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BACKGROUND: The Kingdom of Jordan belongs to the ten water scarcest countries in the world, and climate change is likely to increase the frequency of future droughts. Jordan is considered among the 10 most water impoverished countries in the world, with per capita water availability estimated at 170 m per annum, compared to an average of 1,000 m per annum in other countries. Jordan Government has taken the strategic decision to develop a conveyor system including a 325 km pipe to pump 100 million cubic meters per year of potable water from Disi-Mudawwara close to the Saudi Border in the south, to the Greater Amman area in the north. The construction of the water pipeline has started end of 2009 and shall be finished in 2013. Later on, the pipeline could serve as a major part of a national water carrier in order to convey desalinated water from the Red Sea to the economically most important central region of the country. The conveyor project will not only significantly increase water supplies to the capital, but also provide for the re-allocation of current supplies to other governorates, and for the conservation of aquifers. In the context of the Disi project that is co-funded by EIB two Environmental and Social Management Plans have been prepared: one for the private project partners and one for the Jordan Government. The latter includes the Governments obligation to re-balance water allocations to irrigation and to gradually restore the protected wetlands of Azraq (Ramsar site) east of Amman that has been depleted due to over-abstraction by re-directing discharge of highland aquifers after the Disi pipeline becomes operational. The Water Strategy recognizes that groundwater extraction for irrigation is beyond acceptable limits. Since the source is finite and priority should be given to human consumption it proposes to tackle the demand for irrigation through tariff adjustments, improved irrigation technology and disincentive to water intensive crops. The Disi aquifer is currently used for irrigation by farms producing all kinds of fruits and vegetables on a large scale and exporting most of their products to the Saudi and European markets and it is almost a third of Jordan's total consumption. The licenses for that commercial irrigation were finished by 2011/12. Whilst the licenses will be not renewed the difficulty will be the enforcement and satellite based information become an important supporting tool for monitoring. OUTLOOK: The ESA funded project Water management had the objective to support the South-North conveyor project and the activities of EIB together with the MWI in Jordan to ensure the supply of water for the increasing demand. EO Information provides a baseline for land cover and elevation and support the monitoring of further stages. usw.
Das Liegenschaftskataster wird in elektronischer Form im Amtlichen Liegenschaftskatasterinformationssystem (ALKIS) geführt. Der vorliegende Web Feature Service ermöglicht das gezielte Herunterladen von in ALKIS geführten GeoObjekten auf Basis einer Suchanfrage (Direktzugriffs-Downloaddienst). Der Dienst stellt ausschließlich folgende GeoObjekte beschränkt auf die wesentlichen Eigenschaften im Format eines vereinfachten Datenaustauschschemas bereit, das in dieser Produktspezifikation festgelegt ist: Flurstücke, Gebäude, Tatsächliche Nutzungen, Verwaltungseinheiten, Katasterbezirke. Der Dienst ist konzipiert zur Nutzung in einfachen praxisgängigen GIS-Clients ohne komplexe Funktionalitäten. Maßstab: 1:1000; Erläuterung zum Fachbezug: Der Downloaddienst beinhaltet folgende FeatureType: ave:Flurstueck ave:GebaeudeBauwerk ave:Nutzung
Der Bodenrichtwert ist der durchschnittliche Lagewert bezogen auf einen Quadratmeter Grundstücksfläche des Bodenrichtwertgrundstücks. Die Bodenrichtwerte werden in Sachsen-Anhalt flächendeckend zum Stichtag 01. Januar eines jeden zweiten Jahres für Bauland sowie für land- und forstwirtschaftliche Flächen ermittelt und veröffentlicht. Die Bodenrichtwerte sind als Datensätze, Dienste und als Präsentationsausgaben verfügbar.
