Background: An increasing frequency of massive flooding along the lower Yangtse River in China ended in a disastrous catastrophe in summer 1998 leaving several thousand people homeless, more than 3.600 dead and causing enormous economic damage. Inappropriate land-use techniques and large scale timber felling in the water catchment of the upper Yangtse and its feeder streams were stated to be the main causes. Immediate timber cutting bans were imposed and investigations on land use patterns were initiated by the Chinese Government. The Institute for World Forestry of the Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products was approached by the Yunnan Academy of Forestry in Kunming to exchange experiences and to cooperate scientifically in the design and application of appropriate afforestation and silvicultural management techniques in the water catchment area of the Yangtse. This cooperation was initiated in 1999 and is based on formal agreements in the fields of agrarian research between the German and Chinese Governments. Objectives: The cooperation was in the first step focussing on the identification of factors which caused the enormous floodings. After their identification measures of prevention were determined and put into practice. In this context experiences made in past centuries in the alpine region of central Europe served as an incentive and example for similar environmental problems and solutions under comparable conditions. Relevant key questions of the cooperation project were: - Analysis of forest related factors influencing the recent floodings of the Yangtse, - Analysis and evaluation of silvicultural management experiences from central Europe for know-how transfer, - Evaluation of rehabilitation measures for successful application in Yunnan, - Dissemination of knowledge through vocational training. Results: - Frequent wild grazing of husbandry is a key factor for forest degeneration beyond unsustainable timber harvests, forest fires and insect calamities leading to increased water run-off in the mountainous region of Yunnan; - Browsing of cattle interrupts succession thus avoiding natural regeneration and leaving a logging ban ineffective; - Mountain pasture in the Alps had similar effects in the past in central Europe. The introduction of controlled grazing has led to an ecologically compatible coexistence of pasture and ecology. Close-to-nature forestry can have positive effects in this sensitive environment. - Afforestation with site adopted broadleaves and coniferous tree species was implemented on demonstration level using advanced techniques in Yunnan.
Fusarium species of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex cause serious diseases on different crops such as rice, wheat and maize. An important group of plant pathogens is the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFC) of closely related Fusarium species which are associated with specific hosts; F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum are particularly associated with maize where they can cause serious ear-, root-, and stalk rot diseases. Two other closely related species of the GFC, F. mangiferae and F. fujikuroi, which share about 90Prozent sequence identity with F. verticillioides, are pathogens on mango and rice, respectively. All of these species produce a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites such as phytohormones (gibberellins, auxins, and cytokinins), and harmful mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, fusarin C, or fusaric acid in large quantities. However, the spectrum of those mycotoxins might differ between closely related species suggesting that secondary metabolites might be determinants for host specificity. In this project, we will study the potential impact of secondary metabolites (i.e. phytohormones and certain mycotoxins) and some other species-specific factors (e.g. species-specific transcription factors) on host specificity. The recently sequenced genomes of F. mangiferae and F. fujikuroi by our groups and the planned sequencing of F. proliferatum will help to identify such determinants by genetic manipulation of the appropriate metabolic pathway(s).
The gross carbon uptake of terrestrial vegetation through photosynthesis is a crucial parameter in climate change research. A global, observation-based characterization of ecosystem gross primary production can only be performed with satellite measurements. However, the traditional description of vegetation from space is based on the so-called spectral vegetation indices, which are not able to provide a reliable indication of photosynthetic efficiency driving carbon assimilation by vegetation. This results in an inherent limitation of existing satellite products to provide an accurate description of ecosystem functioning. By contrast, ongoing developments in instrument design and modelling approaches have very recently made possible the retrieval of vegetation chlorophyll fluorescence from space measurements. A vast number of laboratory and field experiments have demonstrated that fluorescence is a direct proxy to vegetation light use efficiency which can therefore enable a much more accurate description of gross primary production. This project proposes the implementation of a research group with focus on the global monitoring and interpretation of chlorophyll fluorescence from existing and upcoming Earth Observation missions. This task will imply the development of a variety of atmospheric-surface radiative transfer modelling approaches, data processing, retrieval techniques and ecosystem modelling tools, with the ultimate objective of developing a new approach to the observation of carbon assimilation by vegetation from space.
