Das Projekt "Revision of basal sauropods from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia and the early evolution of eusauropods" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Generaldirektion der Staatlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Sammlung Bayerns, Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie.Sauropod dinosaurs represent one of the most important components of Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate faunas, yet their early evolution and diversification in the Jurassic is still poorly understood. Furthermore, most of the pertinent data so far comes from Early and Middle Jurassic rocks in eastern Asia. The only abundant basal sauropod material reported from the Western Hemisphere so far comes from the Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Chubut province, Argentina, from where two species, Patagosaurus fariasi and Volkheimeria chubutensis, have been described. Especially the first of these taxa has figured prominently in basal sauropod phylogenies. However, recent research suggests that more sauropods are represented in the original material referred to this species, and intensive fieldwork in the rocks that have yielded these materials has resulted in the recovery of a wealth of new material. Thus, the objective of this project is a revision of the original materials of Patagosaurus as well as an incorporation of new materials. The alpha taxonomy of the sauropods from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation will be established, detailed osteological descriptions of the different taxa provided and their significance for our understanding of early sauropod evolution will be evaluated.
Das Projekt "Variabilität des Ostasiatischen Monsuns während der letzten 65.000 Jahre - laminierte Seesedimente aus dem Sihailongwan-Maarsee, NE-China" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Chinese Academy of Sciences / Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum.Laminierte Seesedimente sind unschätzbare Informationsquellen zur Geschichte der Umwelt und des Klimas direkt aus der Lebenssphäre des Menschen. Ein exzellentes Beispiel dafür ist der Sihailongwan-Maarsee aus NE-China. In einem immer noch dicht bewaldeten Vulkangebiet gelegen, bieten seine Sedimente ein ungestörtes Abbild der Monsunvariationen über zehntausende von Jahren. Nur die letzten ca. 200 Jahre zeigen einen deutlichen lokalen anthropogenen Einfluss. Das Monsunklima der Region mit Hauptniederschlägen während des Sommers und extrem kalten Wintern unter dem Einfluss des Sibirischen Hochdrucksystems bildet die Voraussetzung für die Bildung von saisonal deutlich geschichteten Sedimenten (Warven), die in dem tiefen Maarsee dann auch überwiegend ungestört erhalten bleiben. Insbesondere die Auftauphase im Frühjahr bringt einen regelmässigen Sedimenteintrag in den See, der das Gerüst für eine derzeit bis 65.000 Jahre vor heute zurückreichende Warvenchronologie bildet. Für das letzte Glazial zeigen Pollenspektren aus dem Sihailongwan-Profil Vegetationsvariationen im Gleichklang mit bekannten klimatischen Variationen des zirkum-nordatlantischen Raumes (Dansgaard-Oeschger-Zyklen) zu dieser Zeit. Der Einfluss dieser Warmphasen auf das Ökosystem See war jedoch sehr unterschiedlich. So sind die Warven aus den Dansgaard-Oeschger (D/O) Zyklen 14 bis 17 mit extrem dicken Diatomeenlagen (hauptsächlich Stephanodiscus parvus/minutulus) denen vom Beginn der spätglazialen Erwärmung zum Verwechseln ähnlich, während Warven aus dem D/O-Zyklus 8 kaum Unterschiede zu überwiegend klastischen Warven aus kalten Interstadialen aufweisen. Gradierte Ereignislagen mit umgelagertem Bodenmaterial sind deutliche Hinweise auf ein Permafrost-Regime während der Kaltphasen. Auch während des Spätglazials treten deutliche klimatische Schwankungen auf, die der in europäischen Sedimentarchiven definierten Gerzensee-Oszillation und der Jüngeren Dryas zeitlich exakt entsprechen. Das frühe Holozän ist von einer Vielzahl Chinesischer Paläoklima-Archive als Phase mit intensiverem Sommermonsun bekannt. Überraschenderweise sind die minerogenen Fluxraten im Sihailongwan-See während des frühen Holozäns trotz dichter Bewaldung des Einzugsgebietes sehr hoch. Sowohl Mikrofaziesanalysen der Sedimente als auch geochemische Untersuchungen deuten auf remoten Staub als Ursache dieses verstärkten klastischen Eintrags hin. Der insbesondere in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmende Einfluss des Menschen zeigt sich in den Sedimenten des Sihailongwan-Maarsees vor allem in einem wiederum zunehmenden Staubeintrag und einer Versauerung im Einzugsgebiet. Der anthropogene Einflusss auf die lokale Vegetation ist immer noch gering.
