In dem Flyer wir beschrieben, wie mit schwerkranken Füchsen in der Schonzeit, umgegangen werden muß.
A concept that utilizes parameters retrieved from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery will be devised in order to evaluate the atmospheric drag coefficient of sea ice. Methods will be developed for mapping and quantifying sea ice surface structure and deformation (e. g. floe size distribution, ridge spacing) from radar data. Considering that different SAR systems will be launched into space in the near future, the proposed investigations consider the effect of radar frequency, polarization, and spatial resolutions on the parameter retrieval. Retrieval methods and their accuracy will be assessed. Potential correlations between SAR backscatter variations, retrieved parameters related to sea ice deformation and surface structure, and the atmospheric drag coefficient will be analysed. The utilization of the retrieved parameters will be tested in numerical simulations of atmospheric boundary layer processes. Quantitative information about the sea ice surface structure and deformation is also of use for modelling sea ice dynamics, estimating sea ice mass balance, classifying ice types, and for safety and efficiency of marine transport and offshore operations.
The international project 'Global Land Ice Measurements from Space' (GLIMS) establishes a complete remote sensing based inventory of the glaciers of the world. Glacial changes are indicators of changes in regional and global climate. GLIMS' mission to establish a global inventory of ice will provide the community with data for later comparison. Monitoring glaciers across the globe and understanding not only the cause of those changes, but the effects, will lead us to a greater understanding of global change and its causes. IPG Freiburg is the Regional Center for the Antarctic Peninsula within GLIMS.
Problem Statement: Davos, a research site Photo: W. Schönenberger (WSL) Simulations of the effects from changing environmental conditions on water cycles and hydrological processes often base on incomplete existing input- and model-parameters. In this context comprehensive sensitivity analyses are important, which allow to assess the influence of deviations and initial conditions on the results. Within the project, we investigate the spatial and temporal development of water cycles in the Swiss Alps for the next decades as influenced by climate change. In addition, we implement error propagation and sensitivity analysis of the models used, in particular the cross-scaling problems influencing the model resolution's accuracy and precision. We will use innovative methods to verify and assess Daymet for the complex terrain of Switzerland as well as to evaluate Biome-BGC for the simulations of ecosystem developments with respect to water cycles. Scenarios are afflicted with uncertainties; to quantify the dimension of these errors and to assess the quality of the deployed models for scenarios we implement a sensitivity analysis. Objectives: The main goal of this project is to assess the impact of climatic change on the water cycle in forest ecosystems as a function of abiotic site factors, by evaluating the reliability and plausibility of different approaches to model the hydrological cycle in space and time. This goal can be further divided into the following sub-goals: Objective A Developments and changes of the hydrological state will be estimated, depending on the forest ecosystem, the climate, and the topographical unique characteristics of the Swiss Alps. Objective B Quantification of implicit uncertainties by sensitivity analysis and error propagation in the simulation process. Objective C Assessment of uncertainties of digital data representation (e.g. digital terrain surface) by means of suitable mathematical methods in different scales (cross-scaling). Research Plan The Project will investigate the spatial and temporal development of forest ecosystems in the Swiss Alps as influenced by a changing climate during the next five decades. The following models and methods will be employed: Daymet to generate climatological surfaces; Biome-BGC a process model for terrestrial ecosystems; GLUE and GSA. The objective is not to develop new, or to enhance existing models but to evaluate the quality, the reliability and the uncertainties using error simulations and predictions. Following steps will be conducted: Validation of a verified and calibrated model: We will simulate the daily minimum and maximum temperatures and the daily total precipitation (snow and water separately) for the Swiss Alps from 1961 until 2000. Plausibility analysis of future water cylces: With the second step, etc.
ECODIS will develop sensor technologies for monitoring the physicochemical reactivity and biological impact of inorganic and organic pollutant species in aquatic systems. ECODIS will also apply these technologies to the study of the short and long term chemical and biological status of aquatic ecosystems following a pollution disaster. Exposure conditions experienced by organisms are defined by the temporal profiles of concentration and speciation of pollutants. These profiles will be quantitatively linked to biological effects via an innovative dynamic approach based on the flux of pollutant species as a key parameter in effective ecosystem quality. The dynamic features of pollutant species distributions over biotic and abiotic components will be a basic component of a new generic dynamic approach for any macroscopic aquatic ecosystem impacted by a pollution disaster event. This will involve the integration of the dynamic features of pollutants with their macroscale transport resulting from diffusion and flows in the water body. One of the major goals of ECODIS is to arrive at a model that includes predicted pollutant species distributions, and ensuing biological risks, in all compartments of the aquatic ecosystem as a function of time and space. Especially in disaster situations, the pollutant sink/source functioning of ecosystems under extreme load will be a key factor in the rate of spread of the disaster impact. ECODIS will couple the sink/source function with the transport modelling and derive the ensuing immediate and long term impact of a given pollution disaster. ECODIS will also open the way for developing sophisticated strategies for dynamic risk assessment and disaster management policies. One of the ultimate goals in ECODIS's action plan is the formulation of a set of guidelines for monitoring, data management, and interpretation of pollution disasters. Prime Contractor: Wageningen Universiteit; Wageningen; Netherland.