Soil structure determines a large part of the spatial heterogeneity in water storage and fluxes from the plot to the hillslope scale. In recent decades important progress in hydrological research has been achieved by including soil structure in hydrological models. One of the main problems herein remains the difficulty of measuring soil structure and quantifying its influence on hydrological processes. As soil structure is very often of biogenic origin (macropores), the main objective of this project is to use the influence of bioactivity and resulting soil structures to describe and support modelling of hydrological processes at different scales. Therefore, local scale bioactivity will be linked to local infiltration patterns under varying catchment conditions. At hillslope scale, the spatial distribution of bioactivity patterns will be linked to connectivity of subsurface structures to explain subsurface stormflow generation. Then we will apply species distribution modelling of key organisms in order to extrapolate the gained knowledge to the catchment scale. As on one hand, bioactivity influences the hydrological processes, but on the other hand the species distribution also depends on soil moisture contents, including the feedbacks between bioactivity and soil hydrology is pivotal for getting reliable predictions of catchment scale hydrological behavior under land use change and climate change.
The project's objective is to support JRC IPTS in revising the existing Ecolabel and GPP criteria of televisions. The priority in this revision process is to first analyse which of the existing criteria and the supporting evidence are still valid and to identify the additional research that should be carried out. Potential additional criteria can be developed, if identified as necessary in the course of the study. The study starts with a definition of the scope; the necessarity for new or revised Ecolabel and GPP criteria is based on a market analysis and a technical analysis with research on the most significant environmental impacts during the whole life cycle of the products. This also includes the application of a consistent methodological approach regarding the hazardous substances criteria. Based on these findings, the improvement potential will be derived resulting in a proposal for a revised Ecolabel and GPP criteria set for televisions which will be discussed in a European stakeholder process.
Das Programm Soziale Stadt ist ein Städtebauförderungsprogramm. Es wurde zwischen1999 und 2019 eingesetzt, um einer zunehmenden sozialräumlichen Spaltung in deutschen Städten entgegenzuwirken. Benachteiligte Stadtteile und Quartiere mit besonderen sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und städtebaulichen Problemen sollten durch das Programm in ihrer Entwicklung gefördert, aufgewertet und stabilisiert werden. Zu den Soziale Stadt-Gebieten der Stadt Bremen gehören derzeit: Neue Vahr Osterholz-Tenever Huchting Hemelingen Huckelriede Zu den ehemaligen Soziale Stadt-Gebieten der Stadt Bremen gehören: Lüssum-Bockhorn Gröpelingen Oslebshausen Grohn Schweizer Viertel Kattenturm
Das Programm "Wohnen in Nachbarschaften (WiN) - Stadtteile für die Zukunft entwickeln" ist ein kommunales Handlungsprogramm, das die Stadt Bremen 1998 ins Leben gerufen hat, um einer zunehmenden Spaltung der städtischen Gesellschaft entgegenzuwirken. Es versteht sich als Teil einer langfristig angelegten integrierten Stadtentwicklungspolitik, in der mehrere Programme gebündelt werden, um Stadtteile in ihrer Entwicklung zu fördern. WiN-Gebiete mit einer Basisfördersumme von 100%: Gröpelingen Neue Vahr Osterholz-Tenever Kattenturm Huchting Lüssum-Bockhorn Hemelingen Schweizer Viertel WiN-Gebiete mit einer Basisfördersumme von 50%: Huckelriede Oslebshausen Grohn Blumenthal Marßel Weitere Informationen unter: https://www.bauumwelt.bremen.de/sixcms/detail.php?gsid=bremen213.c.5209.de und https://www.sozialestadt.bremen.de/programme/win___wohnen_in_nachbarschaften-3534
Die Stickstoff-Gesamtbilanz (synonym: Hoftorbilanz, Sektorbilanz, Stoffstrombilanz) für die Landwirtschaft umfasst die drei Komponenten: Flächenbilanz (Pflanzen- bzw. Bodenproduktion), Stallbilanz (tierische Erzeugung) und Biogasbilanz (Erzeugung von Biogas). Für regionale Gliederungen unterhalb der Ebene des Bundesgebietes, das heißt für Bundesländer, Kreise oder Gemeinden, können nach wie vor aufgrund der eingeschränkten Datenverfügbarkeit im Regelfall nur Flächenbilanzen ermittelt werden. Grundsätzlich ist an regionalisierte Bilanzierungen die Forderung zu stellen, dass sich mit der jeweiligen Methodik ein annähernd identischer Wert des Flächenbilanzüberschusses berechnet (in der Summe über alle regionalen Einheiten im Bundesgebiet) wie für Deutschland als Ganzes. Die Zeitreihe des Bundesministeriums für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL 2024) für das Bundesgebiet ist dabei als Referenzwert anzusehen. Der N-Überschuss der Flächenbilanz entspricht der Differenz zwischen den N-Zufuhren und den N-Abfuhren auf der landwirtschaftlich genutzten Fläche der Kreise während eines Bilanzjahres. In der vorliegenden Berechnung beinhaltet der Flächenbilanz-Überschuss den Eintrag von Stickstoff in den Boden (i) ohne Abzug der NH3-Verluste, die bei der Ausbringung von Wirtschaftsdünger, Gärresten und Mineraldünger auf der Fläche auftreten, sowie (ii) ohne Abzug von N2-, NOX- und N2O-Emissionen aus dem Boden, die in Folge von Nitrifikation und Denitrifikation entstehen. Weiterhin werden die N-Verluste infolge des Abbaus der organischen Bodensubstanz in anmoorigen und Moor-Böden unter Acker- und Grünland-Nutzung nicht berücksichtigt.
Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) is a plant pathogen of economic and ecologic importance. It is globally distributed in a wide range of forest, fruit, and ornamental trees and shrubs. In several areas of cherry and walnut production CLRV causes severe losses in yield and quality. With current reference to the rapid dissemination and strong symptom expression in Finnish birches and the Germany-wide distribution of CLRV in birches and elderberry, we continuously investigate and gradually reveal CLRV transmission pathways as by pollen, seeds or water. However, modes and interactions responsible for the wide intergeneric host transmission as well as for the exceptional CLRV epidemic in Fennoscandia still remain unknown. In this project systematic studies shall investigate biological vectors as a causal agent to finally derive control mechanisms and strategies to avoid new epidemics in different hosts and geographic regions. Detailed monitoring of the invertebrate fauna of birch stands/forests and elderberry plantations in Germany and Finland shall reveal potential vectors to subsequently study them in detail by approved virus detection methods and transmission experiments. Molecular analyses of the CLRV coat protein shall prove its role as a viral determinant for a virus/vector interaction. Consequently, this project essentially will contribute important answers on the CLRV epidemiology, and this will be a key element within the first network of research on plant viral pathogens in forest trees.
Die große Sauerstoffkatastrophe (Great Oxidation Event - GOE) kennzeichnet den starken Anstieg von molekularem Sauerstoff (O2) in der Atmosphäre während der Frühgeschichte der Erde, was flächendeckende Habitabilität ermöglicht und komplexes Leben auf der Erde erlaubt. Viele Fragen sind diesbezüglich weiterhin offen. Was dazu führte, dass sich Sauerstoff in der Atmosphäre anreicherte, der Zeitpunkt und das Ausmaß sind nicht gut bestimmt. Erst jetzt ist es möglich die komplizierten Wechselwirkungen zwischen atmosphärischen, biologischen und geologischen Prozessen zu identifizieren. Das sich daraus ergebende Absterben methanogener Lebensformen und das Auftreten eines sogenannten Schneeball-Erden-Zustandes sind Beispiele für die extremen Auswirkungen des GOE. Eine zentrale Frage, die wir untersuchen, ist ob der GOE in einem linearen oder, aufgrund einer möglichen Bistabilität von Sauerstoff, in einem sprungweisen Anstieg von O2 erfolgte. Des Weiteren studieren wir den Einfluss des Kohlenstoffzyklus und des Klimas auf die Charakteristika und den Zeitpunkt des GOE. Wir wenden unsere Erfahrung in eindimensionalen (1D) und 3D Klimamodellierungen an, um die Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Klima auf den GOE zu ermitteln. Um dies zu erreichen entwickeln und verwenden wir unser einzigartiges Atmosphärenmodell mit detailliertem Sauerstoffzyklus (inklusive zum Beispiel Verwitterungsprozesse, atmosphärische Photochemie) welches die Atmosphäre, Biosphäre und Geosphäre umfasst. Ein wichtiges Ziel ist die Analyse der Kernprozesse für den GOE unter der Berücksichtigung jüngster Ergebnisse geologischer Untersuchungen (zu zum Beispiel Oberflächendruck, atmosphärischen Treibhausgases, usw.).
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