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Detailed lithological descriptions of recovered cores from the Loosbach valley at Pestenacker, a Late Neolithic wetland site, northern Alpine forelands, Germany

In 2018 and 2019, 14 driving cores and 20 hand drillings were carried out to reconstruct the Holocene deposition history of the Loosbach valley at Pestenacker, an UNESCO world heritage site of Late Neolithic wetland occupation. A hand-held Cobra Pro (Atlas Copco) driving core drilling system and 60 mm diameter open corer recovered sediments. The achieved segments of each 1 m lengths were accessed on site towards sediment features and colours according to AG Boden (2005) and Munsell Colour Chart. The geochemical findings were classified into sedimentological units. The detailed descriptions of the geochemical data are given in the document „Geochemical data of recovered cores from the Loosbach valley at Pestenacker“.

Direct Push Sensing with the Soil Optical Color Screening Tool in the Loosbach valley at Pestenacker, a Late Neolithic wetand site, northern Alpine forelands, Germany

For the reconstruction of the Holocene deposition history of the Loosbach valley at Pestenacker, an UNESCO world heritage site of Late Neolithic wetland occupation, 297 direct push colour logs were conducted. We applied the Soil Optical Color Screening Tool (SCOST™, Dakota Technologies, Fargo, USA) for sensing of visible colours. This colour logging tool (CLT) induces white light and records the reflected light from the sediment in the wavelength range of 350-1000 nm. Raster images, numerical results and depth information are computed by the OST-Software (Dakota Technologies, Fargo, USA). The depth resolution depends on the probing velocity and is in this study in cm-scale. All of the 297 soundings were levelled by a Topcon HiPer II DGPS system in cm-resolution. Median Latitude: 48.146630 Median Longitude: 10.947677 South-bound Latitude: 48.146041 West-bound Longitude: 10.947078 North-bound Latitude: 48.146674 East-bound Longitude: 10.948515 Date/Time Start: 2018-01-01T00:00:00 Date/Time End: 2020-12-31T23:59:59 Minimum ELEVATION: 560.77 m a.s.l. Maximum ELEVATION: 561.96 m a.s.l.

Geochemical data of recovered cores from the Loosbach valley at Pestenacker, a Late Neolithic wetland site, northern Alpine forelands, Germany

In 2018 and 2019, driving cores were carried out to reconstruct the Holocene deposition history of the Loosbach valley at Pestenacker, an UNESCO world heritage site of Late Neolithic wetland occupation. A hand-held Cobra Pro (Atlas Copco) driving core drilling system. The recovered cores were documented and sampled in a 5-10 cm resolution for subsequent laboratory analysis. Bulk samples from RK8, RK10, RK12, RK15 and RK16 cores were used for subsequent geochemical analysis. All samples were air dried, sieved (2 mm sieve) and weighed. Macroscopic charcoal and wood remains were removed and weighed. For calculating the total organic matter (TOC), we measured the content of total carbon (TC) by using a CNS analyser vario EL cube (Elementar) and determined the content of inorganic carbon (TIC) by calcimeter measurements (Scheibler method, Eijkelkamp). Resulting values of organic carbon (TOC) were multiplied by 1.72 in order to obtain contents of organic matter (OM). The siliciclastic content was calculated from the sum of carbonates and organic matter and subtracted this from 100 %. The content of charcoal and wood remains [%] is in relation to the total dry weight of the fine soil. The stratigraphical and geochemical findings were classified into sedimentological units. The detailed descriptions of the stratigraphical data are given in the document “Detailed lithological descriptions of recovered cores from the Loosbach valley at Pestenacker”.

2D-ERT data measured in 2019 in the Loosbach valley near Pestenacker, Bavaria (Germany)

The Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) data were acquired by using a PC controlled DC resistivity meter system (RESECS, GeoServe, Kiel, Germany) in June 2019. We measured two transects with an electrode spacing 0.5 m. For both transects (transect A with a total length of 158 m, transect C with a total length of 103 m) we applied a Wenner alpha configuration. The coordinates and the height of the electrodes were measured with a D-GPS (Leica GPS1200).

