Das Forschungsvorhaben soll beitragen zur Rekonstruktion der pleistozänen und holozänen Landschafts- und Klimageschichte des Muksu-Tals bis hinauf zum Fedtschenkogletschers im Pamir-Gebirge, sowie jener der umgebenden Täler wie Sauksay und Balandkijk. Insbesondere interessiert uns die Klärung offener Fragen bezüglich (i) des Ausmaßes der jüngeren Schwankungen der Fedtschenkogletscherzunge (ii) der Lage der tiefsten Eisrandlagen und (iii) des Nachweises mehrerer weit ins Tal reichender spätpleistozäner Gletschervorstöße. Hierzu werden verschiedene Methoden der absoluten und relativen Alterdatierung von glazialen Ablagerungen eingesetzt wie Radiocarbonanalysen, Thermolumineszenzanalysen, Bestimmung kosmogener Nuklide sowie glazialmorphologische, bodengeographische, pollenanalytische, dendrochronologische und lichenometrische Untersuchungen. Umfangreiche Erfahrungen aus den dem Pamir nördlich angrenzenden Gebieten (NW-Tienshan, Alai-Kette und Hissar-Gebirge) zeigen, daß dieser Ansatz gut geeignet ist zur Gliederung der holozönen und spätpleistozänen Vergletscherung in den genannten zentralasiatischen Gebirge. Zudem konnten wir interglaziale Bodenbildungen nachweisen und fanden Hinweise auf eine intensive mittelpleistozäne Vergletscherung.
A sequence of three strong (M W 7.2–6.4) and several moderate (M W 4.4–5.7) earthquakes struck the Pamir Plateau and surrounding mountain ranges of Tajikistan, China, and Kyrgyzstan in 2015–2017. With a local seismic network in operation in the Xinjiang province since August 2015, an aftershock network on the Pamir Plateau of Tajikistan since February 2016, and additional permanent regional seismic stations, we were able to record the succession of the fore-, main-, and aftershock sequences at local distances with good azimuthal coverage. We located 11,784 seismic events and determined the moment tensor for 33 earthquakes. The seismicity delineates the major tectonic structures of the Pamir, i.e., the thrusts that absorb shortening along the plateau thrust front, and the strike-slip and normal faults that dissect the Plateau into a westward extruding and a northward advancing block. Fault ruptures were activated subsequently at increasing distances from the initial M W 7.2 Sarez. All mainshock areas but the initial one exhibited foreshock seismicity which was not modulated by the occurrence of the earlier earthquakes. The tabular ASCII data of the seismic event catalog consist of origin date, time, location, depth and magnitude of the events, along with the quality measures: number of P- and S-wave arrival time picks, location root-mean-square misfit and localization method. The tabular ASCII data of the moment tensor catalog consist of origin date, time, location, the six independent components of the moment tensor, the moment magnitude, and the orientation of the preferred fault plane parameterized as fault strike, dip and rake.
The dataset contains waveform data of shallow seismic profiles at two locations in the western part of the Alai valley, Kyrgyzstan. At each location a “long” profile (~5 km and ~2.5 km length, respectively) and one or two short profiles (~120 m and ~250 m) were acquired, centered on known or presumed tectonic faults. As sources, a trailer-mounted weight drop and a hammer were used. The measurements were part of the CaTeNA project. Within the sub-project "The recent deformation in the Pamir based on seismic and geodetic data, dynamic landslide-susceptibility and risk analysis, and seismic imaging of the North Pamir Thrust", which forms part of the international and interdisciplinary CaTeNA project (Climatic and Tectonic Natural Hazards in Central Asia), shallow seismic profiling at two locations has been carried out in the Alai Valley, southern Kyrgyzstan, to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of the Pamir Frontal Thrust (PFT). Eight seismic profiles were acquired in September 2019 at two locations in the western part of the Alai valley, (1) in the village of Achyk Suu and b) at the Koman fault (SSW of the village of Kashka Suu). At each location a long profile (5 and 2.5km, respectively) and one or two short profiles (~250m) across interesting (presumed) fault structures were acquired.
The Pamir plateau protrudes ~300 km between the Tajik- and Tarim-basinlithosphere of Central Asia. We present a new local-seismicity catalog, a focal-mechanism catalog, and a P-wave velocity model of the of the collision system between the Pamir plateau and the Tarim basin. The data suggest a south-dipping Asian slab that overturns in its easternmost segment. The largest principal stress at depth acts normal on the slab and is orientated parallel to the plate convergence direction. In front (south) of the Asian slab, a volume of mantle with elevated velocities and lined by weak seismicity constitutes the postulated Indian mantle indenter. The data set consists of an earthquake catalog, an earthquake focal mechanism catalog and a subsurface P-wave velocity model of the central and eastern Pamir plateau and the adjacent north-western Tarim basin; between 36.8–40.0 °N and 72.2–78.0 °E. It was collected to identify the deep tectonic structures that determine the lithospheric architecture of the Pamir plateau. Earthquakes were recorded by two temporary seismic deployments. Earthquakes that occurred between 1st August 2008 and 6th June 2010 were primarily recorded by the TIPAGE network (Yuan et al., 2008); those, between 3rd August 2015 and 23rd June 2017 by the East Pamir and Sarez aftershock networks (Yuan et al., 2018a, b). The earthquake catalog contains 1,493 seismic events at depth >50 km. They were localized in the present 3-D velocity model. Some events were re-located with hypoDD. The focal mechanism catalog consists of double-couple fault-slip parameters for 38 events, 29 of which are newly determined using the HASH algorithm and 9 are moment tensors from Kufner et al. (2016). The P wave-velocity model has been determined using simulps from 2,264 seismic events with well-constrained P- and S-wave arrivals. It is parameterized as velocity gradients between nodes with a horizontal and vertical spacing of 40 and 15 km, respectively. Unresolved nodes were masked using a checkerboard resolution test. The full description of the methods is provided in the data description file.