Das Projekt "Improving spectroscopic data of H2O in the mid infrared for application on high resolution spectroscopy of the atmosphere" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Earth Observation Center (EOC), Institut für Methodik der Fernerkundung (IMF).The FTIR spectroscopy of the atmosphere has been established as a valuable and versatile tool to draw information about the composition, the dynamics and chemistry of the atmosphere. The FTIR spectroscopy is unique in the sense, that it records broadband yet highly resolved spectra which contain a wealth of information about many different trace gases. While the FTIR instruments have been developed to reach very high resolution and a high signal to noise ratio (SNR), the forward modeling uses spectroscopic assumptions and parameters (e.g. line strengths) which are currently not accurate enough to model atmospheric spectra recorded by FTIR spectroscopy. The work proposed here attempts to close this gap between technology and implementation of latest theoretical knowledge about the spectroscopy of important atmospheric gases, i.e. H2O and CH4. The combination of state-of-the-art laboratory measurements and the immediate testing of the obtained results by atmospheric research groups including an timely feed-back to the laboratory group does not yet exist.
Das Projekt "Drei-Sauerstoffisotopenuntersuchungen von Zähnen von Sparidae (Doraden) aus archäologischen Aufschlüssen - ein neuer Proxy für die Rekonstruktion der Paläo-Umweltbedingungen im Mittelmeerraum" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Abteilung Isotopengeologie.Marine Organismen wie Foraminiferen, Diatomeen, Gastronomen und Korallenriffe haben entscheidende Informationen über die Ozeane in der Vergangenheit geliefert (z.B. Temperatur, Süßwassereinfluss, Zirkulation). In der Literatur gibt es allerdings keine Proxies für speziell küstennahe Milieus (z.B. Küsten-Feuchtgebiete oder Lagunen), die jedoch sehr früh von Menschen bewirtschaftet wurden. Fisch ist in der Menschheitsgeschichte das wichtigste Nahrungsmittel für Küstenbewohner gewesen, wie man an zahlreichen Funden von Fischresten in archäologischen Ausgrabungsstätten im östlichen Mittelmeerraum ablesen kann. Unter den genutzen Fischen sind Reste der Sparidae (Doraden) entlang der israelischen Küste weit verbreitet und gut erhalten. Sparidae (Doraden) sind sehr anpassungsfähig und können in hyper-salinen Lagunen als auch in Brackwasser leben. Variable d180-Werte der Sparidae Backenzähne zeigen Variationen in der Salinität früherer Küstengewässer. Im Antrag soll die Analytik auf die drei stabilen Sauerstoffisotope d170 PO4 und d180 PO von Sparidae-Überresten als Proxy für küstennahe Wassertemperaturen und Salinitäten untersucht werden. Um die drei O-Isotope voll nutzen zu können, soll die Fraktionierung zwischen d170 PO und d180 PO4 zwischen Zähnen und Wasser an heutigen Fischen untersucht werden. Die Ergebnisse werden dann auf die Ergebnisse von gut-datierten Überresten aus küstennahen Siedlungen in Israel und den angrenzenden ost-mediterranen Ländern übertragen werden. Aufgrund der großen Menge der Sparidae-Überreste wird so eine hoch-aufgelöste Rekonstruktion der Paläoumweltbedingungen möglich sein.