Electromagnetic induction measurements with the vertically oriented dipole of the CMD Mini Explorer (71 cm transmitter-receiver spacing) taken in the Loosbach valley near Pestenacker, Bavaria (Germany)

Electromagnetic induction (EMI) was measured with a CMD-Mini Explorer (GF Instruments s.r.o., Brno, Czech Republic) in May 2018 and June 2019. We used the vertical dipole (VDP) at coil spacings of 0.32 m (VDP1), 0.71 m (VDP2) and 1.18 m (VDP3). With the existing coil spacings, effective penetration depths of 0.5 m (VDP1), 1.0 m (VDP2) and 1.8 m (VDP3) could be achieved. According to the manufacturer, 70 % of the signal originate from above these depths. The EMI sensors measured the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa, in mS/m). Measurements were taken by carrying the instrument about 0.2 m above the ground while being directly connected to D-GPS (Leica GPS1200) for positioning. The acquisition rate was five measurements per second. Data quality was checked by measuring a reference line before and after each measurement. The maximum offset of the EMI values between the two time points was 1.5 mS/m. We corrected the data and removed the reference lines and single outliers. The data set contains the EMI data with an intercoil spacing of 0.71 m (VDP2).

Electromagnetic induction measurements with the vertically oriented dipole of the CMD Mini Explorer (119 cm transmitter-receiver spacing) taken in the Loosbach valley near Pestenacker, Bavaria (Germany)

Electromagnetic induction (EMI) was measured with a CMD-Mini Explorer (GF Instruments s.r.o., Brno, Czech Republic) in May 2018 and June 2019. We used the vertical dipole (VDP) at coil spacings of 0.32 m (VDP1), 0.71 m (VDP2) and 1.18 m (VDP3). With the existing coil spacings, effective penetration depths of 0.5 m (VDP1), 1.0 m (VDP2) and 1.8 m (VDP3) could be achieved. According to the manufacturer, 70 % of the signal originate from above these depths. The EMI sensors measured the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa, in mS/m). Measurements were taken by carrying the instrument about 0.2 m above the ground while being directly connected to D-GPS (Leica GPS1200) for positioning. The acquisition rate was five measurements per second. Data quality was checked by measuring a reference line before and after each measurement. The maximum offset of the EMI values between the two time points was 1.5 mS/m. We corrected the data and removed the reference lines and single outliers. The data set contains the EMI data with an intercoil spacing of 1.18 m (VDP3).

Near surface geophysical data (Electromagnetic Induction and Electrical Resistivity Tomography) from the Loosbach valley at Pestenacker, a Late Neolithic wetland site, northern Alpine forelands, Germany

The dataset was used to map the spatial information of the subsurface to build an accurate representative stratigraphy for calculating the carbon storage of the initially degraded peats in a small valley system of the Alpine Foreland in Bavaria; the Loosbach valley at Pestenacker, an UNESCO world heritage site of Late Neolithic wetland occupation. In detail, we used geophysical prospection methods (Electromagnetic Induction and Electrical Resistivity Tomography) to map the distribution and thickness of peat deposits, and conducted direct push sensing and driving core drilling to ground-truth the geophysical data and to sample bulk material for subsequent carbon analysis in the laboratory. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) was measured with a CMD-Mini Explorer (GF Instruments s.r.o., Brno, Czech Republic) in May 2018 and June 2019. We used the vertical dipole (VDP) at coil spacings of 0.32 m (VDP1), 0.71 m (VDP2) and 1.18 m (VDP3). With the existing coil spacings, effective penetration depths of 0.5 m (VDP1), 1.0 m (VDP2) and 1.8 m (VDP3) could be achieved. According to the manufacturer, 70 % of the signal originate from above these depths. The EMI sensors measured the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa, in mS/m). Measurements were taken by carrying the instrument about 0.2 m above the ground while being directly connected to D-GPS (Leica GPS1200) for positioning. The acquisition rate was five measurements per second. Data quality was checked by measuring a reference line before and after each measurement. The maximum offset of the EMI values between the two time points was 1.5 mS/m. We corrected the data and removed the reference lines and single outliers. The data set contains the EMI data with an intercoil spacing of 0.71 m (VDP2) and 1.18 m (VDP3). The measured values of the VDP1 (coils spacing of 0.32 m) could not be used due to a high signal-to-noise ratio. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) data were acquired by using a PC controlled DC resistivity meter system (RESECS, GeoServe, Kiel, Germany) in June 2019. We measured two transects with an electrode spacing 0.5 m. For both transects (transect A with a total length of 158 m, transect C with a total length of 103 m) we applied a Wenner alpha configuration. The coordinates and the height of the electrodes were measured with a D-GPS (Leica GPS1200).

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