Die Ziele des Vorhabens sind 1) die tektonischen Rahmenbedingungen, die für die Erdbebengefahr in Zentralasien verantwortlich sind und 2) die Auslöser, Bedingungen und Kontrollparameter unter denen dort Hangrutsche auftreten, besser zu verstehen und 3) das daraus resultierende Risiko abzuschätzen. Die Ergebnisse bilden die Grundlage, um die in Zentralasien weitverbreiteten Gefahren durch Erdbeben und Massenbewegungen besser einschätzen und dadurch Maßnahmen zur Abschwächung der Folgen ergreifen zu können. Um die diese Ziele zu erreichen soll mit seismologischen und geodätischen Methoden das Deformationsfeld der Pamir Region charakterisiert werde. Es sollen aktive Störungen identifiziert und kartiert und Versatzraten bestimmt werden. Wir benutzen dafür Daten eines temporären seismologischen Netzes und von GPS- und Radar-Satelliten. Die Nord Pamir Überschiebung soll mit einem flach-seismischen Experiment abgebildet werden, um zusammen mit Partnern ihre Bruchgeschichte zu entschlüsseln und Erdbeben-Wiederkehrperioden abzuschätzen. An dieser Störung soll auch der Zusammenhang zwischen tektonischer Aktivität, Klima und dem Auslösen von großen Massenbewegungen beleuchtet werden. Weiterhin soll ein Suszeptibilitäts- und Risikomodell für Hangrutsche für Kirgisistan und Tadschikistan entwickelt werden, das in der Lage ist Ausmaß und Verteilung von Schäden abzuschätzen. Dieses Modell soll dynamische Datenströme, wie Erdbeben induzierte Bodenbewegungen und Niederschlag oder Schneeschmelze integrieren.
We have installed 20 new Global Positioning System (GPS) markers in the West Pamir and the Tajik Depression and measured 25 markers once a year between 2013 and 2016 in survey mode. The stations are positioned along two dense NW-SE oriented profiles with an average spacing of 5-10 km. The profiles cross the Darvaz and the Vakhsh/Ilyak fault and thus monitor the recent slip of these two profiles, which are expected to accommodate the gravity-driven westward extrusion of the West Pamir into the Tajik Depression. Some of the stations include millimeter to centimeter offsets potentially caused by the 2015 Mw7.2 Sarez, Pamir, earthquake.
This data publication includes animations and figures of eight scaled analogue models that are used to investigate the evolution of a curved mountain belt akin to the Pamir and Hindu Kush orogenic system and adjacent Tadjik basin. Crustal deformation is simulated by means of indentation of two basement blocks into a sedimentary sequence and the formation of a curved fold-and-thrust belt.The experimental set-up has two adjacent rigid indenters representing the basement blocks moving in parallel with a velocity difference (Figure 1). The slow indenter moves with a relative velocity ranging from 40 to 80% of that of the fast one. A layer of quartz sand in front of the indenters, 1 by 1 meter in size and 1.5 cm thick, represents the sedimentary basin infill. A basal detachment layer is made up of low-friction glass beads or viscous silicone oil representing weak shale or evaporates layers, respectively. The surface evolution by means of topography and strain distribution is derived from 3-D particle image velocimetry (PIV). This allows visualizing and analysing the development of the model surface during the complete model run at high spatio-temporal resolution. All details about the model set-up, modelling results and interpretation can be found in Reiter et al. (2011).The here provided additional material includes time-lapse movies showing the topographic evolution of the eight models. These visualizations are oblique views played back at 60-fold velocity for the “glass beads experiments” (gb40 to gb80) and 3600-fold velocity for the “silicone experiments” (si60, si-gb60).In addition to the experiment movies we provide a set of figures. The figures include surface views as well as cross-sections through the finite models highlighting the link between topography and internal structure of the simulated curved fold-and-thrust belts. Additionally, attribute maps of distinct morphometric measures (curvature, slope) and deformation parameters (uplift, horizontal translation) for the experiments with glass beads detachments are given. Finally, the movie “Experimenting.avi” shows in time-lapse the whole workflow of setting up, conducting and documenting an experiment, which originally required three days (for experiment si-gb60).An overview on the parameters used in the experimental series of the movie sequences is given in the explanatory file (Explanations_Reiter-et-al-2016.pdf). A full list of files is given in “list-of-files-Reiter-et-al-2016.pdf”.
Remote Geohazards (Glacial Lake Outburst Floods, large landslides leading to the damming of lakes and resulting catastrophic outflows, etc.) constitute a major threat to many Tajik communities, particularly in the Zarafshan and Pamir mountains. The aim of the project is to detect hazardous areas and spots and to assess the impact of potential future events, using remote sensing methods, helicopter surveys, field work, and modelling. Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) will be considered in particular, but also other processes will be taken into account. The regional focus of the study is on the Zarafshan valley and the districts of Rushan and Ishkashim. The project is organized into three stages: (1) Pre-assessment: Potentially hazardous areas are identified from medium-resolution satellite imagery (ASTER, LANDSAT), topographic analysis, and a an assessment scheme; (2) helicopter surveys will be carried out in order to verify the findings from the pre-assessment. The identified source areas of hazards are then surveyed in detail in the field; (3) detailed assessment: With the results from the field work and additional high-resolution satellite imagery, the possible impact of potential future events will be assessed, employing modelling techniques. The project results will be a major input to future development strategies for the area.
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