Das Projekt "Cell wall hemicelluloses as mobile carbon stores in plants" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Basel, Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät durchgeführt. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are the most important carbon reserves in most tissues and species. Beside NSC, cell wall hemicelluloses as the second most abundant polysaccharides in plants have often been discussed to serve as additional carbon reserves during periods of enhanced carbon-sink activity. By using a refined extraction method hemicelluloses were quantitatively and qualitatively determined in tissues of different plant functional groups and the ecophysiological importance of hemicelluloses as mobile carbon pools was investigated in two studies. In the first study hemicelluloses were investigated in newly synthesized tissues of 16 species of four different plant functional groups that were grown under extremely low (140 ppm), medium (280 ppm) or high (560 ppm) CO2 concentrations inducing a massive carbon-under or -oversupply. The changed carbon source-sink activities were evidenced by significant increments of biomass and NSC under elevated CO2 concentrations in tissues of all species. In contrast, hemicellulose concentrations remained remarkably stable with varying CO2 supply. Nevertheless, the monosaccharide spectrum of hemicelluloses showed a significant increase in glucose monomers in leaves of woody species as carbon supply increased. In contrast to the growing tissues of the first experiment the second study investigated the potential carbon reserve function of hemicelluloses by using the naturally occurring fluctuation in carbon-sink activity during bud break in mature forest trees (two deciduous species Carpinus betulus L., Fagus sylvatica L. and two evergreen species Picea abies L., Pinus sylvestris L.). NSC concentrations in branch sapwood of the deciduous trees declined strongly immediately before bud break and increased after bud break. Previous seasons' needles exhibited a significant increase in NSC concentrations shortly before bud break which declined again after flushing. Short-term fluctuations in hemicellulose concentrations were found in branch sapwood of Carpinus and previous seasons' needles of Picea and Pinus and correlated with those of NSC suggesting a mobile reserve function of hemicelluloses. The observed variations in hemicellulose concentrations in previous seasons' needles were due to variations in hemicellulose-bound glucose. In conclusion, this thesis showed that during 'de-novo' synthesis of cell-walls, hemicellulose concentrations do not vary strongly with changing carbon supply. Hemicelluloses are therefore unlikely to play a significant role as additional carbon sinks at future elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. On the other hand, apart from their predominant structural function, hemicelluloses can serve as additional carbon reserves in mature tissues during times of exceptionally high carbon demand.
Das Projekt "Asessing the potential of various instruments for sutainable consumption practises and greening of the market (ASCEE)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Institut für ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung (IÖW) GmbH durchgeführt. The main objectives are : - to identify, structure and assess instruments addressing and promoting sustainable consumption and greening of the market; - to identify and evaluate best practice examples; - to develop policy strategies for transferring best practices; - to carry out a workshop; - to finalise insights by preparing a guideline for policy makers; - to prepare a scientific report and a summary. After a prephase connected with an internal kick-off meeting, the first phase analyses policy instruments, measures and actions and the gained experiences in WP 2 ' Basic instrumental overview . The instrumental overview is intended to be of a broader nature to collect insights into existing, but also discussed, proposed and/or rejected tools which have lead or could lead to a greening of the markets by addressing supply and/or demand. We will concentrate on promising tools and actions. The gained and collected information will be assessed along certain criteria developed beforehand in WP 3 'Assessment . WP 4 'Best practises and market transformation patterns will bring together the most instructive findings and consider what could be learned from them. The key question behind that approach is to look for the patterns behind successful greening strategies. The second phase is dedicated to the potentials for transferring of the results and their dissemination. WP 5 'Extension and transfer strategies picks up the results of the preceding work. It considers the findings and prepares strategies for the transfer of promising approaches. Results and proposals will be documented and discussed at a one-day workshop (WP 6 'Workshop ) which will collect insights, opinions and experiences of a broader auditorium. The discussion and results of the workshop will be documented and will contribute to the update of the preliminary findings. WP 7 'Dissemination brings together all findings and insights. Here we will prepare guidelines, a report, including a summary. Prime Contractor: Institut für Ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung GgmbH; Berlin; Germany.
