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Radiocarbon dating and charcoal identification record from NEP 1, NEP 2, NEP 3, NEP 4, Nördlingen, southern Germany

The charcoal fragments found during the excavation of NEP soil profiles downstream of the course of the Eger River (on the northern outskirts of Nördlingen) were anthracologically examined and determined to the lowest possible taxonomic rank. Subsequently some of them were radiocarbon dated at the Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum Archäometrie gGmbH (CEZA). The samples were pretreated with HCl, NaOH and HCl using the ABA method (Acid/Base/Acid). The ¹⁴C content was measured with a MICADAS AMS-System. Radiocarbon ages are given as uncalibrated measurements in "kiloyears before present".

Data collection of age determination data for LANDO multi-core study

This data collection of age determination data from high latitude lake systems (50° N to 90° N, 55 sediment cores, and a total of 602 dating points) was part of the multi-core study of the LANDO approach. The term “LANDO” refers to the implementation by Pfalz et al. (2022), which stands for “Linked age and depth modeling”. We collected the data between 2018 and 2021 from either the Pangaea database, PaleoLake database, or tables within the main body or supplementary material of publications. The uploaded data collection contains links to the main data source and paper reference for the corresponding age determination dataset. The data harmonization followed the syntax and semantics proposed by Pfalz et al. (2021) on harmonizing heterogeneous multi-proxy data. This data collection is based on drilling campaigns from 1993 to 2020.

Grain size composition of sediment profile NTG16 from the northern Alps (Nesseltalgraben, Germany)

Radiocarbon dates of sediment profile NTG16 from the northern Alps (Nesseltalgraben, Germany)

Radiocarbon datings of sediments from the Paleo-Ems valley

Hand‐picked plant macrofossils (peat or plant remains) or marine calcareous fossils (mainly foraminifera and shell valves or their fragments) from 23 samples, as well as one wellpreserved but possibly reworked shell valve were dated using accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dating. Radiocarbon ages of samples from core GeoB17721‐1 were determined at the Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory (Poznań, Poland), whereas radiocarbon ages from peat layers or layers of decayed organic matter in cores 09‐x were determined at the W. M. Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (University of California, Irvine) (see Table 1 for details). All radiocarbon dates were converted to calendar ages using the CALIB 7.0 program (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993; http://calib. org). The reservoir effect of the marine samples was corrected with ΔR values provided by Scourse et al. (2012) for the German Bight (mean ΔR = 83), with the restriction that the ΔR values were determined on post‐industrial samples.

Data collection of age determination data for LANDO multi-core study

This data collection of age determination data from high latitude lake systems (50° N to 90° N, 55 sediment cores, and a total of 602 dating points) was part of the multi-core study of the LANDO approach. The term “LANDO” refers to the implementation by Pfalz et al. (2022), which stands for “Linked age and depth modeling”. We collected the data between 2018 and 2021 from either the Pangaea database, PaleoLake database, or tables within the main body or supplementary material of publications. The uploaded data collection contains links to the main data source and paper reference for the corresponding age determination dataset. The data harmonization followed the syntax and semantics proposed by Pfalz et al. (2021) (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2021.104791) on harmonizing heterogeneous multi-proxy data. This data collection is based on drilling campaigns from 1993 to 2020.

Root-derived organic matter in the deep subsoil greater than 2 m depth - what are the consequences for terrestrial carbon cycling and paleoenvironmental records?

Roots are currently discussed to store considerable amounts of carbon in the subsoil. Although it is well known that roots can penetrate the subsoil and deep subsoil (greater than 2 m) several meters deep, it remains unclear, how much carbon they contribute, if they lead to net carbon sequestration in the long-term and under which conditions they lead to carbon accumulation. Rhizoliths and biopores are root-related features that frequently occur in soil and underlying soil parent material. Recent studies in unconsolidated sediments show that they enable investigating the long-term effects of root penetration even after the lifetime of the source plant and thus the assessment of sustainable impacts of roots on subsoil organic matter (OM). While other research groups deal with the subsoil less than 2 m, (eg German Research Foundation (DFG) Research Group SUBSOM the current project focuses on the deep subsoil (greater than 2 m), where a significant overprint of OM is expected. In fact, this part of the subsurface is usually not regarded by soil scientists, but of large interest for paleoenvironmental researchers as valid e.g. for loess-paleosol sequences. So far, the effect of roots on subsoil OM was only studied on a single site in SW Germany during a precursor project, DFG (WI2810/10). Based on that project, the current proposal aims at the investigation of the transferability of the results to other sedimentary settings and ecological contexts. At several sites along a NE-SW transect across Europe (from The Netherlands across Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary towards Serbia), unconsolidated material like dune and fluvial sands, as well as loess-paleosol sequences will be investigated with respect to OM quantity and quality as influenced by root penetration. Preliminary investigations of six potential sites in Germany, Hungary and Serbia showed that biopores and other root-related features can reach similar abundances in different settings. Nevertheless, consequences for OM sequestration and turnover may be different, depending not only on the respective source vegetation but also sedimentary properties. The target of the current project is to identify carbon losses or sequestration related to root penetration, which will be assessed by bulk organic and inorganic carbon contents as well as a variety of lipid biomarkers including alkanes, fatty acids, alcohols, glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers and suberin markers. The combination of these biomarkers enables the assessment of root-related overprint, if transects from root features to surrounding material free of them are investigated. The data will be fed into the VERHIB model for source apportionment of sedimentary and root-related OM. (abridged text)

Organic chemistry analyses of sediment profile NTG16 from the northern Alps (Nesseltalgraben, Germany)

Geochemistry, grain size and radiocarbon ages of MIS 3 sediment record from Nesseltalgraben, Germany

Continuous sediment profiles were taken from ravine slopes at the Nesseltalgraben site in the Northern Calcareous Alps (SE Germany, 47.6567°N 13.0467°E, 560-582 m a.s.l.) in October 2016. The profile consists of fine-grained lacustrine-palustrine sediments overlain by several metres of glacifluvial gravels and lodgement tills of the Last Glacial Maximum and underlain by a diamicton. High-resolution (2 mm steps) element counts (Ca, S, Si, K, Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr) were obtained with an XRF core scanner (Itrax, Cox Analytical Systems, Sweden). Organic geochemistry (total organic and inorganic carbon, total nitrogen, total sulphur) was analysed with an elemental analyser (Euro EA, Eurovector, Germany), grain size with a laser diffractometer (Beckman-Coulter LS 200). The sediment profiles were compiled to a composite record of 21 m length. The age model bases on 29 radiocarbon analyses of macroscopic terrestrial plant remains (byrophytes, plant debris, monocots, wood, and twigs) and a previously discovered paleomagnetic anomaly assigned to the Laschamp event. The age model covers the period 59 to 29.6 ka cal BP and assigns the record to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. The sediment record shows rapid changes in lithology, sedimentology, and geochemistry related to Dansgaard-Oeschger climatic events.

Elemental composition from XRF core scan of sediment profile NTG16 from the northern Alps (Nesseltalgraben, Germany)

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