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(Table 2) Species density and composition of an inshore and offshore station in Kongsfjord, Svalbard

<p>Megafauna plays an important role in benthic ecosystems and contributes significantly to benthic biomass in the Arctic. The distribution is mostly studied using towed cameras. Here, we compare the megafauna from two sites located at different distances from the Kongsfjord: one station at the entrance to the fjord, another on the outer shelf. Although they are only located 25 km apart and at comparable depth, there were significant differences in their species composition. While the inshore station was characterized by shrimps (2.57 +/- 2.18 ind./m**2) and brittlestars (3.21 +/- 3.21 ind./m**2), the offshore site harboured even higher brittlestar densities (15.23 +/- 9.32 ind./m**2) and high numbers of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus pallidus (1.23 +/- 1.09 ind./m**2). Phytodetrital concentrations of the upper sediment centimetres were significantly higher inshore compared with offshore. At a smaller scale, there were also differences in the composition of different transect sections. Several taxa were characterized by a patchy distribution along transects. We conclude that these differences were caused primarily by habitat characteristics. The seafloor inshore was characterized by glacial soft sediments, whereas the station offshore harboured large quantities of stones. Although the use of a new web-2.0-based tool, BIIGLE (http://www.BIIGLE.de), allowed us to analyse more images (~90) than could have been achieved by hand, taxon area curves indicated that the number of images analysed was not sufficient to capture the species inventory fully. New automated image analysis tools would enable a rapid analysis of larger quantities of camera footage.</p>

INSPIRE: The 1:5 Million International Geological Map of Europe and Adjacent Area (IGME5000-EU)

The IGME5000-EU (INSPIRE) represents the pre-quaternary bedrock geology (onshore and offshore) of the European map on a scale of 1:5,000,000. According to the Data Specification on Geology (D2.8.II.4_v3.0) the content of the geological map is stored in two INSPIRE-compliant GML files: IGME5000-EU_GeologicUnit.gml contains the geologic units and IGME5000-EU_GeologicStructure.gml comprises the faults. The GML files together with a Readme.txt file are provided in ZIP format (IGME5000-EU-INSPIRE.zip). The Readme.text file (German/English) contains detailed information on the GML files content. Data transformation was proceeded by using the INSPIRE Solution Pack for FME according to the INSPIRE requirements.

H2Mare-VB2, Teilvorhaben: Erforschung der Offshore-Erzeugung von verflüssigtem Methan, der CO2-Bereitstellung aus Meerwasser, Untersuchung der H2-Produktion mithilfe der Meerwasserelektrolyse und das Wassermanagement auf einer Offshore Plattform

Neue robotische Handhabungstechniken und KI-Algorithmen zur präzisen Handhabung von Objekten im Meer am Beispiel von Munitionsaltlasten

Ökosystemantworten auf kontinuierliche Offshore Schallspektren, Vorhaben: Die Auswirkungen anthropogener Unterwassergeräusche auf Verhalten und physiologische Reaktionen von marinen Invertebraten

Ecotoxicology of Organotin compounds

Organotin and especially butyltin compounds are used for a variety of applications, e.g. as biocides, stabilizers, catalysts and intermediates in chemical syntheses. Tributyltin (TBT) compounds exhibit the greatest toxicity of all organotins and have even been characterized as one of the most toxic groups of xenobiotics ever produced and deliberately introduced into the environment. TBT is not only used as an active biocidal compound in antifouling paints, which are designed to prevent marine and freshwater biota from settlement on ship hulls, harbour and offshore installations, but also as a biocide in wood preservatives, textiles, dispersion paints and agricultural pesticides. Additionally, it occurs as a by-product of mono- (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) compounds, which are used as UV stabilizer in many plastics and for other applications. Triphenyltin (TPT) compounds are also used as the active biocide in antifouling paints outside Europe and furthermore as an agricultural fungicide since the early 1960s to combat a range of fungal diseases in various crops, particularly potato blight, leaf spot and powdery mildew on sugar beet, peanuts and celery, other fungi on hop, brown rust on beans, grey moulds on onions, rice blast and coffee leaf rust. Although the use of TBT and TPT was regulated in many countries world-wide from restrictions for certain applications to a total ban, these compounds are still present in the environment. In the early 1970s the impact of TBT on nontarget organisms became apparent. Among the broad variety of malformations caused by TBT in aquatic animals, molluscs have been found to be an extremely sensitive group of invertebrates and no other pathological condition produced by TBT at relative low concentrations rivals that of the imposex phenomenon in prosobranch gastropods speaking in terms of sensitivity. TBT induces imposex in marine prosobranchs at concentrations as low as 0,5 ng TBT-Sn/L. Since 1993, for the littorinid snail Littorina littorea a second virilisation phenomenon, termed intersex, is known. In female specimens affected by intersex the pallial oviduct is transformed of towards a male morphology with a final supplanting of female organs by the corresponding male formations. Imposex and intersex are morphological alterations caused by a chronic exposure to ultra-trace concentrations of TBT. A biological effect monitoring offers the possibility to determine the degree of contamination with organotin compounds in the aquatic environment and especially in coastal waters without using any expensive analytical methods. Furthermore, the biological effect monitoring allows an assessment of the existing TBT pollution on the basis of biological effects. Such results are normally more relevant for the ecosystem than pure analytical data. usw.