Das Projekt "Teilprojekt 5" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Deukum GmbH durchgeführt. Auf Grund des global ansteigenden Wasserbedarfs und den sinkenden zur Verfügung stehenden Süßwasserressourcen, besteht ein weltweites Interesse an effizienten Entsalzungsverfahren. Süßwasser, das vom Meer oder von geogenen Salzvorkommen beeinflusst wird, weist u. a. oft erhöhte Konzentrationen an Natrium und Chlorid auf. Hohe Nitrat- und Sulfatkonzentrationen resultieren hingegen meist aus landwirtschaftlichem Einfluss. Eine vollständige Entsalzung der Wässer ist nicht sinnvoll, sondern lediglich nur eine Verminderung der monovalenten Ionen nötig. Das Ziel dieses Forschungsvorhabens ist die Entwicklung eines energieeffizienten, selektiven, membranbasierten Entsalzungsverfahrens zur gezielten Entfernung monovalenter Ionen aus salzhaltigem Grund- und Oberflächenwasser sowie die Überprüfung potenzieller Anwendungen und Einsatzgebiete unter Berücksichtigung wasserchemischer, ökonomischer und ökologischer Aspekte. Es werden selektive Membranen für einen spezifischen Rückhalt monovalenter Salze entwickelt und in neukonstruierten Modulen für den Einsatz in einem elektrochemischen Verfahren in Labor- und Pilotanlagen verbaut. Mit den Anlagen werden Untersuchungen zur Identifikation optimierter Prozess- und Anlagenparameter in Abhängigkeit unterschiedlicher Rohwasserqualitäten und Aufbereitungsziele durchgeführt. Es wird geprüft, welche resultierenden Effekte und Herausforderungen bei der Grundwasseranreicherung und der Trinkwasseraufbereitung gegeben sind. Die entwickelte Technologie wird anhand einer ganzheitlichen ökonomisch-ökologischen Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung internationalen Zielgrößen wie den Nachhaltigkeitszielen gegenübergestellt, um Handlungsempfehlungen abzuleiten. Durch die Wahl der Partner aus Industrie, Wissenschaft und Praxis ist das Konsortium in der Lage, Anlagen zu bauen und die innovative Technologie bei Praxispartnern vor Ort zu testen und zu bewerten. Die Ergebnisse tragen somit maßgeblich zur Sicherung der Wasserressourcen, national wie international, bei.
Das Projekt "SP 1.2 Optimisation of soil organic matter management under intensive cropping in the North China Plain" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften (340), Fachgebiet Düngung und Bodenstoffhaushalt (340i) durchgeführt. Intensive maize-wheat double cropping is a common plant production system at the North China Plains. More than 600 kg N/ha as mineral N fertiliser are applied annually while only 300 to 350 kg N/ha are removed with plant products. Despite of this extraordinarily high level of N-fertilisation, the yield potential in the common wheat-maize cropping system is by far not fully taped yet. Beside low N utilization efficiencies (partly less than 30 percent), frequent lodging and environmental pollution including leaching and gaseous losses of N are the results of the excessive use of fertiliser-N. Within this study, different N-fertilisation, tillage and cropping strategies shall be investigated with their potential to maintain high levels of SOM and to guaranty high and stable yields in the long term in the North China Plain. Future developments like climate change and increasing demand for energy production from plant residues shall be considered. Special emphasis will be put on the fate of (fertilised) N which preferably should be available for plant uptake and built up of organic matter but may also disappear by leaching and gaseous losses. A combination of lab experiments, existing and newly established long term field experiments combined with computer modelling shall be used to extrapolate short and medium term findings into the future and up to a regional scale.
