Die Analyse der Umweltpolitik der letzten Jahrzehnte zeigt, dass, neben der Bedeutung von Zivilgesellschaft sowie Krisen und Katastrophen, politische Konflikte und politischer Wettbewerb dafür notwendig waren, um umweltpolitischen Neuerungen zum Durchbruch zu verhelfen. Wettbewerb und Konflikte gab es zwischen:Parteien,Politikebenen im Mehrebenensystem undPolitikfeldern (bzw. die Frage nach Politikintegration).Im Gegensatz zur erfolgreichen Thematisierung und Weiterentwicklung von Umweltpolitik gibt es eine Reihe von Themenfeldern, die zwar von vielen wissenschaftlichen und zivilgesellschaftlichen Akteuren für umweltpolitisch relevant erachtet werden, aber bislang nicht oder nur mit begrenztem Erfolg bearbeitet wurden. Demnach unzureichend umweltpolitisch adressiert sind insbesondere:Konsum und LebensstileWirtschaftswachstumFreihandel(spolitik)Etablierte Strukturen und BesitzständePreise und Mengen von Umweltverbrauch entlang der WertschöpfungskettePriorisierung von Umweltpolitik.Ursachen für die mangelnde Adressierung dieser Themen sind spezifische Problemstrukturen, bestimmte Kompetenzverteilungen und grundlegende Institutionen, kulturelle Werte und Normalitätsvorstellungen in unserer Gesellschaft, sowie spezifische Machtkonstellationen zwischen gesellschaftlichen Interessen sind, die dazu führen.Um die Institutionalisierung von Umweltpolitik auch in diesen Feldern voranzutreiben, erscheint uns eine Politisierung von Umweltpolitik notwendig, die darauf abzielt Legitimation und Akzeptanz für eine Weiterentwicklung von Umweltpolitik zu verbessern und dafür Möglichkeitsfenster zu schaffen und zu nutzen.
Das Projekt "Forest management in the Earth system" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie durchgeführt. The majority of the worlds forests has undergone some form of management, such as clear-cut or thinning. This management has direct relevance for global climate: Studies estimate that forest management emissions add a third to those from deforestation, while enhanced productivity in managed forests increases the capacity of the terrestrial biosphere to act as a sink for carbon dioxide emissions. However, uncertainties in the assessment of these fluxes are large. Moreover, forests influence climate also by altering the energy and water balance of the land surface. In many regions of historical deforestation, such biogeophysical effects have substantially counteracted warming due to carbon dioxide emissions. However, the effect of management on biogeophysical effects is largely unknown beyond local case studies. While the effects of climate on forest productivity is well established in forestry models, the effects of forest management on climate is less understood. Closing this feedback cycle is crucial to understand the driving forces behind past climate changes to be able to predict future climate responses and thus the required effort to adapt to it or avert it. To investigate the role of forest management in the climate system I propose to integrate a forest management module into a comprehensive Earth system model. The resulting model will be able to simultaneously address both directions of the interactions between climate and the managed land surface. My proposed work includes model development and implementation for key forest management processes, determining the growth and stock of living biomass, soil carbon cycle, and biophysical land surface properties. With this unique tool I will be able to improve estimates of terrestrial carbon source and sink terms and to assess the susceptibility of past and future climate to combined carbon cycle and biophysical effects of forest management. Furthermore, representing feedbacks between forest management and climate in a global climate model could advance efforts to combat climate change. Changes in forest management are inevitable to adapt to future climate change. In this process, is it possible to identify win-win strategies for which local management changes do not only help adaptation, but at the same time mitigate global warming by presenting favorable effects on climate? The proposed work opens a range of long-term research paths, with the aim of strengthening the climate perspective in the economic considerations of forest management and helping to improve local decisionmaking with respect to adaptation and mitigation.
Das Projekt "Neue Agrarpolitik - Hoffnung fuer die Kulturlandschaft" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Evangelische Akademie Tutzing durchgeführt.
Das Projekt "The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fachhochschule Köln, Institut für Technologie- und Ressourcenmanagement in den Tropen und Subtropen (ITT) durchgeführt. In order to understand the interlinked problems in the Nexus (Latin = connection, linkage, interrelation) of water, energy and food security, close cooperation between scientists and practitioners from different fields is necessary. The present and future challenge of a reliable supply with water, energy and food is an example, where isolated considerations do not lead to viable solutions. Sustainable action and meaningful research in these highly interconnected fields require a holistic and comprehensive perspective and a new approach. In this sense, a collaborative research structure with a holistic view on the Nexus of Water, Energy and Food security was established in 2013 at the Cologne University of Applied Sciences. The project bundles some of the research efforts of 11 professors from different faculties and institutes. The researchers jointly work on initiating new cooperation projects with partners from industry, academia and civil society. Together they aim at exploring new technologies and applying new approaches to solve major issues of efficiency and sustainability in resource use.
