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GC-MS-Analyse zur Unterstuetzung der Charakterisierung und Reinigung kontaminierter Waesser und Schlaemme

In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, insbesondere im Umfeld Thueringens gibt es eine Vielzahl von Altlasten, die mit den verschiedenen Verfahren der Bodenreinigung saniert werden koennen. Bei kostenguenstigen Verfahren, wie z.B. der Bodenwaesche, bleiben bestimmte Schadstoffraktionen als hochbelastete Waesser und Schlaemme zurueck. Soweit es bei dem derzeitigen Stand der Technik wirtschaftlich moeglich ist, koennen sie weiter aufbereitet werden. Hier kommen verschiedene Verfahren, u.a. Einsatz von Aktivkohle, Hochleistungsbiologie, Strippen, und die chemische Oxidation zum Einsatz. Zur Entwicklung weiterer Verfahren zu diesem Zweck ist es erforderlich, begleitende Untersuchungen der einzelnen Verfahrensschritte zu taetigen, um somit zur Verfahrensoptimierung beizutragen und neuartigen Verfahren den Weg zur Einsatzfaehigkeit zu ebnen. Das Forschungsprojekt soll das Profil der Fachhochschule Erfurt in der Umweltanalytik erweitern sowie Gelegenheit geben, ein ueber den Durchschnitt hinausreichendes Fachwissen zu etablieren. Es soll insbesondere dem Fachbereich Versorgungstechnik, der den Aufbaustudiengang Umwelttechnik mit beinhaltet, ermoeglichen, Wirtschaftsunternehmen vor allem in Thueringen Kooperationsmoeglichkeiten anzubieten, die diese fuer die Entwicklung geeigneter Erzeugnisse, Verfahren und Anlagen nutzen koennen, um somit ihre Wettbewerbsfaehigkeit zu steigern.

Dynamic (redox) interfaces in soil - Carbon turnover in microbial biomass and flux into soil organic matter

Existing models of soil organic matter (SOM) formation consider plant material as the main source of SOM. Recent results from nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of SOM and from own incubation studies, however, show that microbial residues also contribute to a large extent to SOM formation. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the soil mineral sur-faces are covered by numerous small patchy fragments (100 - 500 nm) deriving from microbial cell wall residues. We will study the formation and fate of these patchy fragments as continuously produced interfaces in artificial soil systems (quartz, montmorillonite, iron oxides, bacteria and carbon sources). We will quantify the relative contributions of different types of soil organisms to patchy fragment formation and elucidate the effect of redox con-ditions and iron mineralogy on the formation and turnover of patchy fragments. The develop-ment of patchy fragments during pedogenesis will be followed by studying soil samples from a chronosequence in the forefield of the retreating Damma glacier. We will characterize chemical and physical properties of the patchy fragments by nanothermal analysis and microscale condensation experiments in an environmental scanning electron microscope. The results will help understanding the processes at and characteristics of biogeochemical interfaces.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1294: Bereich Infrastruktur - Atmospheric and Earth system research with the 'High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft' (HALO), Physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften von Wolkenpartikelresiduen und eisnukleierenden Partikeln in Verbindung mit Wolken in hohen geographischen Breiten vom Mischphasen- bis zum Zirrenniveau (HALO 2020, CIRRUS-HL)