Auf Blatt Neumünster ist das Norddeutsche Tiefland mit dem Schleswig-Holsteinischen Wattenmeer erfasst. Bei Brunsbüttel münden der Nord-Ostsee-Kanal und die Elbe in die Nordsee. Die Morphologie des Norddeutschen Tieflandes ist eiszeitlich geprägt. Zu den glazialen Ablagerungen der Elster-, Saale- bzw. Weichselkaltzeit zählen glazilimnische Beckensedimente, Geschiebelehm der Grundmoränen, fluviatile und glazifluviatile Ablagerungen sowie äolische Sande. Im Küstenbereich wird die Sedimentverteilung von holozänen Lockergesteinen verschiedener Faziesbereiche dominiert: Meeresboden, Hallig- und Strandbereich sowie Watt- und Marschgebiete. In den Flusstälern der Elbe, Eider, Oste und Stör reichen die brackischen Ablagerungen des Holozäns weit in das Festland hinein. Die Aufbrüche von älteren Sedimentgesteinen sind an die Dynamik der Zechstein-Salze im Untergrund gebunden. In Folge des Salzauftriebs kam es zum Aufbeulen der überlagernden (mesozoischen und känozoischen) Schichten, zu tektonischen Brüchen und Verwerfungen. So tritt beispielsweise Oberkreide in der Gegend südlich von Itzehoe unter der quartären Deckschicht zu Tage; Tonsteine des Rotliegenden sind südöstlich von Elmshorn aufgeschlossen. Neben der Legende, die über Alter, Petrographie und Genese der dargestellten Einheiten informiert, gewährt ein geologischer Schnitt zusätzliche Einblicke in den Aufbau des Untergrundes. Das Nordwest-Südost-Profil schneidet die Salzstöcke von Westerhever, Oldenswort, Heide, Süderhastedt, Krempe, Elmshorn und Quickborn und veranschaulicht die Dynamik der Zechstein-Salze.
Outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to consumptions of fresh, or partially processed, agricultural products are a growing concern in industrialized and developing countries. The incidence of human pathogens on fresh fruits and vegetables is often related to the use of recycled wastewaster in surface irrigation as well as high amounts of animal manure in agricultural management practice. Thereby the soil inhabiting fauna plays an important role in the transport and dissemination of microorganisms. The focus of the proposed project is on nematodes, well known vectors for bacteria and viruses in soil. The major goals are to: (1) survey human pathogens in soil and on/in free-living and plant parasitic nematodes in agriculture field sites irrigated with recycled wastewater or fertilized with fresh animal manure in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, (2) assess the function of nematodes as vectors in transmitting bacteria from microbial hot spots to plants, and (3) localize bacteria on and/or within the nematode and identify bacterial factors required for survival in the nematode host. Understanding the mechanisms involved in dissemination of human pathogens by nematodes will enhance the ability to develop practical means to minimize contamination of fresh produce and increase safety in food production.
Traditional Indonesian homegardens harbour often high crop diversity, which appears to be an important basis for a sustainable food-first strategy. Crop pollination by insects is a key ecosystem service but threatened by agricultural intensification and land conversion. Gaps in knowledge of actual benefits from pollination services limit effective management planning. Using an integrative and agronomic framework for the assessment of functional pollination services, we will conduct ecological experiments and surveys in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. We propose to study pollination services and net revenues of the locally important crop species cucumber, carrot, and eggplant in traditional homegardens in a forest distance gradient, which is hypothesized to affect bee community structure and diversity. We will assess pollination services and interactions with environmental variables limiting fruit maturation, based on pollination experiments in a split-plot design of the following factors: drought, nutrient deficiency, weed pressure, and herbivory. The overall goal of this project is the development of 'biodiversity-friendly' land-use management, balancing human and ecological needs for local smallholders.
AdV-ALKIS-WMS-ST (d.h. AdV-konformer ALKIS-WMS) ist ein Auszug aus dem Geobasisinformationssystem ohne Eigentümerangaben. - Flächendeckende Beschreibung der Angaben zu den Layern "Flurstuecke", "Gebaeude" sowie zu den Gruppierungen "Tatsaechliche Nutzung" und "Gesetzliche Festlegungen" gemäß der entsprechenden Objektbereiche im ALKIS-Objektartenkatalog. Die Gruppierung "Weiteres" ist optional und zurzeit nicht angelegt. Alle ALKIS-Objekte des Grunddatenbestandes (außer Grenzpunkte und Netzpunkte) sind Pflichtinhalte. Alle weiteren ALKIS-Objekte können optional geführt werden. Die Präsentation der ALKIS-Daten erfolgt grundsätzlich nach dem ALKIS-Signaturenkatalog für AdV-Standardausgaben. Soweit im Signaturenkatalog festgelegt, stehen für alle Layer Darstellungen in Farbe zur Verfügung. Für "Flurstuecke" und "Gebaeude" werden zusätzlich Darstellungen in Graustufen (entsprechend Signaturenkatalog) und in Gelb (keine Flächendarstellung, nur Konturen) angeboten. Die Abgabe erfolgt ohne Prüfung des berechtigten Interesses. Erläuterung zum Fachbezug: Der WMS beinhaltet folgende Layer adv_alkis_flurstuecke adv_alkis_gebaeude adv_alkis_tatsaechliche_nutzung adv_alkis_gesetzl_festlegungen (Bodenschätzung) adv_alkis_weiteres st_alkis_flurstuecke (Flurstücksstruktur) st_alkis_flurstuecke_sav (Flurstücksstruktur Sachsen-Anhalt-Viewer)
Topographische Karten sind landschaftsbeschreibende Karten, die die Erdoberfläche in ihren verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen -Siedlungen, Verkehrswege, Grenzen, Gewässer, Geländeformen und Vegetation- in Abhängigkeit des Kartenmaßstabes anschaulich, möglichst vollständig und übersichtlich wiedergeben. Signaturen und Kartenschrift helfen, die topographischen Objekte zu erläutern. Die Topographische Karte im Maßstab 1:10 000 wird mit dem Verfahren "Digital geführte Topographische Karte (ATKIS-DTK)" auf Grundlage des Digitalen Basis-Landschaftsmodells (Basis-DLM) hergestellt. Sie entspricht den deutschlandweit geltenden Vorgaben für den Karteninhalt, die geodätische Grundlage, den Zeichenschlüssel und das Layout.<br> Die DTK10 wurde durch die Präsentationsausgabe basemap.de im Maßstab 1:10.000 (P10) abgelöst.
Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) is a plant pathogen of economic and ecologic importance. It is globally distributed in a wide range of forest, fruit, and ornamental trees and shrubs. In several areas of cherry and walnut production CLRV causes severe losses in yield and quality. With current reference to the rapid dissemination and strong symptom expression in Finnish birches and the Germany-wide distribution of CLRV in birches and elderberry, we continuously investigate and gradually reveal CLRV transmission pathways as by pollen, seeds or water. However, modes and interactions responsible for the wide intergeneric host transmission as well as for the exceptional CLRV epidemic in Fennoscandia still remain unknown. In this project systematic studies shall investigate biological vectors as a causal agent to finally derive control mechanisms and strategies to avoid new epidemics in different hosts and geographic regions. Detailed monitoring of the invertebrate fauna of birch stands/forests and elderberry plantations in Germany and Finland shall reveal potential vectors to subsequently study them in detail by approved virus detection methods and transmission experiments. Molecular analyses of the CLRV coat protein shall prove its role as a viral determinant for a virus/vector interaction. Consequently, this project essentially will contribute important answers on the CLRV epidemiology, and this will be a key element within the first network of research on plant viral pathogens in forest trees.
Rain-cracking limits the production of many soft and fleshy fruit including sweet cherries world wide. Cracking is thought to result from increased water uptake through surface and pedicel. Water uptake increases fruit volume, and hence, turgor of cells (Pcell) and the pressure inside the fruit (Pfruit) and subjects the skin to tangential stress and hence, strain. When the strain exceeds the limits of extensibility the fruit cracks. This hypothesis is referred to as the Pfruit driven strain cracking. Based on this hypothesis cracking is related to two independent groups of factors: (1) water transport characteristics and (2) the intrinsic cracking susceptibility of the fruit defined as the amount of cracking per unit water uptake. The intrinsic cracking susceptibility thus reflects the mechanical constitution of the fruit. Most studies focussed on water transport through the fruit surface (factors 1), but only little information is available on the mechanical constitution (i.e., Pfruit and Pcell, tensile properties such as fracture strain, fracture pressure and modulus of elasticity of the exocarp; factors 2). The few published estimates of Pfruit in sweet cherry are all obtained indirectly (calculated from fruit water potential and osmotic potentials of juice extracts) and unrealistically high. They exceed those measured by pressure probe techniques in mature grape berry by several orders of magnitude. The objective of the proposed project is to test the hypothesis of the Pfruit driven strain cracking. Initially we will focus on establishing systems of widely differing intrinsic cracking susceptibility by varying species (sweet and sour cherry, Ribes and Vaccinium berries, plum, tomato), genotype (within sweet cherry), stage of development and temperature. These systems will then be used for testing the hypothesis of Pfruit driven strain cracking. We will quantify Pfruit und Pcell by pressure probe techniques and compression tests and the mechanical properties of the exocarp using biaxial tensile tests. When the presence of high Pfruit and Pcell is confirmed by direct measurements, subsequent studies will focus on the mode of failure of the exocarp (fracture along vs. across cell walls) and the relationship between failure thresholds and morphometric characteristics of the exocarp. However, when Pfruit und Pcell are low, the hypothesis of Pfruit driven strain cracking must be rejected and the mechanistic basis for low pressures (presence of apoplastic solutes) clarified on a temporal (in the course of development) and a spatial scale (exocarp vs. mesocarp). We focus on sweet cherry, because detailed information on this species and experience in extending the short harvest period is available. Where appropriate, other cracking susceptible species (sour cherry, plum, Vaccinium, Ribes, tomato) will be included to further extend the experimental period and to maximize the range in intrinsic cracking susceptibility.
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