Methoden des terrestrischen Carbon Dioxide Removal (tCDR) wie Aufforstung und Biomasseplantagen werden zuweilen als effektive, 'grüne' und sichere Varianten des Klimaengineering (CE) verstanden wegen ihrer Möglichkeit, die natürliche CO2-Aufnahme durch die Biosphäre zu erhöhen, und ihrer denkbaren ökonomischen Tragfähigkeit. Erkenntnisse aus der ersten Phase des CE-LAND-Projekts legen indes nahe, dass tCDR aufgrund schwieriger erdsystemischer und ethischer Fragen ebenso kontrovers wie andere CE-Methoden ist. CO2-Budgetierungen und rein ökonomische Bewertungen sind daher um profunde Analysen der natürlichen Begrenzungen, der Auswirkungen auf das Erdsystem mit damit verbundenen Unsicherheiten, der Tradeoffs mit anderen Land- und Wassernutzungen und der weitreichenden ethischen Implikationen von tCDR-Maßnahmen zu ergänzen. Analysen hypothetischer Szenarien der ersten Projektphase zeigen, dass effektives tCDR die Umwidmung großer Flächen voraussetzt, womit schwierige Abwägungsprozesse mit anderen Landnutzungen verbunden wären. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich, dass signifikante Nebenwirkungen im Klimasystem (außer der bezweckten Senkung der Weltmitteltemperatur) und in terrestrischen biogeochemischen Kreisläufen aufträten. CE-LAND+ bietet eine tiefergehende quantitative, räumlich explizite Evaluierung der nicht-ökonomischen Kosten einer Biosphärentransformation für tCDR. Potentielle Tradeoffs und Impakts wie auch die systematische Untersuchung von Unsicherheiten in ihrer Abschätzung werden mit zwei Vegetationsmodellen, einem Erdsystemmodell und, neu im Projekt, dynamischen Biodiversitätsmodellen analysiert. Konkret wird CE-LAND+ bisher kaum bilanzierte Tradeoffs untersuchen: einerseits zwischen der Maximierung der Flächennutzung für tCDR bzw. Biodiversitätsschutz, andererseits zwischen der Maximierung der Süßwasserverfügbarkeit für tCDR bzw. Nahrungsmittelproduktion sowie Flussökosysteme. Auch werden die (in)direkten Auswirkungen veränderten Klimas und tCDR-bedingter Landnutzungsänderungen auf Wasserknappheit (mit diversen Metriken und unter Annahme verschiedener Varianten des Wassermanagements) und Biodiversität quantifiziert. Die Tradeoffs und Impakts werden im Kontext von neben der Bekämpfung des Klimawandels formulierten globalen Nachhaltigkeitszielen - Biodiversitätsschutz, Wasser- und Ernährungssicherheit interpretiert - was sonst nicht im Schwerpunktprogramm vermittelt wird. Ferner wird das Projekt zu besserem Verständnis und besserer Quantifizierung von Unsicherheiten von tCDR-Effekten unter zukünftigem Klima beitragen. Hierzu untersucht es modellstrukturbedingte Unterschiede, Wachstum und Mortalität von tCDR-Pflanzungen unter wärmeren und CO2-reicheren Bedingungen und Wechselwirkungen zwischen tCDR-bezogenen Landnutzungsaktivitäten und Klima. Schließlich wird CE-LAND+ in Kooperationen innerhalb des Schwerpunktprogramms und mit einer repräsentativen Auswahl von Szenarien zur Evaluierung tCDR-bedingter Tradeoffs aus umweltethischer Sicht beitragen.
