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In 2019, as part of the interdisciplinary DFG priority program SPP1803 „EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota“, the DeepEarthShape project was launched. The main goal of this German-Chilean research initiative was to gain a broader understanding of the interaction between geological, geochemical and biological processes controlling the weathering in the first tens to hundred metres of the subsurface. The elongated Chilean Coastal Range was selected as the ideal study area to investigate the effects of vegetation, precipitation and erosion on the transformation of intact bedrock into regolith within the so-called critical zone (CZ). This area encompasses several climate zones, from dry to humid, within a similar geological complex. We have carried out a Radio-Magnetotelluric (RMT) survey using a horizontal magnetic dipole (HMD) transmitter to image the electrical resistivity distribution, the lateral extent of the near-surface layers and the CZ at two sites of the DeepEarthShape project – Santa Gracia (shown in this data publication) and Nahuelbuta (https://doi.org/10.5880/GIPP-MT.202003.1).
This data publication is supplementary to a study on microbial weathering of Fe-bearing minerals in the deep biosphere of a semi-arid environment (Chile). The dataset contains mineralogical, geochemical, microbiological and thermodynamic data of an 87 m deep drill core profile located in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (Santa Gracia (SG)). The drilling campaign was conducted in March-April 2019 as part of the German Science Foundation (DFG) priority research program SPP 1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota”. The project focused on how microorganisms contribute to mineral weathering and thus shape Earth´s surface. Aim of the drilling campaign was to recover the continuous weathering profile from surface to weathering front and to pinpoint as well as disentangle weathering processes at depth. For this purpose, extractable Fe pools, water-extractable organic carbon and nitrate, energy yields of Fe redox reactions, in situ microbial Fe(III) reduction, microbial Fe(III) reduction extent in microcosms, as well as community compositions of in situ and microcosms derived 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were determined.
The dataset contains the seismic weight drop data acquired in Private Reserve Santa Gracia, Chile. The data acquisition was conducted as a part of the EarthShape project in the subproject of Geophysical Imaging of the Deep EarthShape (GIDES). The seismic line was setup to cut across an existing borehole location with core and geophysical logging data available (Krone et al., 2021; Weckmann et al., 2020). The data was acquired to image the deep weathering zone identified by the borehole data across the seismic profile. Included in the datasets are the raw data of the CUBE data logger, SEG-Y data of the recorded shots, and the shot and receiver geometry data. A vital aspect of comprehending the interplay between geological and biological processes lies in the imaging of the critical zone, located deep beneath the surface, where the transition from unaltered bedrock to fragmented regolith occurs. It had been hypothesized that the depth of such weathering zone is dependent on the climate condition of the area. A more humid climate with higher precipitation will result in a deeper weathering front. As a part of the EarthShape project (SPP-1803 ‘EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota’), specifically the Geophysical Imaging of the Deep EarthShape (GIDES - Grant No. KR 2073/5-1), we aim to image the weathering zone using the geophysical approach. Using the seismic method, we can differentiate different weathered layers based on the seismic velocity while also providing a 2D subsurface image of the critical zone. We conducted a seismic weight drop experiment in the Private Reserve Santa Gracia, Chile, to observe the depth of the weathering zone in a semi-arid climate and compare the resulting model with existing borehole data (Krone et al., 2021; Weckmann et al., 2020). The acquired data can then be used for multiple seismic imaging techniques, including body wave tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves.
This dataset contains Beryllium isotope data, pH measurements, and calculations of surface process rates (denudation, weathering, erosion) from soil and drill core samples from the Coastal Cordillera, Chile. All drilling and soil sampling campaigns were conducted in the framework of the “EarthShape” project (DFG SPP1803) from March 2019 to March 2020. Rock and soil samples consist of granitoid lithology that is weathered to different degrees. We measured the concentration of in situ 10Be in quartz samples from soil samples and calculated denudation rates thereof. Furthermore, we applied a sequential extraction method to analyse meteoric 10Be and reactive 9Be; we also measured residual 9Be and parent bedrock 9Be concentrations. Using the concentration of meteoric 10Be, we calculated the inventory assuming exponential decrease with depth. Finally, we calculated the depositional flux using the in situ 10Be denudation rate and the 10Be(meteoric)/9Be isotope ratio. From reactive 9Be, we calculated the fraction of reactive and dissolved 9Be that we interpret as weathering indicator. All samples are indicated with a IGSN (International Generic Sample Number) which is a global unique sample identifier. These IGSNs are provided in the data tables and are linked to a short data description in the internet.
