La methode developpee consiste a assimiler le tremblement a une vibration, a le mesurer et l'analyser comme telle. L'interet suscite par les premiers resultats publies depuis 1979 a incite a preciser certains parametres pouvant influencer, soit le tremblement lui-meme, soit son enregistrement. D'autre part, cette etude vise aussi a simplifier le depouillement et l'analyse de l'enregistrement, a definir les indices les plus aptes a carateriser le spectre du tremor, enfin a apprecier la reproductibilite inter- et intra-individuelle. Sont presentes ici les resultats d'une etude du tremor de la main portant sur un groupe de 30 personnes en bonne sante. Il est prevu d'utiliser la methode dans diverses situations cliniques. (FRA)
Ziel ist die methodische Weiterentwicklung der im Tox-Box-Verbund aufgestellten In-vitro-Testbatterie, da die Funktionen des Nervensystems unter dem Einfluss chemischer Substanzen in ihrer Komplexität nur hinreichend zu bewerten sind, wenn möglichst alle Zellarten berücksichtigt werden. Spezifische Aussagen zur Neurotoxizität lassen sich nur gewinnen, indem neue Erkenntnisse zur Kultivierung organspezifischer Zelllinien und spezifische Endpunkte für das Nervensystem einbezogen werden. Die Modifizierung der Teststrategie soll zu wissenschaftlich belastbaren gesundheitlichen Orientierungswerten (GOW) und somit zu einer verlässlicheren humantoxikologischen Bewertung (bislang ungeregelter) anthropogener Spurenstoffe bezüglich Neurotoxizität führen. Die zu entwickelnde Teststrategie zeigt ein hohes Innovationspotenzial für die regulatorische Toxikologie, bietet die Grundlage zur Weiterentwicklung zellbiologischer Verfahren hinsichtlich der Humanrelevanz, kann auf weitere Regelungsbereiche übertragen werden und wird zur Reduktion von Tierversuchen beitragen. Die 6 Arbeitspakete (AP) befassen sich mit der Validierung der dreistufigen Testbatterie aus dem Projekt 'Tox-Box (AP 1.1), der Kokultivierung verschiedener Zelltypen zur besseren Simulation der In-vivo Verhältnisse (AP 1.2), der Erhöhung der Organspezifität durch den Einsatz von Mikrogliazellen (Immuneffektorzellen, AP 1.3), der Signalübertragung in Nervenzellen mittels Testung differenzierter Stammzellen (AP 1.4) und der Simulation des Übertritts von Chemikalien über die Blut-Hirn-Schranke (AP 1.5). AP 1.6 koordiniert den Verbund und die Entwicklung einer erweiterten Teststrategie für den Endpunkt Neurotoxizität innerhalb des GOW-Konzepts.
Metals reach humans through food and drinking water intake and inhalation of airborne particles and can have detrimental health effects in particular for children. The metals presented here (lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury) could lead to toxic effects such as neurotoxicity, mutagenicity, and have been classified as (possible) carcinogens. Using population representative data from the German Environmental Survey 2014-2017 (GerES V) from 3- to 17-year-old children on lead and cadmium in blood (n = 720) and on cadmium, chromium, and mercury in urine (n = 2250) we describe current internal exposure levels, and socio-demographic and substance-specific exposure determinants. Average internal exposure (geometric means) in blood was 9.47 (micro)g/L for lead and below 0.06 (micro)g/L (limit of quantification) for cadmium, and in urine 0.072 (micro)g/L for cadmium, 0.067 (micro)g/L for mercury, and 0.393 (micro)g/L for chromium, respectively. Younger children have higher concentrations of lead and chromium compared to 14-17-year-old adolescents, and boys have slightly higher mercury concentrations than girls. With respect to substance specific determinants, higher lead concentrations emerged in participants with domestic fuel and in non-smoking children with smokers in the household, higher levels of cadmium were associated with smoking and vegetarian diet and higher levels of mercury with the consumption of seafood and amalgam teeth fillings. No specific exposure determinants emerged for chromium. The health based guidance value HBM-I was not exceeded for mercury and for cadmium in urine it was exceeded by 0.6% of the study population. None of the exceedances was related to substantial tobacco smoke exposure. Comparisons to previous GerES cycles (GerES II, 1990-1992; GerES IV, 2003-2006) indicate continuously lower levels. © 2021 Elsevier GmbH
Acrylamide, a substance potentially carcinogenic in humans, represents a very prevalent contaminant in food and is also contained in tobacco smoke. Occupational exposure to higher concentrations of acrylamide was shown to induce neurotoxicity in humans. To minimize related risks for public health, it is vital to obtain data on the actual level of exposure in differently affected segments of the population. To achieve this aim, acrylamide has been added to the list of substances of concern to be investigated in the HBM4EU project, a European initiative to obtain biomonitoring data for a number of pollutants highly relevant for public health. This report summarizes the results obtained for acrylamide, with a focus on time-trends and recent exposure levels, obtained by HBM4EU as well as by associated studies in a total of seven European countries. Mean biomarker levels were compared by sampling year and time-trends were analyzed using linear regression models and an adequate statistical test. An increasing trend of acrylamide biomarker concentrations was found in children for the years 2014-2017, while in adults an overall increase in exposure was found to be not significant for the time period of observation (2000-2021). For smokers, represented by two studies and sampling for, over a total three years, no clear tendency was observed. In conclusion, samples from European countries indicate that average acrylamide exposure still exceeds suggested benchmark levels and may be of specific concern in children. More research is required to confirm trends of declining values observed in most recent years. © 2022 by the authors