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MODELKEY comprises a mulitdisciplinary approach aiming at developing interlinked and verified predictive modelling tools as well as state-of-the-art effect-assessment and analytical methods generally applicable to European freshwater and marine ecosystems: 1) to assess, forecast, and mitigate the risks of traditional and recently evolving pollutants on fresh water and marine ecosystems and their biodiversity at a river basin and adjacent marine environment scale, 2) to provide early warning strategies on the basis of sub-lethal effects in vitro and in vivo, 3) to provide a better understanding of cause-effect-relationships between changes in biodiversity and the ecological status, as addressed by the Water Framework Directive, and the impact of environmental pollution as causative factor, 4) to provide methods for state-of-the-art risk assessment and decision support systems for the selection of the most efficient management options to prevent effects on biodiversity and to prioritise contamination sources and contaminated sites, 5) to strengthen the scientific knowledge on an European level in the field of impact assessment of environmental pollution on aquatic eco-systems and their biodiversity by extensive training activities and knowledge dissemination to stakeholders and the scientific community. This goal shall be achieved by combining innovative predictive tools for modelling exposure on a river basin scale including the estuary and the coastal zone, for modelling effects on higher levels of biological organisation with powerful assessment tools for the identification of key modes of action, key toxicants and key parameters determining exposure. The developed tools will be verified in case studies representing European key areas including Mediterranean, Western and Central European river basins. An end-user-directed decision support system will be provided for cost-effective tool selection and appropriate risk and site prioritisation.
Objective: In order for the commercial production of large CIGS modules on the multi-MW scale to be successful, the processes must still be streamlined and optimised taking considering both economical and ecological aspects. This project aims to support the developme nt of this material- and energy-saving thin-film technology so it can gain a foothold in the free PV market. Promising laboratory results will be transferred to large-scale production, where the availability of appropriate production equipment and very hig h material and process yields are of decisive importance. 4 universities, 2 research institutes, and 4 companies will work closely together in order to merge the physical understanding of the processes and the engineering know-how, which are necessary for up-scaling the CIGS technology to a marketable multi-megawatt production volume. We will focus on: (1) very high-quality modules manufactured by coevaporation of CIGS and applying cost-effective methods, ETA up to 14 Prozent on 0.7 m2; (2) the development of Cd-free buffer layers for Cd-free CIGS modules on an area of up to 0.7 m2, ETA up to 12 Prozent; (3) and the development of a mid-term alternative: electrodeposition of low-cost CIS modules with ETA above 10 Prozent (estimated cost about 0.8 E/Wp). We will transfer the Mo back contact sputtering know-how to a specialised European large-area glass coater to provide substrates for both the coevaporation and the electrodeposition approaches. All process developments such as modifications of the back contact, wet- or vacuum-deposited buffer layers, the multi-stage coevaporation of CIGS, or improved Ga incorporation in electrodeposited absorbers will first be tested and evaluated on the laboratory scale. Successful approaches will be up-scaled and transferred to three independ ent commercial CIGS pilot lines located in three different European countries. Novel process and quality control techniques must also be developed and applied to reach these ambitious goals.
Objective: HyApproval is a STREP to develop a Handbook (HB) facilitating the approval of hydrogen refuelling sta-tions (HRS). The project will be performed over 24 months by a balanced partnership including 25 partners from industry, SMEs and institutes which ensure the critical mass and required know how for obtaining the identified project goals. Most partners have extensive expertise from HRS projects. Key partners from China/ Japan / USA provide an additional liaison to international regulations, codes & stand ards activities. The project goals are to finalise the HRS technical guideline started under EIHP2 and to contribute to the international standard under development at ISO TC197 and in first line to provide a HB which assists com-panies and organisations i n the implementation and operation of HRS. The HB will be based on best prac-tices reflecting the existing technical know-how and regulatory environment, but also includes the flexibility to allow new technologies and design to be introduced at a later sta ge. In order to meet these goals, best practises will be developed from project experience (CUTE, ECTOS, EIHP1&2, HySafe, CEP, ZERO REGIO) and partner activities. In 5 EU countries (F/D/I/E/NL) and in China, Japan and the USA the HyApproval process wil l include a HB review by country authorities to pursue 'broad agreement' and to define 'approval routes'. After finalising the HB process the developed requirements and procedures to get 'Approval in Principle' shall be suffi-ciently advanced to seek appro val in any European country without major modifications. Not only infra-structure companies, HRS operators/owners and local authorities but also the EC will profit from the HB that is deemed to contribute to the safe implementation of a hydrogen infrastruc ture. The project complies with EU's R&D and energy policies, which aims at the introduction of 5Prozent hydrogen as motor fuel by 2020. The HB will put Europe in a position to maintain and extend its leading position
Sustainable development is a fundamental goal of the European Union and loss of biodiversity is emphasised as one of the main threats to it. However, biodiversity and ecosystems of European Seas are under human impact, such as pollution, eutrophication, and overfishing. Therefore it is necessary to monitor changes in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The aim of the project is the development of DNA chips for the identification of marine organisms in European Seas as a cost effective, reliable and efficient technology in biodiversity and ecosystem science. Many marine organisms, such as eggs and larvae of fishes, plankton, and benthic invertebrates, are difficult to identify by morphological characters. The classical methods are extremely time consuming and require a high degree of taxonomie expertise. Consequently, the basic step of identifying such organisms is a major bottleneck in biodiversity and ecosystem science. Therefore, the project seeks to demonstrate that DNA chips can be a new powerful and innovative tool for the identification of marine organisms. Three DNA chips for the identification of fishes, phytoplankton, and invertebrates of European Seas will be developed. These chips will facilitate research on dispersal of ichthyoplankton, monitoring of phytoplankton, and identification of bioindicators as well as prey in gut contents analysis. To achieve this goal a combined biological and technical approach has been initiated: The biological material will be sampled by marine biologists. The next step is the sequencing of suitable molecular markers for probe design. The technical part consists mainly in constructing gene probe libraries and determining their specificity. This will be done by biotech research centres in connection with SMEs engaged in bioinformatics and DNA chip technology. Therefore the project has the potential to bring Europe's marine biotechnology to the forefront of this field.
