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Ring-shear test data of quartz sand SIBELCO S80 used for analogue modelling in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on quartz sand SIBELCO S80 used in analogue modelling of tectonic processes as a rock analogue for the earth’s upper crust (e.g., Klinkmüller et al., 2016). According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of quartz sand S80 are µP = 0.75, µD = 0.59, and µR = 0.69, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 0-80 Pa. The material shows no rate-dependency (<1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v). The tested bulk material consists of quartz sand SIBELCO S80 with grain size of ~0.63-355 µm (D50 = 175 µm. Bulk and grain densities are 1300 kg/m³ and 2650 kg/m³, respectively and the hardness is 7 on Moh’s scale. S80 is sold e.g., by the company SIBELCO (sibelco.com).

A database of analogue models and geophysical data investigating caldera resurgence; DynamiCal project

In this dataset we provide data for 6 experimental models of caldera collapse and subsequent resurgence monitored through geophysical sensors (a force or “impact sensor”, Piezotronics PCB 104 200B02 and a Triaxial piezoelectric accelerometer, Model 356B18). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory), which is a joint laboratory between the Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was partly supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS), by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia and by the “Monitoring Earth's Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project (NextGenerationEU). Specifically, this work was performed in the frame of the DynamiCal project, funded by the 2° TNA-NOA call of the ILGE-MEET project.

Drained ring-shear test data of wet silica powder-glass beads-PVC powder mixture “CM2” used for analogue modelling in the laboratory for experimental tectonics (LET) at RomaTre University, Rome, Italy

This dataset provides friction data from drained ring-shear tests on a wet (water saturated) silica powder-glass beads-PVC powder mixture (40:40:20 wt.%) “CM2”, used in analogue modelling of tectonic and erosion processes as a rock analogue for the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Conrad et al., 2023, Reitano et al., 2020, 2022. 2023). According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of CM2 are µP = 0.66, µD = 0.58, and µR = 0.61, respectively. Cohesion of the material ranges between 60-230 Pa. The tested bulk material CM2 consists of a mixture of 40 wt. % silica powder, 40 wt.% glass beads and 20 wt.% PVC powder which has been saturated with water (Table 1). Specification of silica powder is “Ventilated Quartz VR16” (https://www.valligranulati.it/products-granules-quartz-marble-sands-premixed/sheet-m/ventilated-quartz) by the company Valli Granulati S.r.l. (Italy). Ventilated quartz is obtained by micronisation of quartz sands with a high content of SiO2 (around 96%), and used e.g. in paints and abrasives. It should be handled with care to omit generation of dust and a half mask (filter class FFA1P2 RD) should be worn because it can harm the human respiratory tract with the potential of causing silicosis. Glass beads used here have a size (diameter) of 700-110 µm and their individual properties are described in detail Pohlenz et al. (2020). The commercial name for the PVC powder is “PVC K.57 Inovyn 257RF” by the company TPV Compound (Italy). PVC powder is mainly used for cleaning industrial structures (as abrasives) or for the production of PVC tubing, plastic sheets etc. The composition of this PVC powder is the same of the common Polyvinyl chloride. According to the regulation CE n.1272/2008 (CLP), this type of PVC powder is classified as not dangerous for the supply, also thanks to its low value of density and round shape.

A database of R-R-R triple junction analogue and numerical models

This dataset presents the raw data from two experimental series of analogue models and four numerical models performed to investigate Rift-Rift-Rift triple junction dynamics, supporting the modelling results described in the submitted paper. Numerical models were run in order to support the outcomes obtained from the analogue models. Our experimental series tested the case of a totally symmetric RRR junction (with rift branch angles trending at 120° and direction of stretching similarly trending at 120°; SY Series) or a less symmetric triple junction (with rift branches trending at 120° but with one of these experiencing orthogonal extension; OR Series), and testing the role of a single or two phases of extension coupled with effect of differential velocities between the three moving plates. An overview of the performed analogue and numerical models is provided in Table 1. Analogue models have been analysed quantitatively by means of photogrammetric reconstruction of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used for 3D quantification of the deformation, and top-view photo analysis for qualitative descriptions. The analogue materials used in the setup of these models are described in Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Maestrelli et al. (2020). Numerical models were run with the finite element software ASPECT (e.g., Kronbichler et al., 2012; Heister et al., 2017; Rose et al., 2017).