Es wird vermutet, dass Zirruswolken in hohen geographischen Breiten (arktische Zirren), einen positiven „Cloud Radiative Effect“ (CRE) haben und somit zum Phänomen der "Arctic Amplification" beitragen. Das Vorzeichen und die Stärke des CRE arktischer Zirren hängt von deren mikrophysikalischen Eigenschaften, d.h. der Eispartikelkonzentration, dem effektiven Eispartikelradius und dem Eiswassergehalt (IWC), ab. Diese Parameter werden hauptsächlich durch den Eisbildungsprozess (heterogen vs. homogen) und durch den Bildungspfad (in-situ vs. flüssiger Ursprung) bestimmt. Dies impliziert insbesondere für Zirren flüssigen Ursprungs die Beteiligung von eisnukleierenden Partikeln (INP), was deren Häufigkeit, Eigenschaften und Quellen zu Schlüsselfaktoren für die Bildung, die mikrophysikalischen und Strahlungseigenschaften von Zirren in hoher Breiten macht. Informationen über INP in hohen geographischen Breiten im Allgemeinen und in größeren Höhen im Besonderen, extrem rar. Im Rahmen der HALO-Mission CIRRUS-HL wollen wir daher das Wissen hinsichtlich arktischer INP über a) die Charakterisierung von Eispartikel- (IPR) und Wolkentröpfchenresiduen (CPR, Summe aus IPR und Tröpfchenresiduen) in arktischen Zirren und Mischphasenwolken, und b) die vertikal aufgelöste Messung (Mischphase bis Zirrusniveau) von Hochtemperatur INP (> -30°C) außerhalb von Wolken, erweitern. Für die geplanten Untersuchungen werden der HALO-CVI („Counterflow Virtual Impactor“) und der Aerosolpartikelfiltersammler HERA verwendet werden. Hinter dem HALO-CVI werden Instrumente zur physikalischen (Anzahl der Konzentrationen, Partikelgrößenverteilung, BC-Konzentration) und chemischen (Einzelpartikelzusammensetzung, MPI-C) Charakterisierung der IPR und CPR betrieben. Die von HERA gesammelten Filterproben werden im Anschuss an die Kampagne in den TROPOS-Laboratorien hinsichtlich der physikalischen INP-Eigenschaften (Anzahlkonzentrationen und Gefrierspektren) sowie der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Aerosolpartikel analysiert.Bei In-Wolken-Messungen werden der HALO-CVI und HERA kombiniert werden. So können die INP, innerhalb der gesammelten IPR (Zirren) und Wolkentropfenresiduen (CPR, in Mischphasenwolken) identifiziert, quantifiziert und charakterisiert werden. Diese INP könnten potenzielle Vorläufer von Zirrus mit flüssigem Ursprung in hohen Breiten sein.In Verbindung mit den Ergebnissen der im Rahmen von CIRRUS-HL durchgeführten in-situ Messungen wolkenmikrophysikalischer Eigenschaften, sowie der Analyse von Rückwärtstrajektorien der untersuchten Luftmassen werden wir a) bzgl. der Häufigkeit und der Eigenschaften von INP ein bisher einmaliges Schließungsexperiment (innerhalb und außerhalb der Wolke) durchführen, b) das Wissen über die raumzeitliche Verteilung, die Eigenschaften und die Quellen von INP signifikant erweitern und c) tiefe Einblicke in INP-Effekte auf die Bildung und die mikrophysikalischen Eigenschaften von Zirruswolken in hohen geographischen Breiten erhalten.

Quantification of small-scale physicochemical properties of intact macropore surfaces in structured soils

In structured soils, the interaction of percolating water and reactive solutes with the soil matrix is mostly restricted to the surfaces of preferential flow paths. Flow paths, i.e., macropores, are formed by worm burrows, decayed root channels, cracks, and inter-aggregate spaces. While biopores are covered by earthworm casts and mucilage or by root residues, aggregates and cracks are often coated by soil organic matter (SOM), oxides, and clay minerals especially in the clay illuviation horizons of Luvisols. The SOM as well as the clay mineral composition and concentration strongly determine the wettability and sorption capacity of the coatings and thus control water and solute movement as well as the mass exchange between the preferential flow paths and the soil matrix. The objective of this proposal is the quantitative description of the small-scale distribution of physicochemical properties of intact structural surfaces and flow path surfaces and of their distribution in the soil volume. Samples of Bt horizons of Luvisols from Loess will be compared with those from glacial till. At intact structural surfaces prepared from soil clods, the spatial distribution (mm-scale) of SOM and clay mineral composition will be characterized with DRIFT (Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform) spectroscopy using a self-developed mapping technique. For samples manually separated from coated surfaces and biopore walls, the contents of organic carbon (Corg) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) will be analyzed and related to the intensities of specific signals in DRIFT spectra using Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) analysis. The signal intensities of the DRIFT mapping spectra will be used to quantify the spatial distribution of Corg and CEC at these structural surfaces. The DRIFT mapping data will also be used for qualitatively characterizing the small scale distribution of the recalcitrance, humification, and microbial activity of the SOM from structural surfaces. The clay mineral composition of defined surface regions will be characterized by combining DRIFT spectroscopic with X-ray diffractometric analysis of manually separated samples. Subsequently, the spatial distribution of the clay mineral composition at structural surfaces will be determined from the intensities of clay mineral-specific signals in the DRIFT mapping spectra and exemplarily compared to scanning electron microscopic and infrared microscopic analysis of thin sections and thin polished micro-sections. The three-dimensional spatial distribution of the total structural surfaces in the volume of the Bt horizons will be quantified using X-ray computed tomography (CT) analysis of soil cores. The active preferential flow paths will be visualized and quantified by field tracer experiments. These CT and tracer data will be used to transfer the properties of the structural surfaces characterized by DRIFT mapping onto the active preferential flow paths in the Bt horizons.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1315: Biogeochemische Grenzflächen in Böden; Biogeochemical Interfaces in Soil, Importance of soil organic carbon and mineral particle size fractions for the fate of soil supplied organic chemicals and their microbial transformations

