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Forschergruppe (FOR) 918: Carbon flow on belowground food webs assessed by isotope tracers, Nematodes as link between microbial and faunal food web

The proposed project examines the nematode fauna at the two field experiments 'Long-term recalcitrant C input' and 'Carbon flow via the herbivore and detrital food chain'. A gradient from resource rich to deeper oligotrophe habitats, i.e. from high to low diverse food webs, is investigated. The impact of resource availability and quality (recalcitrant versus labile) and presence or absence of living plants (rhizosphere versus detritusphere) on the nematode population are assessed. Insight into micro-food web structure is gained by application of the nematode faunal analysis concept, based on the enrichment, structure and channel index. In laboratory model systems carbon flux rates for food web links are determined between bacteria/fungi and their nematode grazers for dominant taxa in the arable field. Further, carbon leakage from plant roots induced by herbivore nematode is studied as link between root and bacterial energy channels. By using 13C/12C stable isotope probing (FA-SIP) fatty acids serve as major carbon currency. Coupling qualitative and quantitative data on nematode field populations, with carbon flow via biomarker fatty acids in microorganisms and grazers will allow to connect microbial and faunal food web, and to directly link nematode functional groups with specific processes in the soil carbon cycle.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1704: Flexibilität entscheidet: Zusammenspiel von funktioneller Diversität und ökologischen Dynamiken in aquatischen Lebensgemeinschaften; Flexibility Matters: Interplay Between Trait Diversity and Ecological Dynamics Using Aquatic Communities as Model Systems (DynaTrait), Teilprojekt: Die Effekte von Variation in Nährstoffstöchiometrie in Algen auf Herbivorengemeinschaften

Schwankungen in der Verfügbarkeit von Licht und Nährstoffen im Phytoplankton führen zu Unterschiede in der Nährstoffstöchiometrie der Algen. Diese Variabilität wird weiter beeinflusst durch Wachstumsratender Algen. In den meisten Fällen führt schnelles Wachstum zu einem bestimmten optimalen Nährstoffgehalt in Algen, während Algen die langsamer wachsen eine viel größere Variabilität in Nährstoffzusammensetzung vorweisen. Diese Muster wurden bis jetzt vor allem auf Populationsebene nachgewiesen, und bis jetzt ist es unklar, ob dies auch gilt innerhalb von Populationen, zwischen einzelnen Algenzellen. So ist es eine offene Frage, ob der Zusammenhang zwischen Wachstumsrate und Nährstoff Stöchiometrie von Algen eine Populationsresponse oder auch eine Response einzelner Zellen ist. Zooplankton verzeichnet in der Regel eine deutlich konstantere Nährstoffstöchiometrie als Algen und damit ein stärkeres Maß an Homöostase. Verschiedene Lebensstadien der gleichen Spezies können jedoch völlig unterschiedliche Ernährungsbedürfnisse haben. Zum Beispiel haben die schnellere wachsende Nauplien in Copepoden, einen höheren Bedarf an Phosphor als ältere Stadien. Infolgedessen, hat eine von jüngeren Stadien dominierte Population eine unterschiedliche optimale Nahrung als wenn die Population von älteren Stadien dominiert wird. In dieser Studie werden wir prüfen ob Variation in Populationswachstum in Mikroalgen zu Änderungen in der Nährstoffstöchiometrie der Algen führt, sowohl zwischen Populationen als auch zwischen Individuen innerhalb von Populationen. Wir untersuchen dann den Effekt dieser durch unterschiedliche Wachstumsraten induzierten Veränderungen in Nährstoffzusammensetzung auf das Wachstum und die Dynamik der Weidegänger. Wenn die Variation in Nährstoffstöchiometrie mit langsamer Algenwachstum zunimmt, dann entsteht hier durch potentiell ein Gradient verschiedener Nahrungsqualitäten. Wir wissen, dass viele Herbivoren ihre Nahrung sehr selektiv zu sich nehmen. Also, wenn langsameres Wachstum ein breiteres Spektrum an verschiedenen Nährstoffstöchiometrie in den Algen als Konsequenz hat, entstehen hier durch potentiell mehrere Nischen für unterschiedliche Arten oder Lebensstadien. Im Idealfall würde im Falle der Copepoden, die Nauplien hohe P-Algen aus der Population aufnehmen, während die älteren Stadien selektiv die Algen fressen würden die mehr Stickstoff enthalten. So würde die Konkurrenz für eine Ressource eingeschränkt werden, da es innerhalb einer langsam wachsenden Population mehr als eine Ressource geben würde. Letztlich könnte dies bedeuten, dass Systeme mit langsamer wachsenden Primärproduzenten eine höhere Vielfalt von Sekundärproduzenzen aufrechterhalten könnte als jene in dem Algenwachstum höher ist.

