In dem Flyer wir beschrieben, wie mit schwerkranken Füchsen in der Schonzeit, umgegangen werden muß.
Problemstellung: POPs (persistent organic pollutants) sind schwer abbaubare organische Schadstoffe, die sich in organischem Material und in der Nahrungskette anreichern. Für Mensch und Tier bergen sie eine ganze Reihe von Gefahren. Dazu zählen Anomalien und Deformationen von Embryonen ebenso wie gestörte Entwicklungsabläufe im Baby- und Kindesalter. Des weiteren sind solche Chemikalien die Ursache von Krebserkrankungen und sie schädigen das Nerven- sowie das Immunsystem. Auch wirken einige dieser Stoffe im Organismus wie körpereigene Hormone und stören deshalb den Hormonhaushalt. Dies führt bei einigen Tiere zu Störungen der Fruchtbarkeit bis hin zu Unfruchtbarkeit. Aufgrund ihrer chemischen Eigenschaft verflüchtigen sich POPs in den warmen Regionen und werden in der Atmosphäre über weite Distanzen transportiert. In kalten Regionen kondensieren sie dann wieder aus und reichern sich an. Besonders stark belastet sind daher Arktis und Antarktis, die weit entfernt von den Regionen liegen, wo POPs tatsächlich produziert und verwendet werden. Auch in den Alpen ist es kalt und zusätzlich bilden diese eine Barriere für Luftmassen aus allen Windrichtungen. Es liegt daher nahe, zu vermuten, dass POPs auch in den Alpen in hohen Konzentrationen vorkommen. Nachdem erste Studien diese Vermutung bestätigt haben, wurde das Project MOPNARPOP (Monitoring Network in the Alpine Region for Persistent and other Organic Pollutants) gestartet, um die momentane Situation im Alpenraum abzuschätzen. Beteiligt sind Österreich, Deutschland, die Schweiz, Italien und Slowenien mit Unterstützung des Alpine Space Programme (INTERREG IIIB) der EU. Zielsetzung: MONARPOP untersucht POPs und andere organische Schadstoffe bezüglich Langstreckentransport und Mengen, die in abgelegene Alpenregionen verfrachtet werden; Windrichtungen aus welchen die grössten Mengen verfrachtet werden; regionaler Unterschiede im Alpenraum; unterschiedlichen Höhenlagen; momentanen Mengen, die in den alpinen Wäldern gebunden sind; möglichen biologischen Auswirkungen der gefundenen Mengen.
Over land, observations of rain rates are more or less operational. To obtain information about precipitation at the coastal zones, weather radars are used. However, over the oceans, especially away from the main shipping routes, no direct precipitation measurements are performed. In these regions, satellite data can provide information about precipitation events. Satellites deploying passive and active microwave sensors can operate independently of cloud cover and time of day. Passive microwave sensors give crude estimates of rain rates over large areas but cannot resolve small-scale rain events of short duration as are often observed in the tropics, for example. Active microwave sensors with high resolutions, such as synthetic aperture radars can provide more reliable information. Though the effect of rain on the atmosphere is a very topical area of research, the radar backscattering mechanisms at the water surface during rain events combined with wind are still not well understood. The purpose of this project is to investigate the radar backscattering from the water surface in the presence of rain and wind in order to interpret satellite radar data produced by active microwave sensors. Furthermore, the results should be embedded into models of the radar backscattering from the water surface to allow for estimating rain rates by using satellite data. Research topics: Rain impinging on a water surfaces generates splash products including crowns, cavities, stalks and secondary drops, which do not propagate, and ring waves and subsurface turbulence. We are investigating this phenomena at the wind-wave tank of the University of Hamburg. The tank is fitted with an artificial rain simulator of 2.3 m2 area mounted 4.5 m over the water surface. Rain drops of 2.1 and 2.9 mm in diameter with rain rates up to 100 mm/h have been produced. Wind with speeds 10 m/s and monomolecular slicks act on the water surface. The influence of the rain on the water surface is measured with a resistance type wire gauge, a two dimensional laser slope gauge and an coherent 9.8 GHz (x band) continuous wave scatterometer operating at VV-, HH- and HV-polarization. The influence of rain below the water surface is measured with colored raindrops which are observed with a video camera to investigate the turbulent motion and the depth of the mixed layer. At the North Sea Port of Buesum in Germany, a scatterometer operating at all polarizations and five frequencies will be mounted during summer of this year. The radar backscatter of the sea surface during rain events will be measured in combination with meteorological observations. With help of these measurements, existing radar backscatter models of the water surface will be improved for the presence of rain events. To validate the improved models, ERS-2 SAR-images will be compared with weather radar data.
