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In 2019, as part of the interdisciplinary DFG priority program SPP1803 „EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota“, the DeepEarthShape project was launched. The main goal of this German-Chilean research initiative was to gain a broader understanding of the interaction between geological, geochemical and biological processes controlling the weathering in the first tens to hundred metres of the subsurface. The elongated Chilean Coastal Range was selected as the ideal study area to investigate the effects of vegetation, precipitation and erosion on the transformation of intact bedrock into regolith within the so-called critical zone (CZ). This area encompasses several climate zones, from dry to humid, within a similar geological complex. We have carried out a Radio-Magnetotelluric (RMT) survey using a horizontal magnetic dipole (HMD) transmitter to image the electrical resistivity distribution, the lateral extent of the near-surface layers and the CZ at two sites of the DeepEarthShape project – Santa Gracia (shown in this data publication) and Nahuelbuta (https://doi.org/10.5880/GIPP-MT.202003.1).
This data publication is supplementary to a study on microbial weathering of Fe-bearing minerals in the deep biosphere of a semi-arid environment (Chile). The dataset contains mineralogical, geochemical, microbiological and thermodynamic data of an 87 m deep drill core profile located in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (Santa Gracia (SG)). The drilling campaign was conducted in March-April 2019 as part of the German Science Foundation (DFG) priority research program SPP 1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota”. The project focused on how microorganisms contribute to mineral weathering and thus shape Earth´s surface. Aim of the drilling campaign was to recover the continuous weathering profile from surface to weathering front and to pinpoint as well as disentangle weathering processes at depth. For this purpose, extractable Fe pools, water-extractable organic carbon and nitrate, energy yields of Fe redox reactions, in situ microbial Fe(III) reduction, microbial Fe(III) reduction extent in microcosms, as well as community compositions of in situ and microcosms derived 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were determined.
The data consists of four vascular plant species lists, one per study site. The site selection is based on the four study areas of the DFG Priority Program 1803 "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” (www.earthshape.net), namely: arid climate National Park Pan de Azúcar, semi-arid climate Private Reserve Santa Gracia, mediterranean climate National Park La Campana and humid-temperate climate National Park Nahuelbuta in Chile, South America. Each list is a table with (mostly) terrestrial vascular plant species names that have been reported in a variety of sources at the selected sites and the corresponding administrative or biogeographical regions of Chile. The available literature sources varied from specific national park flora lists to Chilean flora books and catalogues and thus, the present lists represent a potential vegetation for the EarthShape study areas. Each table includes the plants’ Latin name, clade taxonomy, the plant growth form as well as the origin. The taxonomy of the vegetation species was updated to the taxonomic information available up to August 2023 from Chilean and South American vascular flora lists.
The dataset contains the seismic weight drop data acquired in Private Reserve Santa Gracia, Chile. The data acquisition was conducted as a part of the EarthShape project in the subproject of Geophysical Imaging of the Deep EarthShape (GIDES). The seismic line was setup to cut across an existing borehole location with core and geophysical logging data available (Krone et al., 2021; Weckmann et al., 2020). The data was acquired to image the deep weathering zone identified by the borehole data across the seismic profile. Included in the datasets are the raw data of the CUBE data logger, SEG-Y data of the recorded shots, and the shot and receiver geometry data. A vital aspect of comprehending the interplay between geological and biological processes lies in the imaging of the critical zone, located deep beneath the surface, where the transition from unaltered bedrock to fragmented regolith occurs. It had been hypothesized that the depth of such weathering zone is dependent on the climate condition of the area. A more humid climate with higher precipitation will result in a deeper weathering front. As a part of the EarthShape project (SPP-1803 ‘EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota’), specifically the Geophysical Imaging of the Deep EarthShape (GIDES - Grant No. KR 2073/5-1), we aim to image the weathering zone using the geophysical approach. Using the seismic method, we can differentiate different weathered layers based on the seismic velocity while also providing a 2D subsurface image of the critical zone. We conducted a seismic weight drop experiment in the Private Reserve Santa Gracia, Chile, to observe the depth of the weathering zone in a semi-arid climate and compare the resulting model with existing borehole data (Krone et al., 2021; Weckmann et al., 2020). The acquired data can then be used for multiple seismic imaging techniques, including body wave tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves.
