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Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Cloud Optical Thickness (COT), Level 3 – Global

This product displays the Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) around the globe. Clouds play a crucial role in the Earth's climate system and have significant effects on trace gas retrievals. The cloud optical thickness is retrieved from the O2-A band using the ROCINN algorithm. The TROPOMI instrument aboard the SENTINEL-5P space craft is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infra-red. TROPOMI's purpose is to measure atmospheric properties and constituents. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing operational retrieval of the following trace gas constituents: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4). Within the INPULS project, innovative algorithms and processors for the generation of Level 3 and Level 4 products, improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users are developed.

Erforschung und Entwicklung emissionsneutraler Brennstoffzellengroßsysteme mit Methanolreformierung im Multi-Megawatt Bereich, Vorhaben: Entwicklung eines 500 kW Brennstoffzellengroßsystems für Methanol

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI - Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Level 3 - Global

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) as derived from TROPOMI observations. AOD describes the attenuation of the transmitted radiant power by the absence of aerosols. Attenuation can be caused by absorption and/or scattering. AOD is the primary parameter to evaluate the impact of aerosols on weather and climate. Daily AOD observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Concentrations of 27 polar metabolites in gill and mantle tissue of Ostrea edulis measured by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy during a chronic alkalinity-enhancement exposure experiment

This dataset contains concentrations of 27 polar metabolites measured in gill and mantle tissue of individual European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) sampled before the start of the chronic alkalinity-enhancement exposure (7 May 2024, baseline, n = 10 per tissue) and after 21, 42 and 63 days of exposure (28 May, 18 June and 9 July 2024) to one of five treatments, with 3 to 5 individuals sampled per treatment, tissue and timepoint. Extraction: Frozen gill and mantle samples were wet-weighed (100 to 400 mg WW) and, if necessary, ground to smaller pieces with a mortar and pestle pre-chilled in liquid nitrogen before being transferred to Precellys tubes. Polar metabolites were extracted following the protocol of Tripp-Valdez et al. (2017), adjusted as follows: 400 µL methanol and 125 µL MilliQ water for homogenization and 400 µL chloroform and 400 µL MilliQ water for phase separation. All steps used pre-chilled (0 to 4 °C) instruments and reagents to minimize metabolite degradation. The polar upper layer was transferred to 1.5 mL tubes and dried overnight in a SpeedVac vacuum concentrator at 30 °C (RVC 2-18, Martin Christ Freeze Dryers GmbH, Germany). Dried polar metabolites were resuspended in D2O containing 3-(trimethylsilyl)propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid sodium salt (TSP; 0.05 wt %; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) as internal standard and chemical shift reference, in a 1:1 ratio of µL D2O per mg tissue WW. Measurement: Untargeted metabolite profiling was performed using an ultra-shielded vertical 9.4 T NMR spectrometer (Avance III HD 400 WB, Bruker-BioSpin GmbH, Germany) equipped with a 1.7 mm TXI MicroProbe. Metabolite spectra were acquired using TopSpin 3.2 (Bruker-BioSpin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany) at room temperature, with the following parameters: 1D-Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse train with f1 presaturation (cpmgpr1d), 90° pulse 8.4 µs, TD 70.656, sweep width 8802 Hz (22 ppm), acquisition time 4.01 s, relaxation delay 4 s, 4 dummy scans and 128 scans per sample. ¹H-NMR spectra were processed and analyzed in Chenomx NMR Suite V.12.0 (Chenomx Inc., Canada): automated zero-filling, exponential multiplication (0.3 Hz line broadening), phase correction, baseline correction, shim correction and TSP calibration. Spectra from each tissue type within experimental groups were overlaid in Chenomx Profiler to evaluate spectral quality, comparability, linewidths, shifts and baselines, a step critical for accurate metabolite quantification. The adenylates ATP, ADP and AMP were summed as one metabolite (adenylates), resulting in a total of 27 metabolites.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Aerosol Index (AI), Level 3 – Global

Aerosol Index (AI) as derived from TROPOMI observations. AI is an indicator for episodic aerosol plumes from dust outbreaks, volcanic ash, and biomass burning. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field experiment: Carabidae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, carabids were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Carabids were identified to species according to Hůrka (1996). Carabid feeding behavior was classified according to Homburg et al. (2014). To simplify the dataset, carabid feeding behavior was classified as predominantly granivorous (species mainly feed on seeds and fruits) or as carnivorous/omnivorous, because carnivorous and omnivorous species are potentially feeding on aphids and other non-plant material.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Carabidae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, carabids were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Carabids were identified to species according to Hůrka (1996). Carabid feeding behavior was classified according to Homburg et al. (2014). To simplify the dataset, carabid feeding behavior was classified as predominantly granivorous (species mainly feed on seeds and fruits) or as carnivorous/omnivorous, because carnivorous and omnivorous species are potentially feeding on aphids and other non-plant material.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Surface Nitrogendioxide (NO2), Level 4 – Regional (Germany and neighboring countries)