Objective: The BRITA proposal on Eco-buildings aims to increase the market penetration of innovative and effective retrofit solutions to improve energy and implement renewables, with moderate additional costs. In the first place, this will be realised by the exemplary retrofit of 9 demonstration public buildings in the four participating European region (North, Central, South, East). By choosing public buildings of different types such as colleges, cultural centres, nursery homes, student houses, churches etc. for implementing the measures it will awareness and sensitise society on energy conservation. Secondly, the research work packages will include the socio-economic research such as the identification of real project-planning needs and financing strategies, the assessment of design guidelines, the development of an internet-based knowledge tool on retrofit measures and case studies and a quality control-tool box to secure a good long-term performance of the building and the systems.
General Information/1. Objectives: The objective of this project is: the development of at least one advanced, crystalline silicon solar cell technology with the following characteristics: - better commercialisation aspects than the standard technology. a design that can be easily used on larger substrates for large scale power production higher efficiencies than standard crystalline silicon solar cells made by the most comparable technology. 2. Technical approach: The project is divided in three parts. First the different solar cell designs are discussed and simulated by computer programmes. The common problems like increased recombination, shunting as well as series resistance are examined. In the second phase the solar cells must be produced according to the cell designs as defined in phase one. The cell process parameters must be optimised to testify the potential of the designs. In a third phase concepts will be developed to improve laboratory-scale methods to a large-scale production level and a complete technology from starting material up to module design will be worked out. 3. Expected achievements and exploitation: The result will be an improved crystalline silicon solar cell technology with the following characteristics. It will be an all back-contact cell with improved efficiency and cost/Wp compared to 'standard' crystalline silicon solar cell technology. The processing procedure also includes how to make solar modules taking advantage of the back-side contact characteristic of the cells. Based on the better cost/Wp ratio a natural exploitation of the results is expected by replacing existing technology in future solar cell production lines. Prime Contractor: Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Solar and Wind Energy; Petten/Netherlands.
General Information: The aim of the project is to develop an air metal hydride battery which meets the performance targets of part 2.4.A.2.1.1. of the JOULE Workprogramme. The air metal hydride battery is composed of a metal hydride electrode and a catalytic air electrode using oxygen from the atmosphere. During charge water is split into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is stored in a special metal alloy. During discharge the process is reversed and water is formed. With such an air breathing system a very high specific energy (Wh/kg) is possible. The overall capacity is proportional to the capacity of the metal hydride which is high compared to most other available rechargeable electrodes. The idea of an air metal hydride battery dates back to the seventies, but the relatively few attempts to make such a battery have not been very successful yet according to the literature. Nevertheless, some of the partners in the present proposal have worked with the idea since 1988 and developed and patented a very promising concept based on an allcaline aqueous electrolyte. Complete batteries packs of 24 V, 21 Ah, 360 W have been constructed and a specific energy of 86 Wh/kg, an energy density of 120 Wh/l, a sustained specific power of 61 W/kg and 150 discharge cycles have been obtained. The consortium has reason to believe that the result obtained represents the state-of-the-art word wide for this battery system. These figures are a strong proof of principles but the battery still needs a large amount of further development to be of commercial interest and to meet the JOULE performance targets. The proposing consortium is composed of partners from 4 EU member states and 1 associated state, to ensure the maximum expertise on all the technical aspects of the varied components of the battery. The consortium is also made with a balanced participation of universities and industries to direct it towards commercialisation. Judging from the massive success of the nickel metal hydride battery the air hydride battery will have great opportunities as a next generation hydride battery. Prime Contractor: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Department of Physical Chemistry; Lyngby.
