Das Projekt "Invasibility of Swiss Grasslands" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Berner Fachhochschule, Hochschule für Agrar-, Forst- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften.Ecological processes resulting from global change, such as more frequent extreme summer drought or increased propagule pressure of exotic species, often affect plant communities gradually at time scales of years or decades and may therefore not often be distinctly recognized. The effects of potential interactions of such processes are largely unknown. Interactions may partly compensate single effects and contribute to constancy of communities and ecosystems. However, ecologists are increasingly concerned about potentially adverse interactions that may stimulate cascades of species extinctions. Over the last decade sowing experiments have found reliable evidence for seed-availability related effects on the local occurrence of species, the size of populations and the richness and productivity of communities. This implies that processes influencing the production and dispersal of seeds and/or the establishment of seedlings are important for the functioning of ecosystems. Although major cases of adverse invasions have not occurred so far, we suspect that species-rich meadows that show a high seedling turnover are potentially susceptible to invasion. Current invasibility theory predicts increased invasion during temporary resource pulses that could be associated with increased variability of rainfall. Successful invasion may primarily depend on the propagule pressures of local resident and potential invader species. A new multi-factorial seed-addition experiment will investigate hypotheses concerning the main and interactive effects of productivity, summer drought, origin of species, and propagule pressure. The experiment will be started in 2010 in meadows covering a wide productivity gradient in different Swiss regions. The knowledge gained from this experiment will be used to predict grassland invasibility in Switzerland.
In the southwestern part of the Sulu Sea and in the southeastern part of the South China Sea, between NW Palawan and the northwestern part of the Reed Bank the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover carried out the geophysical survey BGR84 from 11th October, 1984 to 23rd November, 1984. This work was done in close cooperation with the Bureau of Mines and Geosciences (BMG), Manila, using the German seismic vessel EXPLORA chartered from PRAKLA-SEISMOS GmbH, Hannover. Multichannel reflection seismic measurements were carried out on 40 lines with a total length of 4,467 km simultaneously with magnetic measurements on 19 lines with a total length of 3,047 km. The Oligocene to lower Miocene Nido-carbonates of the South China Sea that have been proven during the SONNE cruises SO-23 and SO-27 beneath the allochthonous and chaotically deformed complex which was overthrusted from the Sulu Sea terrane, could be correlated up to the Balabac Straits. The three major unconformities of the Sulu Sea, unconformity A (Early Pliocene), unconformity B (mid Middle Miocene) and unconformity C (lower Middle Miocene) have been correlated over extensive areas by tying into the Sulu Sea well Coral-1. In the Sulu Sea reflection horizon C forms the top of a chaotic bedded rock complex and presumably represents an equivalent to the unconformity "Red" of the South China Sea, in the west of Palawan. There, the unconformity "Red" forms the surface of a highly deformed rock complex which has been interpreted as an allochthonous mass accumulation (HINZ, 1983; HINZ & SCHLÜTER, 1985). It is assumed that pronounced magnetic anomalies, approximately 140 - 160 km off NW Palawan as well as a change in the reflection seismic pattern of the acoustic basement, associated with diapiric structures which are interpreted as intrusions represent the ocean-continent boundary in this part of the South China Sea. In the Reed Bank area the basement type which is interpreted as continental crust (transitional crust?) extends as far as 160 km to the northwest, towards the South China Sea Basin. The northern part of the Reed Bank is characterized by intense downfaulting and rotated fault blocks with reef complexes ontop. In contrast to results from the Dangerous Grounds of the previous SONNE cruises, the deeper lying coherent reflections could be recognized in the monitor records off the northwestern Reed Bank area. It might be that these parts of the Reed Bank block consists of metamorphized and/or highly consolidated rocks of pre-Tertiary age which originally formed part of the Chinese back country, and which was effected by previous orogenies prior to the rifting of the proto-China continental margin.