The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product displays the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) near surface concentration for Germany and neighboring countries as derived from the POLYPHEMUS/DLR air quality model. Surface NO2 is mainly generated by anthropogenic sources, e.g. transport and industry. POLYPHEMUS/DLR is a state-of-the-art air quality model taking into consideration - meteorological conditions, - photochemistry, - anthropogenic and natural (biogenic) emissions, - TROPOMI NO2 observations for data assimilation. This Level 4 air quality product (surface NO2 at 15:00 UTC) is based on innovative algorithms, processors, data assimilation schemes and operational processing and dissemination chain developed in the framework of the INPULS project. The DLR project INPULS develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Kontinuierliche Emissionsmessungen

Kontinuierliche Emissionsmessungen erfolgen zur Überwachung der Einhaltung von Emissionsgrenzwerten unter Verwendung von automatischen Messeinrichtungen, die in der Abgasleitung der zu überwachenden Anlage stationär installiert sind. Die immissionsschutzrechtlichen Vorschriften sehen dies für Anlagen mit größeren Emissionsmassenströmen für bestimmte Schadstoffe vor. Die dabei eingesetzten Messeinrichtungen müssen für diese Messaufgabe eine Eignungsprüfung nach der Norm DIN EN 15267 Blatt 3 erfolgreich bestanden haben, ihre Eignung muss im Bundesanzeiger veröffentlicht sein. Eine Datenbank für alle bekannt gegebenen Messeinrichtungen wird vom Umweltbundesamt geführt. Zur Zeit stehen eignungsgeprüfte Messeinrichtungen für die Schadstoffe CO,CO 2 , CH 4 , Formaldehyd, Phenol, SO 2 , NO x , N 2 O, Staub, H 2 S, HCl, HF, Summe organischer Stoffe, NH 3 , Hg und für die Abgasparameter Sauerstoff, Volumenstrom und Feuchtegehalt zur Verfügung. Die automatischen Messeinrichtungen müssen während ihres Betriebes in regelmäßigen Abständen geprüft werden, ob sie bestimmten Qualitätsanforderungen genügen. Dazu gehören die von nach § 29b i. V. m. § 26 BImSchG bekanntgegebenen Prüfinstituten durchzuführenden jährlichen Funktionsprüfungen sowie die Kalibrierung der Messeinrichtungen alle drei Jahre (s. a. DIN EN 14181). Hierbei erfolgt ein Abgleich der Messgeräteanzeige mit Messergebnissen, die parallel mit dem für den jeweiligen Schadstoff zutreffenden Standard-Referenzmessverfahren durch Einzelmessungen ermittelt werden. Mit Hilfe einer eignungsgeprüften Auswerteeinrichtung müssen im laufenden Betrieb der Messeinrichtung die aus den Messergebnissen gebildeten Halbstunden- und Tagesmittelwerte registriert, validiert, klassiert, ausgewertet und gespeichert werden. Die Regelungen sind in der Bundeseinheitliche Praxis bei der Überwachung der Emissionen (RdSchr. d. BMUB v. 31.07.2023 – AG C I 2 – 5025/001-2023.0001) enthalten. Eine detaillierte Darstellung von Vorgaben zur Statuskennung und Klassierung kann als Interpretationshilfe der Bundeseinheitlichen Praxis bei der Überwachung der Emissionen herangezogen werden. Der Anlagenbetreiber berichtet der zuständigen Behörde über die Ergebnisse der kontinuierlichen Messungen eines Kalenderjahres innerhalb von 3 Monaten nach Ablauf eines jeden Kalenderjahres.

Microbial community composition and bacterioplankton at time series station Helgoland Roads, North Sea

A process of global importance in carbon cycling is the remineralization of algae biomass by heterotrophic bacteria, most notably during massive marine algae blooms. Such blooms can trigger secondary blooms of planktonic bacteria that consist of swift successions of distinct bacterial clades, most prominently members of the Flavobacteriia, Gammaproteobacteria and the alphaproteobacterial Roseobacter clade. This study explores such successions during spring phytoplankton blooms in the southern North Sea (German Bight) for four consecutive years. The surface water samples were taken at Helgoland Island about 40 km offshore in the southeastern North Sea in the German Bight at the station 'Kabeltonne' (54° 11.3' N, 7° 54.0' E) between the main island and the minor island, Düne (German for 'dune') using small research vessels (http://www.awi.de/en/expedition/ships/more-ships.html). Water depths at this site fluctuate from 6 to 10 m over the tidal cycle. Samples were processed as described previously (Teeling et al., 2012; doi:10.7554/eLife.11888.001) in the laboratory of the Biological Station Helgoland within less than two hours after sampling. Assessment of absolute cell numbers and bacterioplankton community composition was carried out as described previously (Thiele et al., 2011; doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53199-5.00056-7). To obtain total cell numbers, DNA of formaldehyde fixed cells filtered on 0.2 mm pore sized filters was stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Fluorescently labeled cells were subsequently counted on filter sections using an epifluores-cence microscope. Likewise, bacterioplankton community composition was assessed by catalyzedreporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) of formaldehyde fixed cells on 0.2 mm pore sized filters.

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