Das Projekt "Risk assessment of extreme precipitation in the coastal areas of Chennai as an element of catastrophe prevention" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Freiburg, Institut für Umweltsozialwissenschaften und Geographie, Professur für Physische Geographie durchgeführt. In the South-Indian city of Chennai (formerly called Madras), disastrous tropical monsoon linked with excessive precipitation frequently lead to wide-flat floods in the coastal plains. Caused by rapid urbanisation, the population in urban and periurban areas is more and more affected by these events. Besides the marginalised population living in disfavoured areas, increasingly also the more wealthy population that settles in flood prone areas is affected. Interdisciplinary assessments are needed to explain the complex causes of floods. The project analysed environmental aspects of risk exposure as well as socioeconomic aspects of risk perceptions and response strategies. By combining natural-scientific with socio-scientific approaches, a holistic perspective of the complex reasons and impacts of flooding could be covered. The project consisted of the following steps: 1. Analysis of flood risk exposure: Physio-geographic, hydrological and meteorological realities in risk areas were assessed using remote sensing (RS) data and geographical information systems (GIS). 2. Analysis of risk perception and management: Affected marginalised poor segments of the population, affected middle class groups as well as local planning authorities were interviewed to analyse local perceptions of floods and dominant management strategies. 3. Development of a flood risk map: The results of the risk assessment were integrated in an interactive flood risk map. The map - using several different layers - functions as a flood risk management tool including often neglected socioeconomic and socio-cultural parameters which reflect local vulnerability. 4. Holding of two workshops: A policy workshop with different stakeholders involved in flood management and affected by floods was held in Chennai in August 2007. This workshop was to foster communication and dialogue between different stakeholders and to create awareness on the current situation and problems in the area. A roundtable with the partners from India and organisations dealing with flood management and flood relief measures took place in October 2007 in Freiburg in order to present and discuss the findings and to strengthen future co-operation, communication and networks.
Das Projekt "G 1.1: Assessment of Innovations and Sustainable Strategies" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre durchgeführt. Farm households, whose living standard largely depend on the successful management of natural resources, have a low per capita income and are in danger of further impoverishment due to unsustainable resource management. Investigations in the first phase confirmed the hypothesis. A great number of farms were analyzed and clustered in representative types in both countries. Sustainability was measured using a sustainability index, which indicates tremendous environmental effects and variation between individual farms and ethnic groups.Sub-project G1.1 will follow three major tasks. The first is to evaluate sustainability strategies on the farm and farming system level, as it was done in the previous phase, but on the basis of a significantly extended data base. The second is to aggregate farm household data to the regional level. For this, a comparative-static approach is chosen. The third is to develop a multi-agent-based simulation model. Multi-agent simulation models (MAS) as well as GIS-tools are gaining increasing importance as tools for simulating future agriculture resource use, since they allow the integration of a wide range of different stakeholder's perceptions. It becomes possible to simulate the dynamic effects of changing land use patterns, environmental policy options, and technical innovation together with environmental constraints and structural change issues. The MAS approach is used to model heterogeneous farm-household and political decision makers perspectives by capturing their socio-economic, environmental, and spatial interactions explicitly. The integration of economic and spatial processes facilitates the consideration of feedback effects and the efficient use of scarce land resources. The simulation runs of the model will be carried out with a socio-economic and GIS data set, which is provided by the previous project phase in the attempt to generate effective ways of land use resource management. Land use efficiency is strongly influenced by the overall land allocation policy analyzed in project F1. Therefore, this is an important area further integrated research using MAS in combination with GIS as modeling tools.To achieve a continuous integration of results in the best possible way, a computer-based discussion/communication platform is developed. This serves as the conceptual basis for the development of the final multi-agent simulation model. Results of the discussion/communication platform and the agent-based simulation model will continuously be passed on to downstream sub-projects to be integrated into the ongoing research activities.
Das Projekt "Multi-proxy tree-ring analysis of conifer trees disturbed by insect outbreaks" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Resources Management Vancouver durchgeführt. Insect outbreaks are a major disturbance influencing forest dynamics in many ecosystems and can affect forest productivity worldwide. Reconstruction of insect outbreak history is fundamental to forest management. While the action of cambium feeders on trees leads to the formation of scars, that of defoliators is observable via growth suppression in tree rings. The occurrence of past insect attacks can thus be inferred from such tree-ring signatures. However, it necessitates an accurate dating of events, with high temporal resolution, as well as their correct attribution to the right disturbance agent. Fire also leaves scars on trees that can occur on cross-sectional disks where insect scars are already present, thus making them difficult to distinguish. Furthermore, insect-elicited reductions in radial growth may not be clearly visible on samples, and the radial growth response to defoliation often bears a lag of one or more years. This project tackles these issues directly by proposing a multi-proxy approach aiming at improving tree-ring reconstructions of insect outbreaks. Tree rings will be investigated to study radial variations of tree-ring width, wood anatomy, wood density, and wood chemistry. While dendrochronologists have long relied on tree-ring width variations to track the signal induced by climate, geomorphic and ecological processes, they have scarcely exploited the potential of other proxies and rarely used them in combination. The most advanced studies that have embraced these possibilities are owed to dendroclimatologists. The core of this research therefore lies in the use of multiple wood traits to provide answers to the above mentioned dendroecological questions. Two conifer tree species from British Columbia and their respective pests are within the scope of this study: the mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), a cambium feeder, on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas), and the western spruce budworm (WSBW, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman), a defoliator, on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco). It is hypothesized that insect outbreak disturbance in the form of bark beetle or defoliation events results in abrupt significant structural differences between the wood formed prior to and after the insect attack. Based on pioneering tree-ring research on insect outbreaks, there are great prospects that the variations of wood traits be proven useful for differentiating MPB scars from fire scars and for identifying WSBW defoliation events, possibly with higher temporal resolution. The study of multiple wood traits (proxies) will help gain an understanding of the influence of insect outbreak disturbance on wood formation and tree physiological processes, a prerequisite for improving the detection and dating of events in tree-ring series. (...)