General Information/PROJECT OBJECTIVES: Based on the improved laboratory technology for small CIS - modules on 10 cm x 10 cm substrates R and D activities of Siemens Solar and St. Gobain are combined to scale up to 30 cm x 30 cm prototype modules. Primary focus is on manufacturing issues in order to reduce the PV module costs down to less than 1 ECU/Wp for a further mass production. The main points to be demonstrated in the project are: - module efficiencies of 10 - 12 per cent; - high process yields and reproducibility; - pass IEC 12 15 PV module test (ISPRA - certificate); - in line processing capability of all coating steps; - process control methods and tools; - low - cost processes by employing non toxic materials and compounds; Technical Approach: Siemens Solar's present CIS technology has proven capability to fabricate mini modules on a 10 cm x 10 cm substrate with an average efficiency of 11 per cent ; peak efficiencies close to 12 per cent have been demonstrated. This technology will be transferred within three project phases into a state capable of fabricating prototype stand - alone power modules as well as prototype fassade modules with a minimum efficiency of 11 per cent. Phase I comprises the final definition of processes and materials for first demonstrator module. The second phase covers the fabrication of demonstrator modules according to the specifications defined in phase I. On the basis of an improved technology a second set of CIS demonstrator modules with a minimum efficiency of 11 per cent will be produced and tested during the last phase of this project. The work packages comprises manufacturing compatible barrier coatings for float glass substrates, high throughput coating and annealing steps as well as an interconnect and encapsulation technology that guarantees stable module performance. Expected Achievements and Exploitation: At the end of this program, prototype stand - alone power modules as well as prototype fassade modules with a minimum efficiency of 11 per cent will be provided. Owing to the technical competence and manufacturing capability gained by both companies during that project a closer analysis of the cost structure for further mass production of CIS power modules will be performed. On the basis of these results it is planned at Siemens Solar to start the pilot production of modules for the application in the PV - power market. With St. Gobain mostly interested in PV for fassade integration first product lines will also comprise that market segment.
General Information: Strip material is a widespread semi-finished product in non-ferrous and precious metal industry. In the strip production and strip processing lines, the heat treatment of the strip is an absolutely necessary integral part with an energy demand up to 40 per cent of total energy consumption of the entire industrial process. Nowadays, non-ferrous and precious metal strip is mainly heated in conventional batch ovens and annealing furnaces, based on gas-fired or electrical resistance heating methods. These conventional heating methods have low energy efficiency, productivity and technological flexibility. This is a result of the low heat transfer rate of the indirect heating by convection and radiation, which is typical for all the conventional technologies. Induction heating is a progressive alternative to the conventional methods with distinct technological an d economical advantages because of the heat generation inside the work piece its elf. In the case of strip heating, especially transverse flux induction heating (TFH) offers optimum combination of energy savings, high productivity, process flexibility and minimum floor space. The determination of the optimum installation design and operating regime, however, is extremely complicated because the TFH process is characterised by a large number of very closely correlated parameters. Moreover, the distribution of heat sources and output temperature field in the strip is normally non-homogeneous. Therefore, the major task within this project is the determination of the optimum installation design and operating regime by means of numerical modelling. On the basis of the obtained theoretical results, a real-scale TFH prototype will be built. The mathematical model ling will be validated and the TFH prototype will be tested by extensive experimental investigations. in close co-operation with the industrial partners, equipment suppliers and users, the TFH prototype will be finally adjusted and modified in order to adapt it to all requirements of industrial use. The final go al of the project is to provide a strip heating technology with high energy efficiency and productivity that fulfils the high standards of non-ferrous and precious metal industry.
MetaPV is the first project world-wide that will demonstrate the provision of electrical benefits from photovoltaics (PV) on a large scale. Additional benefits for active grid support from PV will be demonstrated at two sites: a residential/urban area of 128 households with 4 kWp each, and an industrial zone of 31 PV systems with 200 kWp each. The enhanced control capacities to be implemented into PV inverters and demonstrated are active voltage control, fault ride-through capability, autonomous grid operation, and interaction of distribution system control with PV systems. A detailed technical and economic assessment of the additional services from PV is carried out. The role of PV in an area fully supplied by renewable sources is to be assessed. The work covers 3 phases: - In the first phase, the demonstration is prepared for the specific demonstration zones. The PV side (inverter) and the network side will be both addressed. Small and large PV inverters for residential and industrial applications, which both can provide additional benefits for electrical network operation, will be developed. On the network side, adapted concepts for grid planning and operation of distribution networks with large amounts of PV generation will be developed. - In the second phase, based on the development and suggestions of phase one, two pilot demonstrations will be carried out and evaluated. The first one will demonstrate the active contribution of PV for increasing power quality and security of the system operation in a residential area. In the second one, security of power supply and autonomous operation will be demonstrated in an industrial zone. - The third phase covers communication with stakeholders that will take place from the beginning of the demonstration phase. The project results will be disseminated and communicated to the stakeholders, the scientific community and to the local public. The demonstration will allow for successful replication in other grids in Europe.
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