The biogeochemical interface (BGI) in this project is defined as the organo-mineral surface of soil particles colonized by microorganisms. In the preceding project it was demonstrated that the different soil particle size fractions were associated with specifically structured microbial communities, a characteristic amount of soil organic carbon, and a specific capacity for adsorption of the organic chemicals phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively. While the diversity of the microbial community was responsive to fertilization-determined additional organic soil carbon in the larger particle size fractions, it was unaffected in clay. Stable isotope probing with 13C-labelled phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol revealed that the soil organic carbon in the BGIs also affected the diversity of microorganisms involved in the degradation of these chemicals. All these results are yet only based on studying one soil with three organic carbon variants (Bad Lauchstädt) and only two organic compounds. The objective of this 2nd phase project is to apply the innovative technology developed in the 1st phase for studying the BGI processes with soil organic carbon variants from another soil (Ultuna, SPP 1315 site) and with the chiralic anilide Fungicide metalaxyl as an additional compound. This 2nd phase SPP 1315 project will also, in a collaborative effort with two other SPP 1315 partners, investigate (1) the importance of BGIs for the entantio-selective degradation of metalaxyl and (2) the role of soil microorganisms in the formation of bound residues, respectively. Furthermore, the project will utilize stable isotope probing and next-generation DNA sequencing to link the structural and functional diversity of the microbial communities responsible for metabolism of organic chemicals in the different BGIs determined by particle size fractions and soil organic carbon variants.

Adaption und Standardisierung eines empfindlichen und einfach durchzufuehrenden Verfahrens (Daphnientest DIN 38 412) zum Nachweis von toxischen Rueckstaenden in landwirtschaftlicher Produktion

Alle Produkte, die mit den modifizierten Daphnientest ueberprueft werden sollen, muessen vorher auf etwaige daphnientoxische Inhaltsstoffe getestet werden. Weiters sollen 30-50 der am Markt gaengigen Insektizide nach DIN 38 412 in Bezug auf ihre Daphnientoxizitaet untersucht werden. Aus diesen Ergebnissen koennen als 'Nebeneffekt' Richtlinien fuer den Einsatz von Insektiziden in Gewaessernaehe erarbeitet werden. Versuchspflanzen sollen sowohl unter Glashausbdingungen als auch unter Freilandbedingungen laut Herstellervorschrift mit den vorher getesteten Insektiziden behandelt werden. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen der oben beschriebenen Vorversuche werden beginnend nach 5-7 Tagen jeden zweiten Tag behandelte Pflanzenteile auf Daphnientoxizitaet ueberprueft. Vorversuche mit einigen Insektiziden haben gezeigt, dass aufgebrachte Spritzmittel problemlos wieder in Loesung gebracht werden koennen und in geringen Spuren daphnientoxische Wirkung aufweisen. Weiters sollen verschiedene 'Verstaerkereffekte' getestet werden, um nach der Behandlung moeglichst lange Rueckstaende nachweisen zu koennen. Nach Ende der praktischen Versuche sollen praxisgerechte Richtlinien zur Durchfuehrung dieses Verfahren ausgearbeitet werden.

Influence of adsorbent composition and solution pH on heavy metal removal from aqueous solution using water treatment residuals from a groundwater treatment plant

The interest in the reuse of water treatment residuals (WTR) as a low-cost alternative to commercial adsorbents for metal removal from aqueous solutions has been growing in recent years. In this study, Fe-WTR and Mn-WTR from a pilot-scale groundwater treatment plant were investigated for their potential to remove As(III), Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) from different water matrices and at different pH values in batch tests. WTR compositions were compared with chemical and microscopic analyses, revealing that Mn-WTR had a higher Mn content and a slightly higher pHPZC than Fe-WTR. In kinetic experiments at pH 7.0, metal adsorption onto Fe-WTR was faster than adsorption onto Mn-WTR, while final loadings were higher on Mn-WTR. Ni(II) and Cd(II) showed higher affinities for Mn-WTR, while the adsorption capacity of Fe-WTR was exhausted after short contact times. The Elovich model was best suited to describe experimental data, indicating chemisorption as the dominant adsorption mechanism. Isotherm experiments in multi-solute solutions showed that As(III) and Pb(II) removals increased with decreasing pH, while Cd(II) and Ni(II) removals increased with increasing pH. Except for Pb(II), adsorption could be explained with electrostatic interactions between adsorbate and adsorbent, and precipitation likely played a role in metal removal. The Langmuir model described the data better than the Freundlich model in most cases. However, models were unable to represent competition that clearly occurred at higher initial concentrations. Fe-WTR was better suited for metal adsorption in most cases; yet Mn-WTR was more effective for the adsorption of Cd(II) and Ni(II). © 2026 The Authors