The goal of this project is to capture and analyse fluctuations of the fresh water in the western Nordic Seas and to understand the related processes. The East Greenland Current in the Nordic Seas constitutes an important conduit for fresh water exiting the Arctic Ocean towards the North Atlantic. The Arctic Ocean receives huge amounts of fresh water by continental runoff and by import from the Pacific Ocean. Within the Arctic Ocean fresh water is concentrated at the surface through sea ice formation. The East Greenland Current carries this fresh water in variable fractions as sea ice and in liquid form; part of it enters the central Nordic Seas, via branching of the current and through eddies. It controls the intensity of deep water formation and dilutes the water masses which result from convection. The last decades showed significant changes of the fresh water yield and distribution in the Nordic Seas and such anomalies were found to circulate through the North Atlantic. In this project the fresh water inventory, its spatial distribution and its pathways between the East Greenland Current and the interior Greenland and Icelandic seas shall be captured by autonomous glider missions. The new measurements and existing data will, in combination with the modeling work of the research group, serve as basis for understanding the causes of the fresh water variability and their consequences for the North Atlantic circulation and deep water formation.
In recent years science has taken an increased interest in mineralization processes in tropical soils in particular under minimal tillage operations. Plant litter quality and management strongly affect mineralization-nitrification processes in soil and hence the fate of nitrogen in ecosystems and the environment. Plant secondary metabolites like lignin and polyphenols are poorly degradable and interact with proteins (protein binding capacity) and hence protect them from microbial attack. Nitrification, a microbiological process, directly and indirectly influences the efficiency of recovery of N in the vegetation as well as the loss of N (through denitrification and leaching) causing environmental pollution to water bodies and contributes to global warming (e.g. the greenhouse gas N2O is emitted as a by-product of nitrification and denitrification). Nitrifiers comprise a relatively narrow species diversity (at least as known to date) and are generally thought to be sensitive to low soil pH and stress. Despite these properties nitrification occurs in acid tropical soils with high levels of aluminium and manganese. Thus the main objective of the project will be the identification of micro-organisms and mechanisms responsible for mineralization-nitrification processes in acid tropical soils and the influence of long-term litter input of different chemical qualities and minimal tillage options. The project will include the use of stable isotopes (15N, 13C), mass spectrometry, gas chromatography (CO2, N2O), biochemical methods (PLFA) and molecular biology (16s rRNA., PCR, DGGE)
In freshwater sediments, iron oxidation is dominated by phototrophic and chemotrophic (aerobic and nitrate-reducing) Fe(ll)-oxidizing microorganisms. Although these biogeochemical processes have been investigated in detail in laboratory studies, not much is known about their spatial distribution, interactions (e.g. competition) amongst each other, as well as their response towards environmental perturbations (i.e. temperature, geochemical variations (nutrient, organic matter input)). This research proposal aims to investigate the activity, abundance and resource competition between different chemotrophic (aerobic and (autotrophic/mixotrophic) anaerobic nitrate-reducing) and phototrophic ironoxidizing microorganisms. In order to better understand the spatial distribution of nitrate-reducing iron oxidizing bacteria, microbial nitrate-producing and competing, nitrate-depletion processes will also be studied throughout the sedimentary redox gradient. In addition, the activity and abundance of the ironoxidizing processes will be quantified with (geo)microbiological, molecular and novel spectral imaging techniques. Using high resolution geochemical measurements (microsensors) we will characterize the environmental conditions these bacteria experience in order to determine the role of spatial and functional niche competition in microbial iron oxidation and the interconnection to the N-cycle. Iron mineral formation will be investigated as a function of the microbial spatial and temporal activity, depending on environmental perturbations. The proposed research study will strongly improve the understanding of iron cycling, the interconnection to the N-cycle, as well as interactions and competition between phototrophic and chemotrophic metabolisms in aquatic environments.
In order to understand the interlinked problems in the Nexus (Latin = connection, linkage, interrelation) of water, energy and food security, close cooperation between scientists and practitioners from different fields is necessary. The present and future challenge of a reliable supply with water, energy and food is an example, where isolated considerations do not lead to viable solutions. Sustainable action and meaningful research in these highly interconnected fields require a holistic and comprehensive perspective and a new approach. In this sense, a collaborative research structure with a holistic view on the Nexus of Water, Energy and Food security was established in 2013 at the Cologne University of Applied Sciences. The project bundles some of the research efforts of 11 professors from different faculties and institutes. The researchers jointly work on initiating new cooperation projects with partners from industry, academia and civil society. Together they aim at exploring new technologies and applying new approaches to solve major issues of efficiency and sustainability in resource use.
Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) is a plant pathogen of economic and ecologic importance. It is globally distributed in a wide range of forest, fruit, and ornamental trees and shrubs. In several areas of cherry and walnut production CLRV causes severe losses in yield and quality. With current reference to the rapid dissemination and strong symptom expression in Finnish birches and the Germany-wide distribution of CLRV in birches and elderberry, we continuously investigate and gradually reveal CLRV transmission pathways as by pollen, seeds or water. However, modes and interactions responsible for the wide intergeneric host transmission as well as for the exceptional CLRV epidemic in Fennoscandia still remain unknown. In this project systematic studies shall investigate biological vectors as a causal agent to finally derive control mechanisms and strategies to avoid new epidemics in different hosts and geographic regions. Detailed monitoring of the invertebrate fauna of birch stands/forests and elderberry plantations in Germany and Finland shall reveal potential vectors to subsequently study them in detail by approved virus detection methods and transmission experiments. Molecular analyses of the CLRV coat protein shall prove its role as a viral determinant for a virus/vector interaction. Consequently, this project essentially will contribute important answers on the CLRV epidemiology, and this will be a key element within the first network of research on plant viral pathogens in forest trees.
Chromium (Cr) is introduced into the environment by several anthropogenic activities. A striking ex-ample is the area around Kanpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, where large amounts of Cr-containing wastes have been recently illegally deposited. Hexavalent Cr, a highly toxic and mobile contaminant, is present in significant amounts in these wastes, severely affecting the quality of sur-roundings soils, sediments, and ground waters. The first major goal of this study is to clarify the solid phase speciation of Cr in these wastes and to examine its leaching behavior. X-ray diffraction and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques will be employed for quantitative solid phase speciation of Cr. Its leaching behavior will be studied in column experiments performed at un-saturated moisture conditions with flow interruptions simulating monsoon rain events. Combined with geochemical modeling, the results will allow the evaluation of the leaching potential and release kinetics of Cr from the waste materials. The second major goal is to investigate the spatial distribution, speciation, and solubility of Cr in the rooting zone of chromate-contaminated soils surrounding the landfills, and to study the suitability of biochar as novel soil amendment for mitigating the deleterious effects of chromate pollution. Detailed field samplings and laboratory soil incubation studies will be carried out with two agricultural soils and biochar from the Kanpur region.
Labor- und Feldstudien zeigen, dass die Oberflächengrenzschicht des Ozeans (â€Ìsurface microlayerâ€Ì, kurz SML) die biogeochemischen Kreisläufe von klimaaktiven und atmosphärisch wichtigen Spurengasen wie Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2), Kohlenstoffmonoxid (CO), Methan (CH4), Lachgas (N2O) und Dimethylsulfid (DMS) stark beeinflusst: (i) Jüngste Studien aus den PASSME- und SOPRAN-Projekten haben hervorgehoben, dass Anreicherungen von oberflächenaktiven Substanzen (d.h. Tensiden) einen starken (dämpfenden) Effekt sowohl auf die CO2- als auch auf die N2O-Flüsse über die SML/Atmosphären-Grenzfläche hinweg haben und (ii) Spurengase können durch (mikro)biologische oder (photo)chemische Prozesse in der SML produziert und verbraucht werden. Daher kann der oberste Teil des Ozeans, einschließlich der SML, verglichen mit dem Wasser, das in der Mischungsschicht unterhalb der SML zu finden ist, eine bedeutende Quelle oder Senke für diese Gase sein, was von sehr großer Relevanz für die Forschungseinheit BASS ist. Die Konzentrationen von CO2, N2O und anderen gelösten Gasen in der SML (oder den oberen Zentimetern des Ozeans) unterscheiden sich nachweislich von ihren Konzentrationen unterhalb der SML. Typischerweise werden die Nettoquellen und -senken wichtiger atmosphärischer Spurengase mit Konzentrationen berechnet, die in der Mischungsschicht gemessen wurden und mit Gasaustauschgeschwindigkeiten, die die SML nicht berücksichtigen. Diese Diskrepanzen führen zu falsch berechneten Austauschflüssen, die in der Folge zu großen Unsicherheiten in den Berechnungen der Klima-Antrieben und der Luftqualität in Erdsystemmodellen führen können. Durch die Verknüpfung unserer Spurengasmessungen mit Messungen von (i) der Dynamik und den molekularen Eigenschaften der organischen Materie und speziell des organischen Kohlenstoffs (SP1.1; SP1.5), (ii) der biologischen Diversität und der Stoffwechselaktivität (SP1.2), (iii) den optischen Eigenschaften der organischen Materie (SP1.3), (iv) der photochemischen Umwandlung der organischen Materie (SP1.4) und (v) den physikalischen Transportprozessen (SP2.3) werden wir ein umfassendes Verständnis darüber erlangen, wie die SML die Variabilität der Spurengasflüsse beeinflusst.