Ring-shear test data of wallnut shells used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing))

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests walnut shells used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing). According to our analysis the tested materials behave as a Mohr-Coulomb material characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of corundum sand are µP = 0.90, µD = 0.63, and µR = 0.68, respectively (Table 4). Cohesion of the material ranges between 0-40 Pa. The tested bulk material consists of walnut shells with grain size of 180-380 µm (Table 1) and is sold under the name "Walnut Shells" with the product number YR-98547 by the company Yiran Mineral Products (1688.com). The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (<20 kPa) and shear velocities (<1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016).

Ring-shear test data of foamglass used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests foamglass used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing). According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of corundum sand are µP = 0.55, µD = 0.52, and µR = 0.57, respectively (Table 4). Cohesion of the material ranges between 10-30 Pa. The tested bulk material consists of foamglass with grain size of 180-380 µm (Table 1) and is sold under the name "Floating Bead" with the product number PZ-002 by the company Tuyun Mineral Products (1688.com). The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (<20 kPa) and shear velocities (<1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016).

Ring-shear test data of mica used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests black mica used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing). According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of corundum sand are µP = 0.59, µD = 0.56, and µR = 0.57, respectively (Table 4). Cohesion of the material ranges between 100-130 Pa. The tested bulk material consists of black mica (Biotite) with grain size of 380-830 µm and is sold under the name "Black Mica" with the product number YS-004 by the company Yunshi Building Materials Co., Ltd (1688.com). The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (<20 kPa) and shear velocities (<1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experiments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and volume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016).

Ring-shear test data of colored quartz sand used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests colored quartz sand used for analogue modelling in the experimental tectonics laboratory at China University of Petroleum (Beijing). According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of corundum sand are µP = 0.75, µD = 0.59, and µR = 0.67, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 20-90 Pa. The tested bulk material consists of blue colored quartz sand with grain size of 180-380 µm and is sold under the name "Colored Sand" with the product number A1 by the company Xinran Mineral Products (1688.com). The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at HelTec, the Laboratory for experimental tectonics at the Helmholtz Center Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures (<20 kPa) and shear velocities (<1 mm/sec) similar to sandbox experi-ments. In this tester, a granular bulk material layer is sheared internally at constant normal stress σN and shear velocity v while shear force and lid displacement (corresponding to density and vol-ume change ΔV) are measured continuously. For more details see Klinkmüller et al. (2016).

Ring-shear test data of white mica used for analogue modelling in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University

This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests white mica (Muscovite) used for analogue modelling in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of white mica sand are µP = 0.60, µD = 0.56, and µR = 0.55, respectively (Table 5). Cohesion of the material ranges between 140-180 Pa. The tested bulk material consists of white mica (Muscovite) with grain sizes ranging from 45-600 µm with the following distribution: 45-106µm – 10-25%, 106-425µm – 65-85%, 425-600µm – <2.5%.

DVC and 3D stereo DIC data from analogue models exploring interaction of viscous flow and surface deformation in rotational rift systems

This dataset includes surface 3D stereoscopic Digital Image Correlation (3D stereo DIC) images and videos of 10 analogue models on crustal scale rifting with a rotational component. In addition, this dataset provides CT imagery of four analogue models that have been analyzed by means of Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) applied on X-Ray computed tomography volumes. Data of CT scanned models also includes slices of the volumetric displacement set for each displacement component. Using a brittle-viscous two-layer setup, the experiments focused on surface rift propagation, internal viscous flow driven by a horizontal pressure gradient and the interaction of internal and surface deformation. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). 3D stereo DIC analyses were performed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) and DVC analyses were performed at the Royal Holloway University London (RHUL). All models consist of a two-layer brittle-viscous set up with a total thickness of 6 cm. Thickness variations in brittle and ductile layers are expressed by the ratio RBD = brittle layer thickness/ductile layer thickness, which ranges from RBD = 0.5 to RBD = 2. The model set up lies on top of a 5 cm thick foam base with a trapezoidal shape with a height of 900 mm and a pair of bases with widths of 310 mm and 350 mm at the far ends, respectively. The foam block is sliced into segments such that 7 interlayered 0.5 cm thick plexiglass bars prevent foam collapse under the model weight. Before model construction, the foam-plexiglass assemblage is placed between longitudinal side walls. The experimental set-up is such that rotational extension in one part of the model domain is separated from rotational shortening in the other part of the model domain by a vertical rotation axis (Fig. 1). During the model run, the foam homogeneously expands in the domain undergoing extension and homogeneously contracts in the domain undergoing shortening. The applied velocity for all models is 10 mm/h and refers to the divergence of the sidewalls furthest away from the rotation axis which decreases linearly towards the rotation axis. This results in a maximum displacement of 40 mm at the outermost circular segment after a total run time of 4h.

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