die As-Freisetzung im Grundwasser steuern, ist entscheidend, aber aufgrund der komplexen mineralogischen, geochemischen und hydrologischen Bedingungen oft begrenzt. Die reduktive mikrobielle Auflösung von As-haltigen Eisen(Fe)(III)-(Oxyhydr)oxid-Mineralen gekoppelt an die Oxidation von natürlichem organischen Material (NOM) ist ein bekannter Mechanismus für die As-Mobilisierung im Grundwasser. In den letzten Jahren wurden in verschiedenen Arsen-kontaminierten Aquiferen erhöhte Konzentrationen von gelöstem Methan (CH4) detektiert; das gelöste As korrelierte dabei direkt mit CH4 und Fe(II) im Grundwasser. Diese Ergebnisse werfen die Frage auf, ob CH4 als Elektronendonor für die mikrobielle Reduktion von As-haltigen Fe(III)-Mineralen dienen kann. Untersuchungen in unserem vorigen, DFG-Projekt "AdvectAs" haben Hinweise auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Fe(III)-abhängiger anaerober Oxidation von CH4 (AOM) und Mobilisierung von As im Red River Delta (Vietnam) geliefert. Mehrere Fragen blieben aber unbeantwortet: i) In welchem Ausmaß trägt Fe(III)-abhängige AOM zur As-Mobilisierung an verschiedenen Standorten im Red River Delta bei? ii) Welches sind die wichtigsten Stoffwechselwege und aktiven mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften in Aquiferen, in denen Fe(III)-abhängige AOM vorkommt? iii) Welche Identität haben die Mikroorganismen, die für die Fe(III)-abhängige AOM verantwortlich sind? Können wir sie isolieren? iv) Welche Gene und Stoffwechselwege tragen zur Fe(III)-abhängigen AOM in angereicherten Kulturen bei? Daher ist das Hauptziel dieses Projekts, die Rolle der Fe(III)-abhängigen AOM für die As-Mobilisierung im Red River Delta zu untersuchen. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, werden wir biogeochemische Analysen und molekularbiologische (Omics)Methoden einsetzen. Das Projekt ist in sechs Arbeitspakete (WPs) unterteilt. In den WPs 1 und 4 werden Feldkampagnen zur Probenahme durchgeführt, gefolgt von der Charakterisierung geochemischer Parameter und mikrobieller Gemeinschaften in Grundwasser und Sedimenten. WPs 2 und 5 werden sich auf die Isolierung von Fe(III)-abhängigen AOM-Mikroorganismen, die Charakterisierung ihrer Substratprofile und die Aufklärung der Stoffwechselwege und Genexpressionen der angereicherten Kulturen oder Isolate konzentrieren. WPs 3 und 6 werden die CH4-Oxidationsraten unter verschiedenen geochemischen Bedingungen quantifizieren und Metagenomik (und, falls möglich, Metatranskriptomik) ausgewählter Sedimentproben anwenden, um die dominanten und aktiven Stoffwechselwege zu identifizieren, die die As-Mobilisierung an den Feldstandorten beeinflussen. Unsere Ergebnisse werden Aufschluss über die Bedeutung der Fe(III)-abhängigen AOM zur As-Mobilisierung geben und zu unserem Verständnis der globalen Methanreduktion durch Fe(III)-abhängige AOM beitragen.

Methane concentration and diffusive flux in the Northern Sea off Heligoland in 2024

As part of the MOSES Project, in April 2023 methane measurements were started in the north-western part of the island Heligoland in the German Bight (North Sea). The objective was to complement the measurements of the Sternfahrten to identify the carbon cycle and its flow from the start of the Elbe river into the North Sea. Therefore, a Contros methane sensor for dissolved methane was deployed under water at about 10 to 12 meter depth (depending on the tide) close to the underwater observatory (UW-OBS) MarGate (54°11' N, 7°52' E), from the COSYNA Project. To ensure correct values latter was cleaned frequently from growing organisms by scientific divers. The present data contains the data from 2024, the second year running the sensors. Based on the concentrations of dissolved methane the methane emissions (diffusive flux) was calculated.

Dissolved methane concentrations, diffusive methane flux and EOVs in the German Bight in September 2024 (Sternfahrt 12)

In continuation of the previous cruises (Sternfahrten) we covered a similar area with the RVs Ludwig Prandtl and Mya II. All instruments were set up in the MOSES laboratory container. Standard hydrographic parameters were determined with a pocket ferrybox running with ship's surface water supply. In addition, dissolved methane was determined continuously. We used a degassing unit which was using surface water from the ship's water supply. The gas mixture was subsequently analysed with a Greenhouse Gas Analyzer from LosGatos. Conversion to methane concentration was performed with water samples, from which the methane content was determined with gas chromatography. Atmospheric methane concentrations were obtained from the ICOS-station Helgoland. Wind speed was obtained from the ships meteorological systems. The diffusive flux was calculated as outlined in the additional meta data description.