Das Projekt "Climate Engineering on Land: Potentials and side-effects of afforestation and biomass plantations as instruments for carbon extraction (CE-LAND WP5) Land use trade-offs in terrestrial CDR pathways" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung e.V. durchgeführt. The objective of this project is to provide a comprehensive quantification of the potentials and consequences of large-scale terrestrial Carbon Dioxide removal (CDR) as a strategy for climate engineering (CE). Using two state-of-the-art modeling systems, MPI-ESM and LPJmL, we will quantify Carbon sequestration potentials of four different forest CDR types: semi-natural forest, managed forest and biomass plantation of woody and herbaceous plant types, for various biomass utilization pathways such as conventional wood usage or CCS. The analysis includes associated changes in ecosystem processes and surface properties and their effects on, and feedbacks to, local to global climate. We will additionally analyze (unintended) consequences of these different terrestrial CDR strategies vis-à-vis other prospective use of land and water resources, particularly for food production and ecosystem conservation, and identify regions where afforestation is judged to be sustainable from this broader perspective. WP 5 - Land use trade-offs in terrestrial CDR pathways.
Das Projekt "Treiber, Hemmnisse und Handlungsempfehlungen für eine Green Economy in Deutschland" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Adelphi Consult GmbH durchgeführt. Mit dem Leitbild der 'Green Economy' verbindet sich in der internationalen Diskussion häufig die Hoffnung, Wirtschaftskonzeptionen Aufwind zu geben, die Klimaschutz, Umweltentlastung, Wohlstand und soziale Gerechtigkeit zu vereinen versuchen. Damit das Konzept handlungsleitend für die Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft werden kann, muss die große Vision einer Green Economy heruntergebrochen werden in konkrete Handlungsfelder, Zielsetzungen und Umsetzungsstrategien. Auf dem Rio+20-Gipfel bekannten sich die Regierungen dazu, gemeinsam mit Stakeholdern aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft, Politik und Zivilgesellschaft nationale Politiken für die Transformation hin zu einer Green Economy zu entwickeln bzw. auszubauen. Das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) stellt sich dieser Herausforderung: Im Rahmen des 'Agendaprozesses Green Economy' lädt es Akteure aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft, Gesellschaft und Politik dazu ein, die forschungs- und innovationspolitischen Handlungsfelder für eine Green Economy thematisch zu strukturieren und eine Forschungsagenda für die Transformation hin zu einer Green Economy zu entwickeln. Die Ergebnisse des Agendaprozesses fließen in die Weiterentwicklung des Rahmenprogramms 'Forschung für Nachhaltige Entwicklungen' (FONA) ein. adelphi unterstützt die Agendaentwicklung des BMBF durch eine wissenschaftliche Untersuchung. Ziel der Studie war es, die wichtigsten Märkte und Schlüsselinnovationen der Green Economy aus Perspektive der deutschen Wirtschaft zu identifizieren, Handlungsfelder und -bedarfe für die Transformation in Richtung einer Green Economy in Deutschland zu definieren und Empfehlungen für die zukünftige Forschungs- und Innovationspolitik des BMBF zu entwickeln.
Das Projekt "Glacial ice-sheet dynamics and retreat deduced from southeastern Weddell Sea sediment (LAMINAE)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung - Fachbereich Geowissenschaften durchgeführt. As part of research bundle RIDDLE (Reconstructing ice-sheet dynamics on different scales), the key goal of project LAMINAE is to provide detailed insight into glacial ice sheet dynamics in the southeastern Weddell Sea section of Antarctica. Ten existing sediment sites that preserved at least five millennia of varved sequences during the last glacial maximum (LGM) will be studied with a multi-proxy approach. First, the final retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet at the end of the LGM will be dated with 14C. The results will help to confine the timing of the initial sea-level rise for both the West and East Antarctic Ice Sheets, including potential asynchronies. Second, we will establish floating chronologies from new methods for laminae recognition and varve counting. Thereby, it will be possible to study glacial ice sheet dynamics at unprecedented resolution, including the role of decadal-centennial scale solar cycles in climate change, and the detection of Antarctic Isotopic Maxima in sites penetrating Marine Isotopic Stage 3. Third, with the combination of absolute and floating chronologies, we will define marker horizons in core sections that are rich in bioturbation, ice-rafted debris, or ash layers, for correlation between the sites and to the EDML ice core. This will put our results into a larger-scale perspective and allow for synchronization of the atmospheric and oceanic response to climate change.
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