Das Projekt "Generic Fuel Cell Modelling Environment (GENFC)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Werkstoffe und Verfahren der Energietechnik durchgeführt. Objective: The GenFC proposal addresses the topic 'Generic tools for FC systems modelling, testing, safety and quality assurance' under the activity code SUSTDEV-1.2.1: Fuel cells including their applications. It falls into research activities having an impact in the medium to long term. The overall goal of GenFC is to provide a generic modelling tool to fuel cell and fuel cell systems developers making fuel cell modelling expert knowledge available to all of them. The fuel cell and fuel cell systems developers can us e this tool to improve and accelerate fuel cell development and to contribute to a future success of the fuel cell technology. It is believed that from the fuel cell (hardware) developer's point of view, a fuel cell modelling environment is desirable which can be used for simulation tasks exactly catering to the demand of the application engineer. The integrated modelling tool will assist fuel cell developers to improve their design- and optimisation processes in terms of accelerating development cycles, l owering costs, improving quality and hence also safety. The user of such a modelling environment will be able to choose through a user friendly interface a model out of a set of different types of fuel cells. Each type of fuel cell will be available in dif ferent implementations and each implementation is suitable for a particular application. The consortium consists of fuel cell technology developers, specific software providers, software engineers and fuel cell model users. Existing and in the course of t he project to be developed models and hardware in the loop systems for different types of fuel cells on all levels from system integration, via stack and cell down to electrode processes, are integrated in the tool and interfaced with a common data-base fo r process and design parameters. GenFC can help establish a competitive fuel cell industry in Europe contributing to the great challenge of migrating from a fossil fuel based economy to a sustainable one.
Das Projekt "Implementierung des EU-HFKW-Phase - down in Deutschland" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Öko-Recherche. Büro für Umweltforschung und -beratung GmbH durchgeführt. Die Verordnung (EU) Nr. 517/2014 über fluorierte Treibhausgase und zur Aufhebung der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 842/2006 ('F-Gas-VO') gibt seit dem Jahr 2015 mittels des 'Phase-down' eine schrittweise Reduzierung der in der EU verwendeten Mengen an teilfluorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen (HFKW) um 79 % bis zum Jahr 2030 vor. Betrachtungen, in welchem Umfang die gesetzlichen Vorgaben zu einer Durchsetzung von HFKW-Alternativen in den einzelnen betroffenen Sektoren in Deutschland geführt haben, gab es bislang nicht. Dieses Vorhaben beleuchtet den Stand der Umsetzung der F-Gas-VO in Deutschland und analysiert die aktuelle Verwendung von HFKW-Alternativen im Kälte-Klima-Sektor. Zudem zeigen Projektionen die Marktdurchdringung der Alternativen in den Sektoren Gewerbekälte, Industriekälte, Transportkälte sowie der stationären und mobilen Klimatisierung bis zum Jahr 2030, wobei Neu- und Bestandsanlagen betrachtet werden. Alle Daten werden mit Hilfe eines Modells berechnet, wobei detaillierte Annahmen zu den künftigen Verwendungsmengen von HFKW sowie deren Alternativen getroffen wurden. Die Gegenüberstellung der in Deutschland zur Verfügung stehenden HFKW-Verwendungsmengen (SOLL-Mengen) und der projizierten HFKW-Mengen (IST-Mengen) in der Kälte- und Klimatechnik zeigt 2018 über alle Sektoren ein deutliches Überschreiten der insgesamt zur Verfügung stehenden HFKW-Mengen, ausgedrückt in CO2-Äquivalenten. Zwar sinken entsprechend der getroffenen Annahmen die HFKW-Verwendungsmengen im IST-Szenario kontinuierlich, allerdings nicht in ausreichendem Maße, um in den Jahren der Reduktionsschritte das SOLL zu erfüllen. Dabei ist auch zu beachten, dass andere Anwendungen außerhalb der Kälte- und Klimatechnik, wie etwa der Einsatz von HFKW als Schaumtreibmittel, Aerosol, Lösemittel oder Feuerlöschmittel, noch nicht eingerechnet sind. Auch der HFKW-Bedarf für die Umrüstung von Bestandsanlagen ist im Modell nicht berücksichtigt. Daneben wird grundsätzlich angenommen, dass fortlaufend technische Innovationen stattfinden, die zur Verringerung der erforderlichen HFKW-Mengen führen. In den einzelnen Anwendungssektoren stellt sich das Bild sehr unterschiedlich dar: Für viele Sektoren wird eine kontinuierliche Überschreitung der zur Verfügung stehenden HFKW-Mengen projiziert. In der Industriekälte ist jedoch mit einem deutlichen Rückgang der Verwendungsmengen zu rechnen und auch andere Sektoren können nach anfänglichem Überschreiten der Mengen ihren HFKW-Bedarf durch den Einsatz von Niedrig-GWP-Kältemitteln deutlich reduzieren (Flüssigkeitskühlsätze und PKWs). Insgesamt können gemäß diesen Berechnungen die EU HFKW-Phase-down Schritte nur zeitverzögert erfüllt werden.