A concept that utilizes parameters retrieved from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery will be devised in order to evaluate the atmospheric drag coefficient of sea ice. Methods will be developed for mapping and quantifying sea ice surface structure and deformation (e. g. floe size distribution, ridge spacing) from radar data. Considering that different SAR systems will be launched into space in the near future, the proposed investigations consider the effect of radar frequency, polarization, and spatial resolutions on the parameter retrieval. Retrieval methods and their accuracy will be assessed. Potential correlations between SAR backscatter variations, retrieved parameters related to sea ice deformation and surface structure, and the atmospheric drag coefficient will be analysed. The utilization of the retrieved parameters will be tested in numerical simulations of atmospheric boundary layer processes. Quantitative information about the sea ice surface structure and deformation is also of use for modelling sea ice dynamics, estimating sea ice mass balance, classifying ice types, and for safety and efficiency of marine transport and offshore operations.
Objective: Increasing awareness by the public opinion about environmental issues, energy and material conservation at all stages of product life (from raw materials to disposal/recycling) is putting the industry in general and the transport industry in particular under increased pressure to reduce CO2 emissions and save energy. Environmental protection and safety will be increasingly influenced by legislation. The European transport industry is estimated to generate 22 percent of the carbon dioxide emission. As the car population is expected to grow 40 percent by the year 2010 new tough targets for reducing emissions by 30 percent in 2010 are being set by the EU, against the state of the art technologies of 1995. It is generally agreed by the industry that reductions of this size will require a change in current technologies. Multi-material technology (sandwich and/or hybrid materials) is becoming increasingly important in new vehicle design. Public service vehicles (buses and coaches) are regarded as primary targets for application of sandwich construction and multi-materials. Public service vehicles (PSV) play a major role in the transportation industry of both industrialized and developing countries. The proposed project will be focused on the development of a novel technology to manufacture bus/coach bodies using sandwich multi-material panels. The main overall objectives of the project are: - Solving the problem of reducing weight and production costs of land transport vehicles through the development of a technology of modular bus/coach construction, using 'all composite' multi-material sandwich panels instead of steel/aluminium space frame lined with sheets of different materials. - Devise design methodologies that reduce production lead time through reduction of number of components, functional integration, and allowance for dismantling, easy repair and recycling. Primce Contractor: INEGI - Instituto de Engenharia Mecanica e Gestao Industrial, Leca do Balio, Portugal.
Problem Statement: Davos, a research site Photo: W. Schönenberger (WSL) Simulations of the effects from changing environmental conditions on water cycles and hydrological processes often base on incomplete existing input- and model-parameters. In this context comprehensive sensitivity analyses are important, which allow to assess the influence of deviations and initial conditions on the results. Within the project, we investigate the spatial and temporal development of water cycles in the Swiss Alps for the next decades as influenced by climate change. In addition, we implement error propagation and sensitivity analysis of the models used, in particular the cross-scaling problems influencing the model resolution's accuracy and precision. We will use innovative methods to verify and assess Daymet for the complex terrain of Switzerland as well as to evaluate Biome-BGC for the simulations of ecosystem developments with respect to water cycles. Scenarios are afflicted with uncertainties; to quantify the dimension of these errors and to assess the quality of the deployed models for scenarios we implement a sensitivity analysis. Objectives: The main goal of this project is to assess the impact of climatic change on the water cycle in forest ecosystems as a function of abiotic site factors, by evaluating the reliability and plausibility of different approaches to model the hydrological cycle in space and time. This goal can be further divided into the following sub-goals: Objective A Developments and changes of the hydrological state will be estimated, depending on the forest ecosystem, the climate, and the topographical unique characteristics of the Swiss Alps. Objective B Quantification of implicit uncertainties by sensitivity analysis and error propagation in the simulation process. Objective C Assessment of uncertainties of digital data representation (e.g. digital terrain surface) by means of suitable mathematical methods in different scales (cross-scaling). Research Plan The Project will investigate the spatial and temporal development of forest ecosystems in the Swiss Alps as influenced by a changing climate during the next five decades. The following models and methods will be employed: Daymet to generate climatological surfaces; Biome-BGC a process model for terrestrial ecosystems; GLUE and GSA. The objective is not to develop new, or to enhance existing models but to evaluate the quality, the reliability and the uncertainties using error simulations and predictions. Following steps will be conducted: Validation of a verified and calibrated model: We will simulate the daily minimum and maximum temperatures and the daily total precipitation (snow and water separately) for the Swiss Alps from 1961 until 2000. Plausibility analysis of future water cylces: With the second step, etc.