This dataset contains Beryllium isotope data, pH measurements, and calculations of surface process rates (denudation, weathering, erosion) from soil and drill core samples from the Coastal Cordillera, Chile. All drilling and soil sampling campaigns were conducted in the framework of the “EarthShape” project (DFG SPP1803) from March 2019 to March 2020. Rock and soil samples consist of granitoid lithology that is weathered to different degrees. We measured the concentration of in situ 10Be in quartz samples from soil samples and calculated denudation rates thereof. Furthermore, we applied a sequential extraction method to analyse meteoric 10Be and reactive 9Be; we also measured residual 9Be and parent bedrock 9Be concentrations. Using the concentration of meteoric 10Be, we calculated the inventory assuming exponential decrease with depth. Finally, we calculated the depositional flux using the in situ 10Be denudation rate and the 10Be(meteoric)/9Be isotope ratio. From reactive 9Be, we calculated the fraction of reactive and dissolved 9Be that we interpret as weathering indicator. All samples are indicated with a IGSN (International Generic Sample Number) which is a global unique sample identifier. These IGSNs are provided in the data tables and are linked to a short data description in the internet.
The dataset contains the seismic weight drop data acquired in Private Reserve Santa Gracia, Chile. The data acquisition was conducted as a part of the EarthShape project in the subproject of Geophysical Imaging of the Deep EarthShape (GIDES). The seismic line was setup to cut across an existing borehole location with core and geophysical logging data available (Krone et al., 2021; Weckmann et al., 2020). The data was acquired to image the deep weathering zone identified by the borehole data across the seismic profile. Included in the datasets are the raw data of the CUBE data logger, SEG-Y data of the recorded shots, and the shot and receiver geometry data. A vital aspect of comprehending the interplay between geological and biological processes lies in the imaging of the critical zone, located deep beneath the surface, where the transition from unaltered bedrock to fragmented regolith occurs. It had been hypothesized that the depth of such weathering zone is dependent on the climate condition of the area. A more humid climate with higher precipitation will result in a deeper weathering front. As a part of the EarthShape project (SPP-1803 ‘EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota’), specifically the Geophysical Imaging of the Deep EarthShape (GIDES - Grant No. KR 2073/5-1), we aim to image the weathering zone using the geophysical approach. Using the seismic method, we can differentiate different weathered layers based on the seismic velocity while also providing a 2D subsurface image of the critical zone. We conducted a seismic weight drop experiment in the Private Reserve Santa Gracia, Chile, to observe the depth of the weathering zone in a semi-arid climate and compare the resulting model with existing borehole data (Krone et al., 2021; Weckmann et al., 2020). The acquired data can then be used for multiple seismic imaging techniques, including body wave tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves.
This data publication presents quantitative DNA data obtained through fluorometric detection of genomic DNA and the estimation of 16S rRNA gene copies using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The data encompasses various soil and rock samples collected across a climate gradient. The DNA was extracted using a protocol enabling the separate analysis of intracellular DNA (iDNA) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) from the same sample. The primary objective of this study was to enhance a previously established method developed by Alawi et al. (2014) for analyzing terrestrial samples by introducing modifications to the extraction buffer. Phosphate buffers at two different concentrations (120 mM and 300 mM), EDTA (300 mM), and a high-concentration phosphate buffer in combination with EDTA (300 mM each) were tested in conjunction with a detergent mix (detailed in Medina et al., 2023; submitted). Thorough tests, including spiked DNA experiments and cell counts, were conducted on one low biomass sample to validate the extraction setups. The two most effective extraction protocols were then applied to all samples from the four designated sites and compared with the phosphate buffer described by Alawi et al. (2014), resulting in the calculation of improvement factors. The resulting dataset provides valuable quantitative DNA information and estimates of 16S rRNA gene copies across diverse soil and rock samples along a climate gradient. The modifications made to the extraction buffer demonstrated improved efficiency in extracting especially iDNA compared to the original method. These findings contribute to the refinement and optimization of DNA extraction protocols for terrestrial samples, enabling more accurate and comprehensive analyses of microbial communities in different environments.