Das Projekt "E 2.3: Shelf life extension of fresh litchi, longan and mango fruits through integrated postharvest techniques" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Lebensmittelwissenschaft und Biotechnologie, Fachgebiet Lebensmittel pflanzlicher Herkunft (150d) durchgeführt. In Northern Thailand and Vietnam, fresh fruit marketing still plays the key role in utilisation of the highly perishable fruits studied. Increasing export rates aspired by local fruit producers are hindered by the present practice of shelf life extension based on sulphur fumigation and fungicide application, respectively, because of raising legal and consumer restriction. Alternative ways ensuring the demand for sound fruit of good eating quality are urgently required. Since picking, packing and marketing form the major costs of fruit production, E2.3 aims at improved productivity by optimisation of fresh fruit marketing through an integrated high-quality concept for shelf life extension to meet export qualities and standards and to facilitate the access to remote markets and processing factories. This approach relies on two pillars: (1) innovative postharvest processes and (2) plant-physiological preharvest factors affecting fruit quality and shelf life, chiefly the proper physiological maturity at harvest. Focus is on shelf life extension and color retention of litchis and longans by minimising enzymatic browning, microbial decay, and water loss through appropriate combinations of various techniques: (1) precooling on field until handover; (2) fruit disinfestation by thermal routines; (3) control of enzymatic browning by innovative inhibition strategies for polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase; (4) suitable shipping within a cool-chain with or without modified atmosphere packaging; (5) application of wetting agents or coatings. By analogy, integrated strategies for shelf life extension through deceleration of postharvest ripening in export of Thai mango cultivars are explored. To control enzymatic browning in Sapindaceae species, both inhibition experiments on isolated enzymes and application tests with shelf life studies simulating shipping conditions are used. Process optimisation is based on statistical experimental designs. Shelf life is monitored by established chemical methods for plant-physiological indicators of fruit quality, senescence and microbial decay, by the vital microbial count, and by microscopic studies of the peel structure. On-tree maturation is examined for each fruit species to specify physiological harvest maturity as to its impact on quality and shelf life, including studies with E1.2 on non-destructive maturity detection. Cultivation effects on fruit quality and shelf life are jointly investigated with D1.3 and B3.2.
Das Projekt "Logistics best practice (BESTLOG)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Technologie und Management, Fachgebiet Logistik durchgeführt. Objective: The decoupling of economic growth and the growth of transport represents a major objective within the European transport policy. The major contributor to transport growth has to be seen in the increased transport intensity of value creation. On the supply side, the non-optimal utilisation of transport capacities and modes contributes to the growth of transport, for example in the lack of acceptance of inter-modal transport. This has been a major issue for policy makers for many years. In order to get a better understanding of the interrelation between logistics decisions and transport demand, the EC supported a number of research projects, such as SULOGTRA, EUTRALOG and PROTRANS. As a result, substantial scientific evidence has been produced. However, to achieve the Commission objectives, these findings must be translated into the daily operations of shippers and logistics service providers.