ECODIS will develop sensor technologies for monitoring the physicochemical reactivity and biological impact of inorganic and organic pollutant species in aquatic systems. ECODIS will also apply these technologies to the study of the short and long term chemical and biological status of aquatic ecosystems following a pollution disaster. Exposure conditions experienced by organisms are defined by the temporal profiles of concentration and speciation of pollutants. These profiles will be quantitatively linked to biological effects via an innovative dynamic approach based on the flux of pollutant species as a key parameter in effective ecosystem quality. The dynamic features of pollutant species distributions over biotic and abiotic components will be a basic component of a new generic dynamic approach for any macroscopic aquatic ecosystem impacted by a pollution disaster event. This will involve the integration of the dynamic features of pollutants with their macroscale transport resulting from diffusion and flows in the water body. One of the major goals of ECODIS is to arrive at a model that includes predicted pollutant species distributions, and ensuing biological risks, in all compartments of the aquatic ecosystem as a function of time and space. Especially in disaster situations, the pollutant sink/source functioning of ecosystems under extreme load will be a key factor in the rate of spread of the disaster impact. ECODIS will couple the sink/source function with the transport modelling and derive the ensuing immediate and long term impact of a given pollution disaster. ECODIS will also open the way for developing sophisticated strategies for dynamic risk assessment and disaster management policies. One of the ultimate goals in ECODIS's action plan is the formulation of a set of guidelines for monitoring, data management, and interpretation of pollution disasters. Prime Contractor: Wageningen Universiteit; Wageningen; Netherland.
Das Georadar ist ein geeignetes Verfahren zur Ortung von Lagerungsanomalien im Bodengefüge, die durch natürliche geologische Begebenheiten oder auch durch vom Menschen geschaffene Einflüsse entstehen können. Hierzu zählen alle baulichen Veränderungen im Boden. Von besonderem Interesse sind diese Anomalien dann, wenn es zu einer Gefährdung von Menschen oder Bauwerken kommen kann. Der Eintrag von Bodenmaterial in einen Abwasserkanal mit infiltrierendem Grundwasser kann das Bodengefüge soweit destabilisieren, dass es zum Einbruch der Oberfläche, einem sogenannten Tagbruch, kommen kann. Mit Hilfe des Georadars können Lagerungsanomalien detektiert werden, bevor es zu einer ernsthaften Schädigung des Straßenkörpers und weiterer Bauwerke kommt. In diesem hier vorgestellten Vorhaben wurde mit Hilfe eines Georadarsystems von der Straßenoberfläche aus der Untergrund bis zu einer Tiefe von ca. 5 m im Bereich erdverlegter Abwasserkanäle untersucht. Messungen in fünf Kommunen wurden ergänzt durch Messversuche auf einem Testfeld, in dem unter definierten Randbedingungen verschiedene Hohlräume und verschiedene Lagerungsdichten simuliert und erfasst wurden. Die Messmuster der Untersuchungen am Testfeld dienten zur Verifizierung der Messergebnisse in den Kommunen. Um die Einsatzmöglichkeit des Georadars für Kanalnetzbetreiber zu verbessern, wurde in diesem Vorhaben ein Datenmanagementsystem entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe die Untersuchungen zwischen Auftraggeber und Auftragnehmer auszutauschen, zu bewerten und zu visualisieren sind. Aus bestehenden Standards wurde ein XML-basiertes Austauschformat entworfen, mit dem die Fachdaten plattformunabhängig und mit vertretbarem Aufwand in verschiedene Kanalinformationssysteme eingebunden werden können. Erweitert durch den verwendeten GML-Standard ist dies auch in Bezug auf die Visualisierungen möglich, die mit Hilfe der Geometriedaten generiert werden. Es werden hinsichtlich einer praxisgerechten Visualisierung die Messdaten georeferenziert, indem nicht nur die durch das Messfahrzeug aufgenommenen GPS-Koordinaten in verschiedene Koordinaten-Systeme transformiert wurden, sondern auch ein Datenmanagement entwickelt wurde, das es ermöglicht, die Lagegenauigkeit der erfassten GPS-Signale zu überprüfen und zu korrigieren. Anhand der referenzierten Daten wurden zwei Darstellungsformen entwickelt, die sich in bestehende Visualisierungen, wie sie bei Kanalinformationssystemen verwendet werden, integrieren. Diese Verschneidung ermöglicht den Kommunen, die Untersuchungen bei planerischen Sanierungsmaßnahmen zu berücksichtigen. Für Georadaruntersuchungen aus nichtbegehbaren Kanälen heraus wurde ein Kanalroboter als Labormuster durch die Firma Wiebe Gleisbaumschienen GmbH entwickelt.
An end-to-end performance model is being developed which will be capable of simulating all significant processes important for determining the measurement capabilities of a space-borne DIAL system such as WALES. This model will also be applied for estimating the performance of airborne or ground-based systems.
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