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Due to stagnant or even increasing phytoplankton biomass in the Wadden Sea since 2005, the Lower Saxony Water Management, Coastal and Nature Protection Agency started a zooplankton survey in 2015, regularly monitoring the abundance, biomass, body size, and species in the East Frisian Wadden Sea. A total of 10 stations are sampled monthly. Samples are taken using an Hydrobios Apstein net, 150 µm mesh size, hauled from 10 meters deep to the surface at constant speed (0.67 m/s). The net has an opening of 40 cm in diameter, and is attached to a cone with a 17 cm wide opening. Samples are collected with three vertical hauls and stored in a 1L container mixed with borax-buffered formalin (5%). Samples are analyzed in accordance with the standard procedure DIN EN 17204:2020-09 to measure abundance, dry and wet weight, and taxonomic composition. Organisms were counted and identified up to the species (if possible) or genus level using a Bogorov-Chamber and a stereoscopic magnifier. The unaccepted or original names of species are given in the 'Species UID' variable, and the accepted identifications are given in the 'Species'. The data provides a detailed time series of zooplankton species composition, biomass, and body size distribution from 2015 to 2025 in the East Frisian Wadden Sea.
Der biologische C-Kreislauf in der Antarktis unterliegt der Kontrolle der planktischen und benthischen Primärproduzenten. Die Menge an fixiertem Kohlenstoff hängt dabei nicht nur von deren photosynthetischer Aktivität ab, sondern auch von den Verlusten durch Respiration. Daher ist das Verhältnis von Photosynthese zu Respiration (rP/R) ein wichtiger Parameter den Einfluss des Klimawandels auf den antarktischen Kohlenstoffkreislauf abschätzen zu können, da aus Laborstudien bekannt ist, dass dieser Parameter empfindlich auf Umweltfaktoren reagiert. Allerdings sind quantitative Daten kaum verfügbar und Freilanddaten fehlen ganz. Das ist hauptsächlich einer methodischen Limitierung geschuldet, da sich zwar die Photosynthese Leistung über 14C, Sauerstoff oder Fluorometrie ermittelt lässt, sich die Atmung kaum oder nur mit hohem Aufwand erfassen lässt. In diesem Vorhaben soll zunächst gezeigt werden, wie hoch die Variabilität des Verhältnisses rP/R bei antarktischen Mikroalgen unter global change Bedingungen ist (steigende Temperatur, Eisenmangel. Mit diesen Daten kann dann in Modellrechnungen gezeigt werden, wie hoch der Fehler bei Primärproduktionsmessungen sein kann, wenn die Atmung nicht adäquat berücksichtigt wird. Danach soll eine Methode zur Messung der Atmung entwickelt werden, die ohne Gaswechsel und mit hohem Durchsatz im Freiland eingesetzt werden kann, um auch im Feld richtige rP/R Werte ermitteln zu können. Auf diese Weise können alle Teilprojekte, die sich mit klimawandel-abhängigen Veränderungen der antarktischen C-Bilanz beschäftigen, mit Zusatzinformationen versorgt werden, die den Wert der Daten deutlich steigern können.
Süßwasserökosysteme sind weltweit am stärksten von der Belastung mit anthropogenen Schadstoffen betroffen. Das Hauptziel dieses Projektvorhabens ist es, die Anreicherung von klassischen und neuen organofluorierten Schadstoffen in aquatischen Ökosystemen und Nahrungsnetzen innerhalb Europas zu analysieren und die treibenden Faktoren für ihre Anreicherung in Fischen zu entschlüsseln. Unter Verwendung fortschrittlicher Analysetechniken werden mehrere Dutzend anthropogene Chemikalien in verschiedenen lotischen und lentischen Gewässern in der aquatischen Nahrungskette bestimmt. Die physiologische Bewertung in Kombination mit der chemischen Analyse von Schadstoffen in verschiedenen Biota (von Plankton bis zu Top-Prädatoren) und die Bestimmung ihrer trophischen Positionen im Nahrungsnetz mit Hilfe von stabilen Isotopenanalysen werden eine Bewertung des Biomagnifikationspotenzials in der Nahrungskette und des daraus folgenden Gesundheitsrisikos für den Menschen ermöglichen. Darüber hinaus werden die vorab ausgewählten Beprobungsstandorte einen Belastungsgradienten repräsentieren, um die treibenden Faktoren für die Bioakkumulation von organofluorierten Kontaminanten zu bestimmen und zu erforschen. Schließlich werden die europaweit gesammelten Daten mittels Redundanzanalyse dafür verwendet, die relevantesten Faktoren für den Transport ausgewählter Schadstoffe in der Umwelt und der Nahrungskette zu bestimmen.
We studied the response of the heterotrophic flagellate (HF) community to the combined impact of warming and ocean acidification in a mesocosm experiment with a plankton community from the western Baltic Sea. We performed a quantitative analysis of the response at the level of total biomass and size classes and a semi-quantitative one at the level of individual taxa. Total biomass of HF was significantly lower under higher temperatures while there was no significant effect of CO2. The mean biomass of the picoflagellates did not respond to temperature while the three nanoflagellate size classes (class limits 3, 5, 8, 15 ?m) responded negatively to warming while not responding to CO2. The taxon-level results indicate that heterotrophic flagellates do not form a homogenous trophic guild, as often assumed in pelagic food web studies. Instead, the heterotrophic flagellates formed a ?food web within the food web?. There was a pronounced succession of flagellates leading from a dominance of bacterivores and colloidal matter feeders before the phytoplankton bloom to omnivorous feeders preying upon phytoplankton and heterotrophic flagellates during and after the bloom. This complex intraguild predation patterns probably dampened the response to experimental treatments.