Egypt passed a revolution and changed its political system, but many problems are still lacking a solution. Especially in the field of water the North African country has to face many challenges. Most urgent are strategies to manage the limited water resources. About 80% of the available water resources are consumed for agriculture and the rest are for domestic and industrial activities. The management of these resources is inefficient and a huge amount of fresh water is discarded. The shortage of water supply will definitely influence the economic and cultural development of Egypt. In 2010, Egypt was ranked number 8 out of 165 nations reviewed in the so-called Water Security Risk Index published by Maplecroft. The ranking of each country in the index depends mainly on four key factors, i.e. access to improved drinking water and sanitation, the availability of renewable water and the reliance on external supplies, the relationship between available water and supply demands, and the water dependency of each countrys economy. Based on this study, the situation of water in Egypt was identified as extremely risky. A number of programs and developed strategies aiming to efficiently manage the usage of water resources have been carried out in the last few years by the Egyptian Government. But all these activities, however, require the availability of trained and well-educated individuals in water technology fields. Unfortunately, the number of water science graduates are decreasing and also there are few teaching and training courses for water science offered in Egypt. However, there is still a demand for several well-structured and international programs to fill the gap and provide the Egyptian fresh graduates with the adequate and up-to-date theoretical and practical knowledge available for water technology. IWaTec is designed to fill parts of this gap.
For surface soils, the mechanisms controlling soil organic C turnover have been thoroughly investigated. The database on subsoil C dynamics, however, is scarce, although greater than 50 percent of SOC stocks are stored in deeper soil horizons. The transfer of results obtained from surface soil studies to deeper soil horizons is limited, because soil organic matter (SOM) in deeper soil layers is exposed to contrasting environmental conditions (e.g. more constant temperature and moisture regime, higher CO2 and lower O2 concentrations, increasing N and P limitation to C mineralization with soil depth) and differs in composition compared to SOM of the surface layer, which in turn entails differences in its decomposition. For a quantitative analysis of subsoil SOC dynamics, it is necessary to trace the origins of the soil organic compounds and the pathways of their transformations. Since SOM is composed of various C pools which turn over on different time scales, from hours to millennia, bulk measurements do not reflect the response of specific pools to both transient and long-term change and may significantly underestimate CO2 fluxes. More detailed information can be gained from the fractionation of subsoil SOM into different functional pools in combination with the use of stable and radioactive isotopes. Additionally, soil-respired CO2 isotopic signatures can be used to understand the role of environmental factors on the rate of SOM decomposition and the magnitude and source of CO2 fluxes. The aims of this study are to (i) determine CO2 production and subsoil C mineralization in situ, (ii) investigate the vertical distribution and origin of CO2 in the soil profile using 14CO2 and 13CO2 analyses in the Grinderwald, and to (iii) determine the effect of environmental controls (temperature, oxygen) on subsoil C turnover. We hypothesize that in-situ CO2 production in subsoils is mainly controlled by root distribution and activity and that CO2 produced in deeper soil depth derives to a large part from the mineralization of fresh root derived C inputs. Further, we hypothesize that a large part of the subsoil C is potentially degradable, but is mineralized slower compared with the surface soil due to possible temperature or oxygen limitation.
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