Dissolved methane concentrations, diffusive methane flux and Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) in the German Bight in January 2024 (Sternfahrt 11)

In January 2024 a river flood by the Elbe and Weser resulted in very high discharge of freshwater into the German Bight. To follow this river, plume the RV Mya II cruised from Sylt and between Helgoland, Cuxhaven, Büsum. All instruments were set up in the MOSES laboratory container. Standard hydrographic parameters were determined with a pocket ferrybox running with ship's surface water supply. In addition, dissolved methane was determined continuously. We used a degassing unit which was using surface water from the ship's water supply. The gas mixture was subsequently analysed with a Greenhouse Gas Analyzer from LosGatos. Conversion to methane concentration was performed with water samples, from which the methane content was determined with gas chromatography. Atmospheric methane concentrations were obtained from the ICOS-station Helgoland. Wind speed was obtained from the ships meteorological system. The diffusive flux was calculated as outlined in the additional meta data description.

Methane concentration and diffusive flux in the Northern Sea off Heligoland in 2023

As part of the MOSES Project, in April 2023 methane measurements were started in the north-western part of the island Heligoland in the German Bight (North Sea). The objective was to complement the measurements of the "Sternfahrten" to identify the carbon cycle and its flow from the start of the Elbe river into the North Sea. Therefore, a Contros methane sensor for dissolved methane was deployed under water at about 10 to 12 meter depth (depending on the tide) close to the underwater observatory (UW-OBS) MarGate (54°11' N, 7°52' E), from the COSYNA Project. To ensure correct values latter was cleaned frequently from growing organisms by scientific divers. The present data contains the data from 2023, the first year running the sensors. Based on the concentrations of dissolved methane the methane emissions (diffusive flux) was calculated.

Dissolved methane concentration variability along freshwater-sea continuum at Heligoland, Southern North Sea, 2021

The dataset is about temporal variability of dissolved methane along the freshwater-sea continuum in northern Germany. Sensors were installed at fixed stations at in total three sites at different water depths. This dataset is from the station in Heligoland (54.1833 N, 7.8667 E) at about 9-12m depth (depending on the tide). The data was obtained between 27 April and 28 October in high frequency measurements (1 min) with a methane sensor from Kongsberg (4H Jena model CONTROS HydroC CH4,). Methane concentrations were calculated according to manufacturer's instructions, based on temperature and salinity values from UW-node Heligoland (Fischer, Philipp; Happel, Lea; Brand, Markus; Eickelmann, Laura; Lienkämper, Miriam; Bussmann, Ingeborg; Anselm, Norbert; Brix, Holger (2022): Hydrographical time series data of Helgoland, Southern North Sea, 2021. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950173). A gap in the salinity data was replaced with the median value of the observed time span (31.66). For the quality control of the data a local range of 0.1 – 1000 nmol/L was set, a technical range for the pump power 2 – 8. Watt, a spike and gradient value of 1. For a more detailed description see the article cited in References.

Moses Sternfahrt-9, Chemical transformation of chlorophyll-a and dissolved organic matter along the Elbe to the North Sea (German Bight) in 2022

As the previous cruises were mainly conducted in August / September, this cruise was set up to cover a late spring situation in the German Bight. The cruise track and positions of the stations were similar to Sternfahrt_5 in September 2020, thus covering a wide range from 7.6°E to 8.9°E and from 53.5°N to 54.8°N. Continuous sampling for Chlorophyll-a and dissolved organic matter from the Elbe, Tide-Elbe and North Sea and subsequent detailed analysis at the UFZ will give new insights on the chemical transformations of these compounds. The southern North Sea (German Bight) is influenced by the water flowing into the Tide-Elbe area and how it is further modified. For a better understanding of the different branches of relevant events it is necessary to investigate the main impacting factors for the terrestrial and coastal water quality. Therefore, during different cruises between 2019 and 2022 a group of parameters was continuously traced from the Elbe River basin (Czech/German border) to Tide-Elbe and Elbe estuary (Hamburg, Germany) until the German Bight. The vessel Littorina started already on the 29th of May in Kiel heading to the assembly point Cuxhaven and setting up the sensor systems. On May 30th all ships began the cruise traveling to Heligoland, nevertheless only the Ludwig Prandtl and Littorina could realize the first inter-calibration station (see file description) in front of Cuxhaven. An inter-calibration with all ships was conducted the next morning (31st of May) in front of Heligoland, before they went separate ways. While the Littorina crew covered the eastern part of the sampling area going towards Büsum, the scientists from Ludwig Prandtl headed further North to the island Amrum and the Uthörn covered the western part (see map in additional metadata). Littorina followed on the way to Büsum a more direct track, while on its way back to Heligoland on June 1st, the crew took a different route to extend the area further north. On the 2nd of June they travelled straight back to Cuxhaven to the last joined station with all three vessels. Instead, Ludwig Prandtl stayed the third and fourth day around Amrum, where they had to start sampling early in the morning (03:44h, 03:30h), due to the tide dependent entrance to the port. From there they headed directly back to Cuxhaven. The vessel Uthörn made a circuit north of Heligoland on the second day. On the third day the crew navigated from Heligoland to Cuxhaven and back to Heligoland in a triangle form. The last day the vessel headed back to Bremerhaven with a detour in Cuxhaven. Thus, all vessels closed the survey on the 2nd of June with a last inter-calibration station off Cuxhaven at about 10h. Additional information about the whole campaign and different cruises can be found in the article(s) cited, see also 'related to'.

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