The dataset contains the seismic weight drop data acquired in Private Reserve Santa Gracia, Chile. The data acquisition was conducted as a part of the EarthShape project in the subproject of Geophysical Imaging of the Deep EarthShape (GIDES). The seismic line was setup to cut across an existing borehole location with core and geophysical logging data available (Krone et al., 2021; Weckmann et al., 2020). The data was acquired to image the deep weathering zone identified by the borehole data across the seismic profile. Included in the datasets are the raw data of the CUBE data logger, SEG-Y data of the recorded shots, and the shot and receiver geometry data. A vital aspect of comprehending the interplay between geological and biological processes lies in the imaging of the critical zone, located deep beneath the surface, where the transition from unaltered bedrock to fragmented regolith occurs. It had been hypothesized that the depth of such weathering zone is dependent on the climate condition of the area. A more humid climate with higher precipitation will result in a deeper weathering front. As a part of the EarthShape project (SPP-1803 ‘EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota’), specifically the Geophysical Imaging of the Deep EarthShape (GIDES - Grant No. KR 2073/5-1), we aim to image the weathering zone using the geophysical approach. Using the seismic method, we can differentiate different weathered layers based on the seismic velocity while also providing a 2D subsurface image of the critical zone. We conducted a seismic weight drop experiment in the Private Reserve Santa Gracia, Chile, to observe the depth of the weathering zone in a semi-arid climate and compare the resulting model with existing borehole data (Krone et al., 2021; Weckmann et al., 2020). The acquired data can then be used for multiple seismic imaging techniques, including body wave tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves.
With this data, we expand the data set characterizing the Critical Zone geochemistry along the Chilean Coastal Cordillera provided by Oeser et al. (2018). This data set completes the results of bulk geochemical analysis of bedrock and regolith with those of bulk analysis of major plants and those of the bio-available fraction in saprolite and soil (determined using a modified sequential extraction method on bulk regolith samples after Arunachalam et al., 1996;He et al., 1995;Tessier et al., 1979). For all those compartments of the Earth’s Critical Zone, we further present radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr) and stable (δ88/86Sr) strontium isotope ratios. A detailed graphical presentation and discussion of this data as well as method description is given in Oeser and von Blanckenburg, (2020a): Do degree and rate of silicate weathering depend on plant productivity? and Oeser and von Blanckenburg, (2020b): Strontium isotopes trace biological activity in the Critical Zone along a climate and vegetation gradient. Using this data, we were thus, able to determine weathering rates and nutrient uptake along the “EarthShape” climate and vegetation gradient in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera and to identify the sources of mineral nutrients to plants. Ultimately, we were able to budget inventories, gains and losses of nutritive elements in and out of these ecosystems and to quantify nutrient recycling. We found that the weathering rate does not increase from north to south along the climate gradient. Instead, the increase in biomass growth rate is accommodated by faster nutrient recycling. Instead, the increase in biomass nutrient demand is accommodated by faster nutrient recycling. In the absence of an increase in weathering rate despite a five-fold increase in precipitation and NPP, we hypothesize that plant growth might in fact dampen weathering rates. Radiogenic and stable Sr isotopes in combination with mass balance calculations were used to detect the Sr sources and quantify its fluxes in four ecosystems along the “EarthShape” climate and vegetation gradient. Estimated whole-plant Sr isotope compositions reveal a preferential uptake of light Sr from soil solution and subsequent export of fractionated organic material from the ecosystems. This export correlates well with erosion rate E and potentially impairs the ability for direct Sr acquisition from solid plant debris and thus reduces the recycling factor of Sr and possibly Ca and that of other mineral nutrients, too. All samples are assigned with International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSN), a globally unique and persistent Identifier for physical samples. The IGSNs are provided in the data tables and link to a comprehensive sample description in the internet. Tables included in this data publication: Table S1: Chemical composition, radiogenic strontium (87Sr/86Sr), stable strontium (δ88/86Sr), and molar Ca/Sr ratios of representative bedrock samples from Pan de Azúcar, Santa Gracia, La Campana, and Nahuelbuta Table S2: Weathering indices CDF and τ, radiogenic strontium (87Sr/86Sr), stable strontium (δ88/86Sr), and molar Ca/Sr ratios of the 2 × 4 regolith profiles. Table S3: Concentration of the bio-available fraction, comprised of the water-soluble and the exchangeable fraction. Table S4: Concentration of the water-soluble and the exchangeable fraction, and the relative amount of the bio-available fraction (pooled water-soluble and exchangeable fraction) on bulk regolith. Table S5: Chemical composition of the study sites’ single plant organs along with their respective radiogenic strontium (87Sr/86Sr), stable strontium (δ88/86Sr), and molar Ca/Sr ratios
The data consists of four vascular plant species lists, one per study site. The site selection is based on the four study areas of the DFG Priority Program 1803 "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” (www.earthshape.net), namely: arid climate National Park Pan de Azúcar, semi-arid climate Private Reserve Santa Gracia, mediterranean climate National Park La Campana and humid-temperate climate National Park Nahuelbuta in Chile, South America. Each list is a table with (mostly) terrestrial vascular plant species names that have been reported in a variety of sources at the selected sites and the corresponding administrative or biogeographical regions of Chile. The available literature sources varied from specific national park flora lists to Chilean flora books and catalogues and thus, the present lists represent a potential vegetation for the EarthShape study areas. Each table includes the plants’ Latin name, clade taxonomy, the plant growth form as well as the origin. The taxonomy of the vegetation species was updated to the taxonomic information available up to August 2023 from Chilean and South American vascular flora lists.