This dataset contains petrophysical, geochemical, and mineralogical data from a drilling core from the Coastal Cordillera, Chile. The drilling campaign in the semi-arid field site Private Reserve Santa Gracia was conducted in the framework of the “EarthShape” project (DFG SPP1803) to study deep weathering along a climate gradient. Previous studies in this area found that the weathering front is located much deeper than expected (Oeser et al., 2018). To explore the weathering profile and the depth of the weathering front, we performed various geochemical, petrophysical, and mineralogical analyses. The drilling campaign was conducted in March and April 2019, using the wireline drilling method with a standard industry truck-mounted PQ3-sized (85 mm core diameter, 123 mm hole diameter) rotary drilling rig (Sondajes Araos E.I.R.L.). A detailed description of the drilling activities is given in Krone et al. (2021). The retrieved core runs with a maximum length of 1.5 m were drilled using potable water, with added contamination control tracer for further microbiological analyses of the rock. As basis for our detailed study of deep weathering we determined the porosity, density, specific surface area, elemental composition, mineralogical composition, Fe oxidation, and the degree of weathering from chemical depletion, volumetric strain, and the weathering rate using the in situ cosmogenic nuclide beryllium-10 (10Be).
The DFG funded DeepEarthshape project within the SPP1803 EarthShape (second phase) combines several geoscientific methods and approaches to study the weathering zone in detail in dependence of climate conditions. Projects of the first phase have shown that the weathering zone is much deeper than expected, so that the weathering front was never encountered in the excavated soil pits. At depth of 1 – 2 m appreciable amounts of microbial biomass and DNA counts were encountered. It was further found that bacteria and archaea colonizing rock surfaces are close relatives to those from deeper soil zones. Because we do not know a) the depth of weathering; b) the process advancing it; c) whether this advance is driven by water, gases, and/or biological activity and concentrated along faults; d) whether this zone presents a habitat and interacts with the surface biosphere, we have designed a drilling campaign at all four study sites for joint geochemical, biogeochemical and microbiological exploration and a geophysical campaign for imaging the depth and physical properties of the critical zone. The principle hypotheses of the DeepEarthshape projects are: 1) The advance of the weathering front at depth is a recent process that is linked to climate and coupled with erosion at the surface through a biogeochemical feedback 2) Microbial activity in the deep regolith that advances weathering, is fuelled by young organic matter. The four study sites are distributed along the coast of Chile to have a similar geological setting but different climatic conditions. Here we present the logging data of the first geophysical borehole survey which took place at the Private Reserve Santa Gracia, 40 km NE of La Serena (Coquimbo Region, Chile). The data were acquired on the 2nd of April 2019. The borehole logging was conducted by COMPROBE. The vertical borehole reached down to 87.2 m depth and had a diameter (PQ) of 83.5 mm. The acoustic televiewer data are freely accessible now in .dlis and PDF formats. The original data files are embargoed until 30 June 2022 and will be accessible via this page afterwards.
The DFG Priority Program 1803 “EarthShape” (www.earthshape.net) investigates Earth surface shaping by biota. As part of this project, we present Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data of land surface areas for the four core research sites of the project. The research sites are located along a latitudinal gradient between ~26 °S and ~38 °S in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. From north to south, the names of these sites are: National Park Pan de Azúcar; Private Reserve Santa Gracia; National Park La Campana; and National Park Nahuelbuta. The three datasets contain raw 3D point cloud data captured from an airborne LiDAR system, and the following derivative products: a) digital terrain models (DTM, sometimes also referred to as DEM [digital elevation model]) which are (2.5D) raster datasets created by rendering only the LiDAR returns which are assumed to be ground/bare-earth returns and b) digital surface models (DSM) which are also 2.5D raster datasets produced by rendering all the returns from the top of the Earth’s surface, including all objects and structures (e.g. buildings and vegetation). The LiDAR data were acquired in 2008 (southernmost Nahuelbuta [NAB] catchment), 2016 (central La Campana [LC] catchment) and 2020 (central Santa Gracia [SGA] catchment). Except for Nahuelbuta (data already was available from the data provider from a previous project), the flights were carried out as part of the "EarthShape" project. The LiDAR raw data (point cloud/ *.las files) were compressed, merged (as *.laz files) and projected using UTM 19 S (UTM 18 S for the southernmost Nahuelbuta catchment, respectively) and WGS84 as coordinate reference system. A complementary fourth dataset for the northernmost site in the National Park Pan de Azúcar, derived from Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flights and Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, is expected to be obtained during the first half of 2022 and will be added to the above data set.
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