Carbonate chemistry parameters calculated from measured pH, total alkalinity, salinity and temperature in the exposure mesocosms of a chronic Ostrea edulis alkalinity-enhancement exposure experiment

This dataset contains calculated carbonate chemistry parameters, including the concentrations of dissolved CO2, HCO3-, CO32- and dissolved inorganic carbon, the fugacity and partial pressure of CO2 and the saturation states of aragonite (Ωarag) and calcite (Ωcalc), for the exposure mesocosms. Values were calculated from pH, total alkalinity, salinity and temperature measured between 8 May and 10 July 2024, using the seacarb package (Orr et al., 2018) in R (V. 4.3.2). Measured pH values, which refer to the NBS scale, were first converted to the total scale using the total proton activity coefficient fH of Takahashi et al. (1982), lowering pH by 0.12 to 0.13 units across the measured salinity and temperature range. Calculations used the carbonic acid dissociation constants of Lueker et al. (2000), the bisulfate dissociation constant of Dickson (1990), the hydrogen fluoride constant of Perez & Fraga (1987), total boron after Uppström (1974) and the aragonite and calcite solubility products of Mucci (1983), all evaluated at in situ temperature and salinity. The conversion from the NBS to the total scale carries a residual uncertainty of about 0.01 to 0.02 pH units, because the liquid junction potential between the dilute calibration buffers and seawater is not fully captured by fH. This propagates to an uncertainty of roughly 5 to 15 % in calculated pCO2 and a correspondingly smaller uncertainty in the saturation states.

Carbonate chemistry parameters calculated from measured pH, total alkalinity, salinity and temperature in the alkalization mesocosms of a chronic Ostrea edulis alkalinity-enhancement exposure experiment

This dataset contains calculated carbonate chemistry parameters, including the concentrations of dissolved CO2, HCO3-, CO32- and dissolved inorganic carbon, the fugacity and partial pressure of CO2 and the saturation states of aragonite (Ωarag) and calcite (Ωcalc), for the alkalization mesocosms. Values were calculated from pH, total alkalinity, salinity and temperature measured between 17 April and 19 June 2024, using the seacarb package (Orr et al., 2018) in R (V. 4.3.2). Measured pH values, which refer to the NBS scale, were first converted to the total scale using the total proton activity coefficient fH of Takahashi et al. (1982), lowering pH by 0.12 to 0.13 units across the measured salinity and temperature range. Calculations used the carbonic acid dissociation constants of Lueker et al. (2000), the bisulfate dissociation constant of Dickson (1990), the hydrogen fluoride constant of Perez & Fraga (1987), total boron after Uppström (1974) and the aragonite and calcite solubility products of Mucci (1983), all evaluated at in situ temperature and salinity. The conversion from the NBS to the total scale carries a residual uncertainty of about 0.01 to 0.02 pH units, because the liquid junction potential between the dilute calibration buffers and seawater is not fully captured by fH. This propagates to an uncertainty of roughly 5 to 15 % in calculated pCO2 and a correspondingly smaller uncertainty in the saturation states.

The gravimetric quasi-geoid of Buenos Aires Province based on FFT with modified Stokes kernel: AGGOQG_FFT_2025

AGGOQG_FFT_2025 is a local, high-precision, high-resolution, pure-gravimetric quasigeoid model developed for the area surrounding AGGO and LPGS, two International Height Reference Frame (IHRF) stations located in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, covering latitudes 36°S to 31°S and longitudes 61°W to 55°W, with a 0.03° grid resolution. The purpose of the modelis to determine the IHRF vertical coordinate at these stations. Its computation followed Molodensky’s formulation of the Geodetic Boundary Value Problem (GBVP) and employed the remove–compute–restore (RCR) strategy. Long-wavelength components were modeled using the XGM2019e Global Geopotential Model (GGM) up to degree and order 600. Topographic contributions were modeled via Residual Terrain Modeling (RTM) using the SRTM v4.1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Residual height anomalies were calculated with the 1D-FFT technique incorporating the Wong-Gore modification of Stokes’ kernel. All computational steps were performed with the GRAVSOFT software package. Validation against 111 GNSS/leveling points yielded an estimated precision of 0.063 m after applying a four-parameter fit. The geoid model is provided in ISG format 2.0 (ISG Format Specifications), while the file in its original data format is available at the model ISG webpage.

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