Establishment of Teak plantations for high-value timber production in Ghana

Background and Objectives: The project area is located in the Ashanti Region of Ghana / West Africa in the transition zone of the moist semideciduous forest and tropical savannah zone. Main land use in this region is subsistence agriculture with large fallow areas. As an alternative land-use, forest plantations are under development by the Ghanaian wood processing company DuPaul Wood Treatment Ltd. Labourers from the surrounding villages are employed as permanent or casual plantation workers. Within three forest plantation projects of approximately 6,000 ha, DuPaul offers an area of 164 ha (referred to as Papasi Plantation) - which is mainly planted with Teak (Tectona grandis) - for research purposes. In return, the company expects consultations to improve the management for sustainable timber and pole production with exotic and native tree species. Results: In a first research approach, the Papasi Plantation was assessed in terms of vegetation classification, timber resources (in qualitative and quantitative terms) and soil and site conditions. A permanent sampling plot system was established to enable long-term monitoring of stand dynamics including observation of stand response to silvicultural treatments. Site conditions are ideally suited for Teak and some stands show exceptionally good growth performances. However, poor weed management and a lack of fire control and silvicultural management led to high mortality and poor growth performance of some stands, resulting in relative low overall growth averages. In a second step, a social baseline study was carried out in the surrounding villages and identified landowner conflicts between some villagers and DuPaul, which could be one reason for the fire damages. However, the study also revealed a general interest for collaboration in agroforestry on DuPaul land on both sides. Thirdly, a silvicultural management concept was elaborated and an improved integration of the rural population into DuPaul's forest plantation projects is already initiated. If landowner conflicts can be solved, the development of forest plantations can contribute significantly to the economic income of rural households while environmental benefits provide long-term opportunities for sustainable development of the region. Funding: GTZ supported PPP-Measure, Foundation

Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Yanqi Basin, Sinkiang, China

Irrigation in the Yanqi Basin, Sinkiang, China has led to water table rise and soil salination. A model is used to assess management options. These include more irrigation with groundwater, water saving irrigation techniques and others. The model relies on input data from remote sensing.The Yanqi Basin is located in the north-western Chinese province of Xinjiang.This agriculturally highly productive region is heavily irrigated with water drawn from the Kaidu River. The Kaidu River itself is mainly fed by snow and glacier melt from the Tian Mountain surrounding the basin. A very poor drainage system and an overexploitation of surface water have lead to a series of environmental problems: 1. Seepage water under irrigated fields has raised the groundwater table during the last years, causing strongly increased groundwater evaporation. The salt dissolved in the groundwater accumulates at the soil surface as the groundwater evaporates. This soil salinization leads to degradation of vegetation as well as to a loss of arable farmland. 2. The runoff from the Bostan Lake to the downstream Corridor is limited since large amount of water is used for irrigation in the Yanqi Basin. Nowadays, the runoff is maintained by pumping water from the lake to the river. The environmental and ecological system is facing a serious threat.In order to improve the situation in the Yanqi Basin, a jointly funded cooperation has been set up by the Institute of Environmental Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) , China Institute of Geological and Environmental Monitoring (CIGEM) and Xinjiang Agricultural University. The situation could in principle be improved by using groundwater for irrigation, thus lowering the groundwater table and saving unproductive evaporation. However, this is associated with higher cost as groundwater has to be pumped. The major decision variable to steer the system into a desirable state is thus the ratio of irrigation water pumped from the aquifer and irrigation water drawn from the river. The basis to evaluate the ideal ratio between river and groundwater - applied to irrigation - will be a groundwater model combined with models describing the processes of the unsaturated zone. The project will focus on the following aspects of research: (...)

Speleothem stack from central and western European cave systems

Speleothem growth phases from central European cave systems with ages between 136700 and 56 years before the year 2000 [yr b2k] were stacked and are shown on the age scale [yr b2k].

MIN4EU LGRB-BW: near-surface mineral raw material occurrences - harmonized dataset

Since 1999, the Geologic Survey of Baden-Württemberg publishes a statewide geological map series 1 : 50 000 "Karte der mineralischen Rohstoffe 1 : 50 000 (KMR 50)". On it, the distribution of near-surface mineral raw material prospects and occurrences (mainly) and deposits (subordinate) is shown. This continuously completed and updated map currently covers around 60% of the federal state. It is the base for the regional associations in the task of mineral planning. The prospects and occurrences are classified according to different raw material groups (e.g. raw material for crushed stone (limestone, igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, sand and gravel), raw materials for cement, dimension stone, high purity limestone, gypsum ...). Their spatial delineation is based on various group-specific criteria such as minimum workable thickness, minimum resources, ratio overburden/workable thickness, and so on. It is assumed that they contain deposits as a whole or in parts. In the vast majority of cases, the data is not sufficient for the immediate planning of mining projects, but it does facilitate the selection of exploration areas. The name of each area (e.g. L 6926-3) consists of three parts. L = roman rnumeral fo 50, 6926 = sheet number of the topographic map 1 : 50 000, 3 = number of the area/mineral occurrence shown on this sheet. Co-occurring land-use conflicts, e.g. water protection areas and nature conservation areas, forestry and agriculture, are not taken into account in the processing of KMR 50. Their assessment is the task of land use planning, the licensing authorities and the companies interested in mining. The data is stored in the statewide raw material area database "olan-db" of the LGRB.