Diatoms account for up to 40% of marine primary production and require silicic acid to grow and build their opal shell. On the physiological and ecological level, diatoms are thought to be resistant to, or even benefit from, ocean acidification. Yet, global-scale responses and implications for biogeochemical cycles in the future ocean remain largely unknown. Here we conducted five in situ mesocosm experiments with natural plankton communities in different biomes and find that ocean acidification increases the elemental ratio of silicon (Si) to nitrogen (N) of sinking biogenic matter by 17 ± 6 per cent under pCO2 conditions projected for the year 2100. This shift in Si:N seems to be caused by slower chemical dissolution of silica at decreasing seawater pH. We test this finding with global sediment trap data, which confirm a widespread influence of pH on Si:N in the oceanic water column. Earth system model simulations show that a future pH-driven decrease in silica dissolution of sinking material reduces the availability of silicic acid in the surface ocean, triggering a global decline of diatoms by 13–26 per cent due to ocean acidification by the year 2200. This outcome contrasts sharply with the conclusions of previous experimental studies, thereby illustrating how our current understanding of biological impacts of ocean change can be considerably altered at the global scale through unexpected feedback mechanisms in the Earth system.
The polar oceans are experiencing some of the largest levels of ocean acidification (OA) resulting from the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). Our understanding of the impacts this is having on polar marine communities is mainly derived from studies of single species in laboratory conditions, while the consequences for food web interactions remain largely unknown. This study carried out experimental manipulations of natural pelagic communities at different high latitude sites in both the northern (Nordic Seas) and southern hemispheres (Scotia and Weddell Seas). The aim of this study was to identify more generic responses and greater experimental reproducibility through implementing a series of short term (4 day), multilevel (3 treatment) carbonate chemistry manipulation experiments on unfiltered natural surface ocean communities, including grazing copepods. The experiments were successfully executed at six different sites, covering a diverse range of environmental conditions and differing plankton community compositions. The study identified the interaction between copepods and dinoflagellate cell abundance to be significantly altered by elevated levels of dissolved CO2 (pCO2), with dinoflagellates decreasing relative to ambient conditions across all six experiments. A similar pattern was not observed in any other major phytoplankton group. The patterns indicate that copepods show a stronger preference for dinoflagellates when in elevated pCO2 conditions, demonstrating that changes in food quality and altered grazing selectivity may be a major consequence of ocean acidification. The study also found that transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) generally increased when pCO2 levels were elevated, but the response was dependent on the exact set of environmental conditions. Bacteria and nannoplankton showed a neutral response to elevated pCO2 and there was no significant relationship between changes in bacterial or nannoplankton abundance and that of TEP concentrations. Overall, the study illustrated that, although some similar responses exist, these contrasting high latitude surface ocean communities are likely to show different responses to the onset of elevated pCO2.
Nutrients concentrations are declining since 1995 in the Wadden Sea, while phytoplankton biomass is increasing since 2005. A survey started in 2006 by the Lower Saxony Water Management, Coastal and Nature Protection Agency regularly monitors the abundance, biomass, and cell size of phytoplankton species in the East Frisian Wadden Sea. A total of 14 stations are sampled from a monthly to weekly frequency. Samples are taken at the surface using a bucket, and kept in 5L canisters with Lugol's iodine solution to be stored in the cold and dark until microscopic analysis. An inverted microscope was used to identify and analyze phytoplankton samples following Utermöhl (1958). The unaccepted or original names of species are given in the 'Species UID' variable, and the accepted identifications are given in the 'Species'. The data provides a detailed time series of phytoplankton species composition, biomass, and cell size diversity from 2020 to 2025 in the East Frisian Wadden Sea surface waters.
Phytoplankton biomass is increasing in the Wadden Sea since 2005, while nutrients concentrations are declining since 1995. A survey started in 2006 by the Lower Saxony Water Management, Coastal and Nature Protection Agency regularly monitors nutrient levels, including silicates, nitrate, and phosphate, and temperature and salinity in the East Frisian Wadden Sea. A total of 17 stations are sampled from a monthly to weekly frequency. Samples are taken at the surface with a bucket, and kept in 5L canisters with Lugol's iodine solution to be stored in the cold and dark until analysis. The analysis of samples followed the procedures for seawater analysis given by Grasshoff et al. 1983. Dissolved nutrients, such as orthophosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicate, were measured photometrically. Total nitrogen and phosphorus concentration were estimated by digesting total nutrients using heat and pressure, or in microwave with peroxodisulfate. The pH, salinity, and temperature were measured using a multisensor. The data provides a detailed time series of physical and chemical properties in the East Frisian Wadden Sea surface waters from 2019 to 2022.
In order to monitor long-term variability and eventual changes in the planktonic community, a semiquantitative analysis of microplankton based on net sampling is ongoing weekly since 2020 at the Helgoland Roads station, before 9 a.m. The sampling is tightly linked to the LTER Helgoland Roads time series, thus enabling the coupling of species occurrences to the respective hydrochemical and physical conditions in the water column. These long-term data allow to quantify realized niches of frequently occurring microplankton species and to pinpoint rarely occurring species which cannot be detected in the quantitative plankton analysis.
In order to monitor long-term variability and eventual changes in the planktonic community, a semiquantitative analysis of microplankton based on net sampling is ongoing weekly since 2020 at the Helgoland Roads station, before 9 a.m. The sampling is tightly linked to the LTER Helgoland Roads time series, thus enabling the coupling of species occurrences to the respective hydrochemical and physical conditions in the water column. These long-term data allow to quantify realized niches of frequently occurring microplankton species and to pinpoint rarely occurring species which cannot be detected in the quantitative plankton analysis.
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