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Methanproduktion durch Mikrophytobenthos und dessen Beitrag am benthischen Methanfluss in der Küstenzone der Ostsee

Der Anstieg natürlicher Emissionen des Treibhausgases Methan haben einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf das Klima der Erde. Als Methanquelle nehmen küstennahe Gewässer eine besondere Stellung ein, da die Methankonzentration im Wasser hier wesentlich höher ist als im offenen Ozean. Trotz der Bedeutung der Küstengebiete ist bisher nur wenig bekannt über die hier zu findenden Methanemittenten und ihr jeweiliger Beitrag am atmosphärischen Methanfluss. Zudem zeigen eine Reihe aktueller Untersuchungen, dass Methan nicht nur unter anoxischen Bedingungen mikrobiell gebildet werden kann, sondern dass dies auch in einer oxischen Umgebung möglich ist. Eine solche Methanproduktion nahe der Meeresoberfläche würde den Weg zwischen Methanquelle und Atmosphäre wesentlich verkürzen und damit den Methanfluss in die Atmosphäre verstärken. Aufgrund einiger Untersuchungen, die eine Verknüpfung zwischen Primär- und Methanproduktion aufzeigen, stellen wir die Hypothese auf, dass Mikrophytobenthos (MPB)-Gemeinschaften eine wichtige, aber bisher nicht bearbeitete Stellung in der Flachwasser-Methandynamik zukommen. MPB-Gemeinschaften nehmen eine herausragende Rolle in der Primärproduktion von Küstensedimenten ein. Um die Bedeutung der MPB-assoziierten Methanproduktion besser einordnen zu können, werden wir das Potential dieser Methanquelle in Inkubationsexperimenten detailliert untersuchen. Zur Bestimmung der hierbei wichtigen Effektoren und Mikrophytobenthosarten werden wir an verschiedenen axenischen und xenischen klonalen Kulturen benthischer Diatomeen-Spezies die Primär- und Methanproduktion unter kontrollierten Temperatur- und Lichtbedingungen bestimmen. Mit Hilfe einer neuen Cavity-Ring-Down-Spektroskopie basierten Methode planen wir an geschlossenen Inkubationen die Methankonzentrationsentwicklung in hoher zeitlicher Auflösung über Tag/Nacht Zyklen zu erfassen. Zusätzliche Inkubationen mit 13C-markierten Substraten werden es uns erlauben, den Weg der Methanproduktion in den Diatomeen einzugrenzen. Bisher wurde der Prozess der oxischen Methanproduktion nur in Kulturexperimenten untersucht. Ob die hier ermittelten Raten auch in die natürliche Umgebung übertragbar sind, wurde hingegen nicht geprüft. Um diese Wissenslücke zu schließen, planen wir neben den Experimenten an klonalen Kulturen auch Studien an natürlichen MPB-Gemeinschaften durchzuführen. Diese Gemeinschaften werden wir im Flachwasser vor der Insel Askö (schwedische Ostseeküste) und dem inneren Küstengewässer vor Zingst (Darßer-Zingst-Bodden, deutsche Ostseeküste) beproben, um ein möglichst breites Spektrum an Sedimenten, hydrodynamischen Bedingungen und MPB-Gemeinschaften abzudecken. Um die in unseren Experimenten ermittelten Methanproduktionsraten in die benthischen und atmosphärischen Methanflüsse besser einordnen zu können, werden wir in beiden Untersuchungsgebieten die Methanflüsse zwischen Sediment, dem Wasser und der Atmosphäre bestimmen.

Moses Sternfahrt-9, Chemical transformation of chlorophyll-a and dissolved organic matter along the Elbe to the North Sea (German Bight) in 2022