Das Projekt "Feasibility study on means of combating forest dieback in the European Union" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hamburg, Arbeitsbereich für Weltforstwirtschaft und Institut für Weltforstwirtschaft des Friedrich-Löffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit durchgeführt. All EU Member States face economic and ecological losses due to forest damages. Thus, combating forest dieback, as for example caused by climate change, is a contribution to human safety and well-being and the sustainable development of Europe. The Feasibility Study on means of combating forest dieback in the European Union was initiated by the European Parliament demanding the European Commission to develop a concrete proposal for preventing, mitigating and control forest dieback in the EU. The study was carried out by the Institute for World Forestry and the European Forest Institute (EFI) in 2007. The main objectives of the study were to: - review the different factors affecting forest dieback in the EU and their related causes, - analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of available EU legislations and instruments to combat forest dieback in the EU and - examine the possibilities for establishing a specialised entity for forest protection. In the scope of the feasibility study a survey was conducted in the EU Member States on the importance of damaging agents in EU27 forests. The results of the survey show that the importance of individual threats to forest ecosystem health and vitality varies within European regions. Insects, storm/windfall, and fire were regarded as the most serious threats in Central Europe, Western Europe and Southern Europe respectively. Regional differences exist in relation to damage types and intensity, which thus reflect the importance for particular instruments to prevent, mitigate and control various causes of forest dieback. The feasibility study showed that at the EU level several efficient and well established measures have been implemented which contribute to the prevention, mitigation and control of forest dieback. The study showed also that as a consequence of the current state and the predicted development of environmental pressures, such as climate change, future activities on the EU level to combat forest dieback are urgently needed. Existing measures have to be further developed in order to (a) increase synergy effects between individual instruments, (b) make the instruments more transparent to the entire range of potential stakeholders and beneficiaries, and (c) improve the communication between the different actors involved. A major challenge will be to incorporate future patterns of forest dieback, into existing, amended or new measures. Only the triad of prevention, mitigation and control will put the EU into a position to maintain and enhance the multiple, beneficial functions of forests and their contribution to the quality of life.
Das Projekt "Scientific support of the Sino-German GTZ program 'Sustainable Management of forests in Western China', in particular the activities of component 2 'Sustainable Forestry'" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Freiburg, Waldbau-Institut durchgeführt. In China, as in many other parts of the world, huge parts of the primary forests already have been destroyed, which has serious economic, environmental and social impacts. In the attempt to diminish these problems and to stimulate a sustainable development of the forest sector, the Chinese government defined a forest policy characterized mainly by two strategic components: (1) investments in afforestation and reforestation and (2) a logging ban for the remaining natural forests. But, although China planted more than 16 Mio ha new forests, there is still a yearly gap of 70 Mio m3 timber and pulpwood. In addition in the rare cases of effective law enforcement, the logging ban provoked significant problems for the forest dependent poor local population. Taken this situation into account, this project has a closer look at a third option, to transform more than 50 Mio ha degraded primary and secondary forests into sustainably managed stands. Their management based on natural dynamic and avoiding large-scale cuts would offer an opportunity to effectively enhance and use their existing production potential, while maintaining biodiversity and protecting environmental resources, such as water which is especially important in many regions of China. Above all, sustainable management of these forests would help to satisfy the demands of the local population especially in remote hilly regions and thus would help to alleviate poverty. The Component 2 of the GTZ Sino-German Program 'Sustainable Management of Forests in Western China' aims at supporting the sustainable development of the forest sector in China taking into view, the maintenance of Chinese natural and planted forests and its economic and social function. The Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF) is the strategic partner of this component. The Institute of Silviculture will provide scientific support and technical advice to Component 2, in particular through (1) providing advice in strategic and technical questions, (2) doing research on the concept of 'close-to-nature forestry' and by (3) offering possibilities for training.
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