Das Projekt "Die soziale Dynamik von Wohlstandsgefaellen" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Leipzig, Institut für Soziologie.Untersuchung von grenzueberschreitenden Prozessen: Migration, Umweltbelastungen und Interessenverflechtungen zwischen armen und reichen Laendern.
Das Projekt "Development of a Large-Eddy Simulation framework for wind energy studies" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Institut de Thermique, Laboratoire d'Energetique Industrielle.Accurate prediction of wind, turbulence and their interactions with wind turbines and wind farms is of great importance for the optimal design (turbine siting) of wind energy projects. It can also provide valuable quantitative insight into the effects of wind farms on the local meteorology. Computational fluid dynamics has the potential to provide the wealth of data required to understand the dynamics of the highly turbulent atmospheric flow at all the scales of interest to wind energy studies (ranging from kilometers down to meters). The accuracy of computer models, however, hinges on our ability to parameterize the dynamics of the flow that cannot be explicitly resolved in the simulations, because they occur at scales smaller than the grid scale. A novel computational framework is proposed here to simulate the interaction between the turbulent wind and wind turbines. The new computer models will be carefully validated using data collected in a wind tunnel and in the field inside a large wind farm. We will use miniature wind turbines (single turbines and multiple turbines in different wind-farm configurations) placed in a wind tunnel to isolate and study the effects on the flow of different atmospheric conditions (as affected by land-surface characteristics such as roughness and temperature) and wind turbine characteristics and arrangements (separation between turbines, alignment, etc.). In the field experiments, vertical and horizontal transects of the mean wind velocity and turbulence will be measured using sonic anemometers and lidars. Both wind-tunnel and field measurements will be used to validate the computational framework and guide the development of improved models. Finally, after the computational framework has been carefully validated, numerical experiments will be carried out to study the interaction between atmospheric flow and wind farms under different thermal conditions typical of nighttime and characterized by high shear and strong wind at relatively low altitudes. This situation is of particular interest due to its high wind-energy potential, but also because of the well-known difficulties associated with its prediction. Emphasis will be placed on understanding the effects of wind farms on the local meteorology through their impact on the wind velocity and temperature distributions as well as the exchange rates of heat between the land surface and the atmosphere.
Das Projekt "Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 564: Nachhaltige Landnutzung und ländliche Entwicklung in Bergregionen Südostasiens; Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia, B 1.3: Water conservation scenario development at the regional level innovative mapping techniques - Phase 3" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) / National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT). Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Bodenkunde und Standortslehre.Population increase especial in the highlands of northern Thailand, reforestation, in-creasing wealth gradient between highland and lowland as well as the commercialisation of agriculture is responsible for the extreme competition for land and water re-sources. For this reason new approaches are urgently required, which intensify the use of land and water on the one hand, and which are ecologically and economically acceptable. The investigations of the second phase showed, that there are many agriculture systems in the highlands of northern Thailand. All of them can clearly be distinguished by their ecological and economical sustainability. A basic requirement of agricultural land use planning is the knowledge about the distribution pattern of soils and their site properties. Until now, there is not any soil map or soil information system for the highlands available, which could be used for a serious land use planning. For this reason intensive soil and petrographic mapping was carried out for three different petrographic areas. This soil knowledge gained during the second phase will now be used to calibrate radiometric data of northern Thailand to generate a digital soil map. In a next step the soil physical properties will be assigned to specific soils by transfer functions. Participative soil mapping, carried out in cooperation with A1.3, will help to find the boundaries of soil physical properties and to validate the soil map. Finally, the soil map information will be a tool which can be used for different kinds of models. In cooperation with C4.1; using the WaNulCAS model; efficient and adapted land use strategies will be developed and assigned to suitable areas. In the past many land development projects failed, because of their top down nature. For this reason a participatory land suitability analysis (PALSA), in cooperation with A1.3, C4.1 and G1.2, will be applied to assure that the developed land use strategies will be acceptable for the local people.