Benachteiligtes Gebiet

Ein Bestandteil des Digitalen Feldblockkatasters ist die Förderkulisse der benachteiligten Gebiete. Dabei handelt es sich insbesondere um Flächen, deren Ertragsfähigkeit natürlich stark begrenzt ist, wie das beispielsweise bei Sandböden der Fall sein kann. Die benachteiligten Gebiete wurden nach Vorgaben der Europäischen Union abgegrenzt. Damit derart problematische Landwirtschaftsflächen nicht brach fallen und weiter bewirtschaftet werden, gewährt das Land Brandenburg eine Beihilfe, die sogenannte Ausgleichszulage.

Updated global compilation of coccolithophore calcification measurements from unperturbed water samples including ancillary data

This database expands the Poulton et al., 2018 (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.888182) database of pelagic calcium carbonate (CP) rate measurements from isotopic tracer uptake in incubated discrete water samples, as discussed in Daniels et al., 2018 (doi:10.5194/essd-10-1859-2018), and accompanies Marsh et al. (in prep.). The database now includes more CP (new data n = 400; complete database n = 3165), net primary production rate (PP) (new data n = 399; complete database n = 3150), total coccolithophore cell counts (new data n = 240; complete database n = 1512), and Emiliania huxleyi cell counts (new data n = 27; complete database n = 612). This expanded database maintains the record of data, including the principal investigator, expedition, OS region, doi reference (where available), collection date and year, sample ID, latitude, longitude, sampling and light depth, and method of measuring CP. We further expand the Poulton et al. (2018) data collection by including ancillary and environmental data, including: optical depth (OD, n = 3165), pHtotal (hereinafter referred to as pHT, n = 398), temperature (n = 1160), salinity (n = 1161), and the concentrations of chlorophyll a (n = 1363), NOx (NO3 or the sum of NO3 + NO2, n = 1161), silicic acid (Si(OH)4, n= 1156), phosphate (PO4, n = 1232), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, n = 318), total alkalinity (TA, n = 307), bicarbonate ion concentration (n = 349), and carbonate ion concentration (n = 352). All data was matched to CP, sample bottle identifiers (Niskin bottle numbers), and/or sampling depth values. This global database (81 °N - 64 °S, 132 °E - 174 °W) now covers expeditions and upper ocean measurements (0 - 193 m) from 1989 to 2024. Global in-situ geolocated data spanning time is valuable for modelling, satellite algorithms, and capturing calcium carbonate production in the global ocean. This expanded database, including the environmental, nutrient, chlorophyll a, and carbonate chemistry data, also allows for analysis of factors influencing calcium carbonate production on a global scale. This data amalgamation contributes to understanding the biogeochemistry of the oceans, global carbon cycle, and ocean acidification.

Global Land Cover Map for 2009 (GlobCover 2009)

The GlobCover initiative of ESA developed and demonstrated a service for the generation of global land cover maps, based on Envisat MERIS Fine Resolution (300 m) mode data. ESA and Université catholique de Louvain demonstrated the possibility to use the GlobCover system operationally by delivering GlobCover 2009, the 2009 global land cover map, within a year of the last satellite acquisition. For maximum user benefit the thematic legend of GlobCover is compatible with the UN Land Cover Classification System (LCCS). The system is based on an automatic pre-processing and classification chain. Finally, the global land cover map was validated by an international group of land cover experts and the validation reports are also available to the user community.

In situ high spectral resolution inherent and apparent optical property data from diverse aquatic environments

Light emerging from natural water bodies and measured by remote sensing radiometers contains information about the local type and concentrations of phytoplankton, non-algal particles and colored dissolved organic matter in the underlying waters. An increase in spectral resolution in forthcoming satellite and airborne remote sensing missions is expected to lead to new or improved capabilities to characterize aquatic ecosystems. Such upcoming missions include NASA's Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) Mission; the NASA Surface Biology and Geology observable mission; and NASA Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) - Next Generation airborne missions. In anticipation of these missions, we present an organized dataset of geographically diverse, quality-controlled, high spectral resolution inherent and apparent optical property (IOP/AOP) aquatic data. The data are intended to be of use to increase our understanding of aquatic optical properties, to develop aquatic remote sensing data product algorithms, and to perform calibration and validation activities for forthcoming aquatic-focused imaging spectrometry missions. The dataset is comprised of contributions from several investigators and investigating teams collected over a range of geographic areas and water types, including inland waters, estuaries and oceans. Specific in situ measurements include coefficients describing particulate absorption, particulate attenuation, non-algal particulate absorption, colored dissolved organic matter absorption, phytoplankton absorption, total absorption, total attenuation, particulate backscattering, and total backscattering, as well as remote sensing reflectance, and irradiance reflectance.

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