Antarctic ice cores document considerable variation in the fluxes of atmospheric soil dust, volcanic ash particles, and trace metals, but the records are incomplete and the predominant sources of these aerosols are poorly characterised with respect to space and time. Ombrotrophic peat bogs are excellent archives of most atmospheric particles and a wide range of trace metals, and are abundant in Tasmania, New Zealand and Patagonia. The study proposed here will represent the first complete, long term (13.000 yr), high resolution reconstruction of atmospheric dust and trace metal deposition for the southern hemisphere. Conservative, lithogenic trace metals (Ti, Y, Zr, Hf, REE) will be used to quantify the changing rates of atmospheric soil dust deposition, and the ration of these elements to Sc will document changes in mineralogy and particle size. Lead and Sr isotope data will be used to identify changes in predominant dust source areas which will provide new insight into Holocene climate change in the southern hemisphere. Arsenic, Ag, Cd, Sb and Pb will be used to estimate anthropogenic contributions to the metal fluxes. In addition, trace elements supplied by volcanoes will be identified using changes in Au and Bi concentrations, and cosmogenic dust using Os and Ir. These new terrestrial records will complement the existing trace metal and dust records from Antarctica snow and ice archives, and fill in a number of important research gaps.
The major goal of the project is the geobiological description of active and fossil endolithic organisms of an oceanic crust deep biosphere collected from larger pore spaces and glassy crusts of pillow lavas, and solid portions of basaltic and ultramafic rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Crucial is also the recognition of biosignatures of an oceanic deep biosphere. Biosignatures are e.g. organic remains/biomarkers, certain (organo-) mineral precipitates, geochemical, and isotopic anomalies. Results will be compared with samples from different localities (e.g. ODP Leg 200). For this purpose, thin sections from biologically fixed basaltic and ultramafic rock samples will be used for a comprehensive, multiphase experimental approach. The active endolithic deep biosphere will be investigated microscopically using histological and petrographic staining techniques, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), further culture independent molecular biological methods (e.g. DGGE), and culturing of certain microorganisms. Lipid biomarker signatures and macromolecular investigations will provide further knowledge on the distribution of microorganisms, their biodiversity, and generally of organic matter. Isotope and geochemical proxies will be used to describe newly formed minerals within fractures and degassed basaltic, and ultramafic rock types (e.g. ?13C, ?18O, ?34S, 87/86Sr, major and minor elements, REE). We anticipate, that the analyses will demonstrate that the inner pore space of degassed basaltic rocks and fractures and ultramafic rocks is a well developed microbial ecosystem which presumably is found everywhere where oceanic crust forms the seafloor. Therefore, microbial-mediated mineralisation processes within oceanic crust pore spaces may have a significant impact on geochemical element budgets. It is possible to distinguish a fossil oceanic deep biosphere via biosignature analyses back to the Precambrian.
Zielstellung des Projektes ist es, durch Felduntersuchungen in vorab ausgewählten Getreideanbaugebieten, deren klimatische Bedingungen sich entlang eines Transektes von Süd- nach Nordeuropa um jeweils etwa 1,5 K im Jahresmittel der Lufttemperatur unterscheiden, Effekte von Nutzungsintensität und Klimaänderung auf die Segetalflora zu analysieren. Durch vergleichende Analysen der Unkrautfloren einzelner Gebiete im Klimatransekt sollen u. a. aufbauend auf einer zu erarbeitenden Unkrautdatenbank mit ökologischen Merkmalen der Arten Abschätzungen zur Auswirkung von Klimaänderungen auf die Zusammensetzung der Segetalflora, die biologische Vielfalt in Agrarlandschaften und hinsichtlich ihrer aktuellen und potentiellen Bedeutung als pflanzengenetische Ressourcen durchgeführt werden. Dabei werden unterschiedliche Nutzungsintensitäten (intensiv, ökologisch, extensiv) berücksichtigt.
Over land, observations of rain rates are more or less operational. To obtain information about precipitation at the coastal zones, weather radars are used. However, over the oceans, especially away from the main shipping routes, no direct precipitation measurements are performed. In these regions, satellite data can provide information about precipitation events. Satellites deploying passive and active microwave sensors can operate independently of cloud cover and time of day. Passive microwave sensors give crude estimates of rain rates over large areas but cannot resolve small-scale rain events of short duration as are often observed in the tropics, for example. Active microwave sensors with high resolutions, such as synthetic aperture radars can provide more reliable information. Though the effect of rain on the atmosphere is a very topical area of research, the radar backscattering mechanisms at the water surface during rain events combined with wind are still not well understood. The purpose of this project is to investigate the radar backscattering from the water surface in the presence of rain and wind in order to interpret satellite radar data produced by active microwave sensors. Furthermore, the results should be embedded into models of the radar backscattering from the water surface to allow for estimating rain rates by using satellite data. Research topics: Rain impinging on a water surfaces generates splash products including crowns, cavities, stalks and secondary drops, which do not propagate, and ring waves and subsurface turbulence. We are investigating this phenomena at the wind-wave tank of the University of Hamburg. The tank is fitted with an artificial rain simulator of 2.3 m2 area mounted 4.5 m over the water surface. Rain drops of 2.1 and 2.9 mm in diameter with rain rates up to 100 mm/h have been produced. Wind with speeds 10 m/s and monomolecular slicks act on the water surface. The influence of the rain on the water surface is measured with a resistance type wire gauge, a two dimensional laser slope gauge and an coherent 9.8 GHz (x band) continuous wave scatterometer operating at VV-, HH- and HV-polarization. The influence of rain below the water surface is measured with colored raindrops which are observed with a video camera to investigate the turbulent motion and the depth of the mixed layer. At the North Sea Port of Buesum in Germany, a scatterometer operating at all polarizations and five frequencies will be mounted during summer of this year. The radar backscatter of the sea surface during rain events will be measured in combination with meteorological observations. With help of these measurements, existing radar backscatter models of the water surface will be improved for the presence of rain events. To validate the improved models, ERS-2 SAR-images will be compared with weather radar data.
An end-to-end performance model is being developed which will be capable of simulating all significant processes important for determining the measurement capabilities of a space-borne DIAL system such as WALES. This model will also be applied for estimating the performance of airborne or ground-based systems.
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