This data publication presents quantitative DNA data obtained through fluorometric detection of genomic DNA and the estimation of 16S rRNA gene copies using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The data encompasses various soil and rock samples collected across a climate gradient. The DNA was extracted using a protocol enabling the separate analysis of intracellular DNA (iDNA) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) from the same sample. The primary objective of this study was to enhance a previously established method developed by Alawi et al. (2014) for analyzing terrestrial samples by introducing modifications to the extraction buffer. Phosphate buffers at two different concentrations (120 mM and 300 mM), EDTA (300 mM), and a high-concentration phosphate buffer in combination with EDTA (300 mM each) were tested in conjunction with a detergent mix (detailed in Medina et al., 2023; submitted). Thorough tests, including spiked DNA experiments and cell counts, were conducted on one low biomass sample to validate the extraction setups. The two most effective extraction protocols were then applied to all samples from the four designated sites and compared with the phosphate buffer described by Alawi et al. (2014), resulting in the calculation of improvement factors. The resulting dataset provides valuable quantitative DNA information and estimates of 16S rRNA gene copies across diverse soil and rock samples along a climate gradient. The modifications made to the extraction buffer demonstrated improved efficiency in extracting especially iDNA compared to the original method. These findings contribute to the refinement and optimization of DNA extraction protocols for terrestrial samples, enabling more accurate and comprehensive analyses of microbial communities in different environments.
We compiled available information for burrowing animals in Chile in two tables: "2020-042_Uebernickel-et-al_Vertebrates" and "2020-042_Uebernickel-et-al_Invertebrates". A discussion about burrowing vertebrates and invertebrates and the effect of the communities at selected sites in arid to humid Chile is given in Übernickel et al. (2021): Reviews and syntheses: Composition and characteristics of burrowing animals along a climate and ecological gradient, Chile. The purpose of these tables is to provide an overview of burrowing vertebrates and invertebrate species in Chile. The degree of known details of their natural history varies and is often minimal. For invertebrates, the majority of the published work is taxonomic or descriptive that hardly encounter biologic or ecologic aspects of the respective species. The geographic distribution of most invertebrate species remains largely unknown, as they have been topic of single investigations at specific research sites in Chile. The tables are intended as starting point for follow up research. Quantification of distributional ranges, density, excavation rates, burrow or gallery dimensions and further parameters of these species, is important to quantify the biotic influence they have on a landscape level. From publications mostly treating single species, we have compiled this comprehensive dataset of 45 digging or soil-moving vertebrate and 345 invertebrate species. It includes a list of species names with morphological digging adaptations and species observed to dig. In vertebrates excavating behavior is documented for mammals, lizards and birds. In invertebrates, excavating behavior is mentioned for Chilean spiders, scorpions, camel spider, beetles, cicadas, wasps, bees, ants, a termite and antlions. Chile is characterized by an endemic fauna, especially true for arthropods, with limited distributional ranges. Currently, these largely still unknown species are under thread of extinction by the destruction of habitats, desertification and climate change. We encourage specialists to add information to this first compilation.
The DFG Priority Program 1803 “EarthShape” (www.earthshape.net) investigates Earth surface shaping by biota. As part of this project, we present Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data of land surface areas for the four core research sites of the project. The research sites are located along a latitudinal gradient between ~26 °S and ~38 °S in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. From north to south, the names of these sites are: National Park Pan de Azúcar; Private Reserve Santa Gracia; National Park La Campana; and National Park Nahuelbuta. The three datasets contain raw 3D point cloud data captured from an airborne LiDAR system, and the following derivative products: a) digital terrain models (DTM, sometimes also referred to as DEM [digital elevation model]) which are (2.5D) raster datasets created by rendering only the LiDAR returns which are assumed to be ground/bare-earth returns and b) digital surface models (DSM) which are also 2.5D raster datasets produced by rendering all the returns from the top of the Earth’s surface, including all objects and structures (e.g. buildings and vegetation). The LiDAR data were acquired in 2008 (southernmost Nahuelbuta [NAB] catchment), 2016 (central La Campana [LC] catchment) and 2020 (central Santa Gracia [SGA] catchment). Except for Nahuelbuta (data already was available from the data provider from a previous project), the flights were carried out as part of the "EarthShape" project. The LiDAR raw data (point cloud/ *.las files) were compressed, merged (as *.laz files) and projected using UTM 19 S (UTM 18 S for the southernmost Nahuelbuta catchment, respectively) and WGS84 as coordinate reference system. A complementary fourth dataset for the northernmost site in the National Park Pan de Azúcar, derived from Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flights and Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, is expected to be obtained during the first half of 2022 and will be added to the above data set.
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