As the previous cruises were mainly conducted in August / September, this cruise was set up to cover a late spring situation in the German Bight. The cruise track and positions of the stations were similar to Sternfahrt_5 in September 2020, thus covering a wide range from 7.6°E to 8.9°E and from 53.5°N to 54.8°N. Continuous sampling for Chlorophyll-a and dissolved organic matter from the Elbe, Tide-Elbe and North Sea and subsequent detailed analysis at the UFZ will give new insights on the chemical transformations of these compounds. The southern North Sea (German Bight) is influenced by the water flowing into the Tide-Elbe area and how it is further modified. For a better understanding of the different branches of relevant events it is necessary to investigate the main impacting factors for the terrestrial and coastal water quality. Therefore, during different cruises between 2019 and 2022 a group of parameters was continuously traced from the Elbe River basin (Czech/German border) to Tide-Elbe and Elbe estuary (Hamburg, Germany) until the German Bight. The vessel Littorina started already on the 29th of May in Kiel heading to the assembly point Cuxhaven and setting up the sensor systems. On May 30th all ships began the cruise traveling to Heligoland, nevertheless only the Ludwig Prandtl and Littorina could realize the first inter-calibration station (see file description) in front of Cuxhaven. An inter-calibration with all ships was conducted the next morning (31st of May) in front of Heligoland, before they went separate ways. While the Littorina crew covered the eastern part of the sampling area going towards Büsum, the scientists from Ludwig Prandtl headed further North to the island Amrum and the Uthörn covered the western part (see map in additional metadata). Littorina followed on the way to Büsum a more direct track, while on its way back to Heligoland on June 1st, the crew took a different route to extend the area further north. On the 2nd of June they travelled straight back to Cuxhaven to the last joined station with all three vessels. Instead, Ludwig Prandtl stayed the third and fourth day around Amrum, where they had to start sampling early in the morning (03:44h, 03:30h), due to the tide dependent entrance to the port. From there they headed directly back to Cuxhaven. The vessel Uthörn made a circuit north of Heligoland on the second day. On the third day the crew navigated from Heligoland to Cuxhaven and back to Heligoland in a triangle form. The last day the vessel headed back to Bremerhaven with a detour in Cuxhaven. Thus, all vessels closed the survey on the 2nd of June with a last inter-calibration station off Cuxhaven at about 10h. Additional information about the whole campaign and different cruises can be found in the article(s) cited, see also 'related to'.

Dissolved methane concentrations, diffusive methane flux and EOVs in the German Bight in February 2025 (Sternfahrt 13)

In continuation of the previous cruises (Sternfahrten) we covered a similar area with the RV Heincke. All instruments were set up in the MOSES laboratory container. Standard hydrographic parameters were determined with a pocket ferrybox running with ship's surface water supply. In addition, dissolved methane was determined continuously. We used a degassing unit which was using surface water from the ship's water supply. The gas mixture was subsequently analysed with a Greenhouse Gas Analyzer from LosGatos. Conversion to methane concentration was performed with water samples, from which the methane content was determined with gas chromatography. Atmospheric methane concentrations were obtained from the ICOS-station Helgoland. Wind speed was obtained from the ships meteorological systems. The diffusive flux was calculated as outlined in the additional meta data description.

Methane concentration and diffusive flux in the Northern Sea off Heligoland in 2024

As part of the MOSES Project, in April 2023 methane measurements were started in the north-western part of the island Heligoland in the German Bight (North Sea). The objective was to complement the measurements of the Sternfahrten to identify the carbon cycle and its flow from the start of the Elbe river into the North Sea. Therefore, a Contros methane sensor for dissolved methane was deployed under water at about 10 to 12 meter depth (depending on the tide) close to the underwater observatory (UW-OBS) MarGate (54°11' N, 7°52' E), from the COSYNA Project. To ensure correct values latter was cleaned frequently from growing organisms by scientific divers. The present data contains the data from 2024, the second year running the sensors. Based on the concentrations of dissolved methane the methane emissions (diffusive flux) was calculated.

Dissolved methane concentrations, diffusive methane flux and EOVs in the German Bight in September 2024 (Sternfahrt 12)

In continuation of the previous cruises (Sternfahrten) we covered a similar area with the RVs Ludwig Prandtl and Mya II. All instruments were set up in the MOSES laboratory container. Standard hydrographic parameters were determined with a pocket ferrybox running with ship's surface water supply. In addition, dissolved methane was determined continuously. We used a degassing unit which was using surface water from the ship's water supply. The gas mixture was subsequently analysed with a Greenhouse Gas Analyzer from LosGatos. Conversion to methane concentration was performed with water samples, from which the methane content was determined with gas chromatography. Atmospheric methane concentrations were obtained from the ICOS-station Helgoland. Wind speed was obtained from the ships meteorological systems. The diffusive flux was calculated as outlined in the additional meta data description.