Das Projekt "Changes in Radiation and Heat Budget of the Earth since the International Geophysical Year (IGY)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Institut für Atmosphäre und Klima.The present proposal is aimed at concluding the on-going project that was initiated two years ago. Recent developments in observational techniques and computational capacities produced an unprecedented wealth of information on radiation and energy budget of the global climate system both for the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and for the earth's surface (BOS). We use this opportunity to tackle core issues in the heat budget of the earth. The objective of the present project is to investigate four major problems in the earth's energy balance at the earth's surface by reconstructing the high-resolution energy budget for the earth's surface and its variations with time. Four major questions are 1) missing absorption; 2) greenhouse effect paradox; 3) direct evidence of the enhanced greenhouse effect, and 4) trend in evaporation. The project will use Re-analyses, satellite-based estimations, and the ground measurements. The expected product is not the traditional distributions of climatological mean fluxes, but the global distribution of fluxes for each month and each year during the 45 years, starting approximately in 1958. This period has the best quantity and quality of data on this subject, and covers major climatic events such as important volcanic eruptions (1963 Agung; 82 El Chichon; 91 Pinatubo), powerful El Nino and NAO events and the 25 year cooling in the middle of the 20th century followed by the rapid global warming.
Das Projekt "Advanced Noise Reduction Systems (CALM II)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: AVL List Gesellschaft für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Messtechnik.Today noise still belongs to the most concerned environmental pollutants. This is an essential societal problem, and-transportation is seen as the primary source. Accepting mobility as a basic human need and as an essential precondition for maintaining economic prosperity and wealth in an enlarging Europe, it is clear that the adverse effects of noise must be reduced while facing a continued increase in freight and passenger transport. CALM II aims at the synchronisation and encouragement of European transport noise research through an holistic system approach involving all related research areas. It is designed to facilitate the networking of organisations, the co-ordination of activities and the exchange and dissemination of knowledge. CALM II w ill -optimise research efforts -identify synergies between noise research objectives -identify remaining research needs -check the actual state-of-the-art of noise abatement technologies and support their industrial implementation. By involving the most relevant stakeholders from European and national activities from road, rail, aeronautic and maritime transport as well as complementary research issues such as health and socio-economic aspect, the European Noise Working Groups and the respective European Research Advisory Councils, CALM II will support the European Commission in setting up the agenda for future transport noise research and development. The outcome will be published in the form of 'Community Noise Research Strategy Plans' and the CALM II Consortium will use all modes of modern communication, electronically as well as brochures, papers, presentations and discussions at events to disseminate the results and enhance the Coordination of European noise research. Altogether CALM II will essentially contribute to the vision for 2020 'to avoid harmful effects of noise from all sources and preserve quiet areas.
Das Projekt "Land care in desertification affected areas: from science towards application" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universidade Nova Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciencias Sociais e Humanas.During recent decades great progress has been made by the scientific community in understanding the nature and complex causes of land degradation and desertification in Europe. Despite efforts (particularly in FP5) to assemble and present the results for practical application, there is still a wealth of research results that have not been fully exploited nor made accessible to those who can benefit from them. The objectives of LUCINDA are to: 1) provide a concise and comprehensive information pack containing guidelines for sustainable land management in desertification-affected areas derived from the scientific results of past and on-going EU research projects; 2) make this information available to regional and local authorities who, through national participation in the UNCCD, have a specific mandate to combat desertification.In the information pack 20 key issues will be addressed including: desertification processes and characteristics of affected Mediterranean landscapes; indicators, monitoring, public awareness, NAPs and effects of policies. For each issue there will be a booklet describing current scientific knowledge and guidelines for its application; a summary leaflet for use by less specialised readers; and a PowerPoint presentation. All the products, plus photos and film clips of affected areas will be made available on a website and on DVD. To write the scientific contents, 22 expert authors will draw on the results of some 28 past and on-going research projects. A communication specialist will design the layout and appearance of the pack and web site.The information pack will be disseminated both within and outside Europe through the UNCCD, National Focal Points and existing established and extensive networks of stakeholders. The complete pack will be available in five languages: Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Greek and English.
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