Modellierung virtueller Offshore Windparks zum flexiblen Betrieb sowie zur Last- und Performanceoptimierung, Teilvorhaben: Modellierung virtueller Offshore Windparks zur Betriebs-, Last und Performanceoptimierung

Der Status quo in der Regelung von Windparks ist die Maximierung des Ertrags. Dies liegt einerseits an einer festen Einspeisevergütung nach EEG für Windparks in den ersten Betriebsjahren, zum anderen existieren keine zertifizierten Regler, die einen Betrieb bspw. in Abhängigkeit der ertragenen Lasten von Windenergieanlagen (WEA) zulassen. In diesem Projekt baut das IWES eine Echtzeitsimulation für Windparks auf, sodass die Windparkregelung effizient angepasst werden kann, dass ein Optimum aus Betriebslasten und Ertrag zu erzielt wird. Die Echtzeitsimulation erlaubt es hierbei, ohne Eingriff in einen realen Park, die Funktionsweise der Regelung zu testen und somit bspw. den Einfluss von 'Wake-Steering' oder Abregelung der Leistung einzelner WEA zu untersuchen. Hierbei wird durch die Echtzeitsimulation auch ein Abschätzen der bereits ertragenen Lasten eines Windparks ermöglicht. Dadurch kann der Betrieb der Turbinen so angepasst werden, dass stärker belastete WEA durch Lastreduzierung geschont und schwachbelastete WEA durch eine erhöhte Ertragsvorgabe mehr belastet werden. Hierbei kann durch die Echtzeitsimulation vom IWES dynamisch auf sich ändernde Umgebungsbedingungen des Windparks reagiert und ein Windparkregler getestet werden. Somit wird durch den digitalen Windparkzwilling ein Optimum aus Lasten und Ertrag ermöglicht.

Verlässliche Prognose von anthropogenem, impulsartigem Unterwasserschall über weite Entfernungen

Aufbauend auf Vorarbeiten des Autors und der Gastinstitution sollen Modelle zur Vorhersage von Offshore Rammschall beim Bau von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen und anderen impulshaltigen Unterwasserschallsignalen in beliebigen Umgebungen ermöglicht werden. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Entwicklung eines Ausbreitungsmodells für komplexe Umgebungen, welches die gleichzeitige Berücksichtigung von starken Bathymetrieänderungen (sowohl in zwei wie auch in drei Dimensionen) und Böden mit hohen Scheer Geschwindigkeiten ermöglicht. Hauptanwendungsgebiet soll zunächst die Akustik von Offshore Pfahlrammungen sein, bei der vor allem die Entwicklung von geeigneten Modellen zur Verwendung von Schallschutzsystemen im Vordergrund steht. Aufgrund der in weiten Teilen nur sehr ungefähr bekannten Eingangsparameter für die entsprechenden Modelle, vor allem in Bezug auf die Bodenparameter, soll außerdem die Abschätzung der Vorhersagegenauigkeit unter Berücksichtigung weiterer Parameter vertieft werden. Für alle Teilpakete existieren bereits Messdaten, die für eine entsprechende Validierung genutzt werden sollen.

Natural ocean alkalinization through erosion of glacial till and weathering at the seafloor: coastal cliff

Climate change-driven deglaciation and erosion in high-latitude regions enhance the flux of terrigenous material to the coastal ocean. Newly exposed land surfaces left behind by retreating glaciers are covered by glacial till, which is rich in fine-grained minerals. Many of these minerals are undersaturated in seawater and thus prone to dissolution (i.e., seafloor weathering). Consequently, intensified erosion and mineral weathering may act as an additional CO₂ sink while supplying alkalinity to coastal waters. To evaluate this hypothesis, we carried out a sediment geochemical study in the southwestern Baltic Sea, where coastal erosion of glacial till is the dominant source of terrigenous material to offshore depocenters. We analyzed glacial till from coastal cliffs, sediments, and pore waters for major element composition using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and an elemental analyzer. Water samples were further analyzed for dissolved redox species and dissolved silica by photometry and ion chromatography. These data were then used to quantify mineral dissolution and precipitation processes and to assess their net effect on inorganic carbon cycling.

H2Mare-VB2, Teilvorhaben: Erforschung von Konzepten für integrierte PtX-Verfahren zur Herstellung von Fischer-Tropsch-Produkten, Methanol und Ammoniak auf Offshore-Plattformen

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