Dissolved methane concentrations, diffusive methane flux and Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) in the German Bight in January 2024 (Sternfahrt 11)

In January 2024 a river flood by the Elbe and Weser resulted in very high discharge of freshwater into the German Bight. To follow this river, plume the RV Mya II cruised from Sylt and between Helgoland, Cuxhaven, Büsum. All instruments were set up in the MOSES laboratory container. Standard hydrographic parameters were determined with a pocket ferrybox running with ship's surface water supply. In addition, dissolved methane was determined continuously. We used a degassing unit which was using surface water from the ship's water supply. The gas mixture was subsequently analysed with a Greenhouse Gas Analyzer from LosGatos. Conversion to methane concentration was performed with water samples, from which the methane content was determined with gas chromatography. Atmospheric methane concentrations were obtained from the ICOS-station Helgoland. Wind speed was obtained from the ships meteorological system. The diffusive flux was calculated as outlined in the additional meta data description.

Minimierung von Methanemissionen bei der Lagerung von Wirtschaftsdüngern, Teilvorhaben 1: Anlagenauswahl, Emissionsmessungen und Bewertung

Unbehandelt gelagerte Gülle verursacht hohe Methanemissionen, höher als beispielsweise Gärreste aus der anaeroben Güllevergärung . Obwohl verstärkt Anreize geschaffen wurden, Wirtschaftsdünger einer anaeroben Vergärung zuzuführen und über diesen Weg die Emissionen zu senken, ist die Vergärung von Gülle nicht für alle Standorte ökonomisch realisierbar. Die fehlende Wirtschaftlichkeit der vorhandenen Förderungen zeigt sich in dem sehr verhaltenen Zubau in der Klasse der kleinen Anlagen ('75 kW'). Daher sind kostengünstige alternative Lösungen zu entwickeln. Das im Vorhaben zu untersuchende Konzept beinhaltet eine Fassung der entstehenden Emissionen und eine Oxidation des enthaltenen Methans. Die geringen und saisonal stark schwankenden Volumenströme mit teilweise niedrigen Methankonzentrationen stehen einer wirtschaftlichen energetischen Nutzung entgegen. Aus anderen Branchen sind verschiedene Technologien bekannt, die für die Behandlung von schwach methanhaltigen Gasen geeignet sind. Eine Übertragung dieser Technologien auf die Nachbehandlung von Abgasen aus der Güllelagerung erfordert jedoch detaillierte Daten bezüglich Menge und Qualität der Abgase und vor allem zum zeitlichen Verlauf dieser Größen. Das hier beschriebene Vorhaben hat zum Ziel, Emissionen aus Güllelagern unter Praxisbedingungen über mindestens einen kompletten Jahreszyklus zu ermitteln und mögliche Technologien für die Nachbehandlung der Abgase hinsichtlich der Kosten, der energetischen Effizienz, der Leistungsfähigkeit, der Emissionsminderung und den vorhandenen Betriebserfahrungen zu bewerten. Aufbauend darauf soll die Funktionalität geeigneter Technologien praktisch (biologischer Methanoxidationsfilter) und in Form einer Simulation (RTO) demonstriert werden.

Dissolved methane concentrations of water samples from the North Sea during ALKOR cruise AL575 (27 June 2022 - 13 July 2022)

Water sampling was conducted during AL575 cruise in the North Sea by using Niskin Bottles attached to CTD/Water sampler rosette and ROV (Haeckel and Schmidt, 2024). To detect methane anomalies in the water column derived from seafloor gas emissions the recovered water samples were processed by using headspace gas sampling and subsequent gas chromatographic analysis. Based on measured methane concentrations of headspace gas in (micro-atm) the dissolved methane concentrations in water were calculated (nmol l-1).

Methane concentration and diffusive flux in the Northern Sea off Heligoland in 2023

As part of the MOSES Project, in April 2023 methane measurements were started in the north-western part of the island Heligoland in the German Bight (North Sea). The objective was to complement the measurements of the "Sternfahrten" to identify the carbon cycle and its flow from the start of the Elbe river into the North Sea. Therefore, a Contros methane sensor for dissolved methane was deployed under water at about 10 to 12 meter depth (depending on the tide) close to the underwater observatory (UW-OBS) MarGate (54°11' N, 7°52' E), from the COSYNA Project. To ensure correct values latter was cleaned frequently from growing organisms by scientific divers. The present data contains the data from 2023, the first year running the sensors. Based on the concentrations of dissolved methane the methane emissions (diffusive flux) was calculated.

Hydrographic parameters and dissolved methane in Lake Constance in 2011

In the south-eastern part of Lake Constance a deep pockmark, a shallow pockmark station, as well as a reference station have been sampled for dissolved methane concentrations (with water samples) and hydrographic parameters with a Seabird CTD probe. The rosette was located within the pockmark with the help of a horizontal scanning sonar.

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