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Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1257: Massentransporte und Massenverteilungen im System Erde; Mass Transport and Mass Distribution in the Earth System, The global continental water balance using GRACE spaceborne gravimetry and high-resolution consistent geodetic-hydrometeorological data analysis - Phase 1-3

GRACE gravity measurements provide a direct measure of water storage changes over continents. As such, it enables---for the first time---to close the continental water balance on large scales, and a direct determination of actual evapotranspiration---the unknown component of water balance---from terrestrial precipitation and run-off measurements on large scales. Atmospheric moisture flux offers another independent way of determining water storage changes, where there is no need for evapotranspiration information. This allows for a mutual inter-comparison of data from three independent disciplines and an evaluation of hydrological and atmospheric models. Thus the overall objectives of the project are 1. the direct analysis of large-scale water balances, and 2. the quantification of related uncertainties for large catchment areas in different climatic zones. In order to achieve consistent water balances, the mass change rates from GRACE, hydrology, and hydrometeorology have to be evaluated with respect to natural fluctuations and intrinsic errors. Statistical investigations are needed to characterize the respective contributions. Current results: Mass change estimates from GRACE are more accurate for large catchments (deeper 250,000 sq. km.) than for small catchments. 1. Vertically integrated moisture flux divergences from regional and global atmospheric models provide valuable constraints for estimating mass changes from GRACE. 2. A comparison of GRACE with hydrology datasets indicates that there is a sizeable amount of outliers in GRACE. These outliers have to be removed before any analysis can be done with the GRACE data. 3. Satellite RADAR altimetry provides estimates of runoff from catchments, where in situ measurements are not available, which helps in the validation and evaluation of GRACE derived mass change estimates.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1158: Antarctic Research with Comparable Investigations in Arctic Sea Ice Areas; Bereich Infrastruktur - Antarktisforschung mit vergleichenden Untersuchungen in arktischen Eisgebieten, Sea Ice Deformation Mapping by Means of Synthetic Aperture Radar

A concept that utilizes parameters retrieved from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery will be devised in order to evaluate the atmospheric drag coefficient of sea ice. Methods will be developed for mapping and quantifying sea ice surface structure and deformation (e. g. floe size distribution, ridge spacing) from radar data. Considering that different SAR systems will be launched into space in the near future, the proposed investigations consider the effect of radar frequency, polarization, and spatial resolutions on the parameter retrieval. Retrieval methods and their accuracy will be assessed. Potential correlations between SAR backscatter variations, retrieved parameters related to sea ice deformation and surface structure, and the atmospheric drag coefficient will be analysed. The utilization of the retrieved parameters will be tested in numerical simulations of atmospheric boundary layer processes. Quantitative information about the sea ice surface structure and deformation is also of use for modelling sea ice dynamics, estimating sea ice mass balance, classifying ice types, and for safety and efficiency of marine transport and offshore operations.

The global continental water budget using GRACE spaceborne gravimetry and high- resolution consistent geodetic-hydrometeorological data analysis

GRACE gravity measurements provide a direct measure of water storage changes over continents. Thus, this novel technique enables for the first time to close the continental water balance on large scales. We propose to use GRACE gravimetry to directly determine large scale actual evapotranspiration from ground-based measurements of precipitation and discharge on large basins. The project will also provide a previously not available direct determination of atmospheric moisture fluxes on large basins from storage changes and discharge. As such, it enables a novel evaluation of atmospheric model data. However, the anisotropic error structure of conventional GRACE products is limiting their utility even for the largest basins available. Hydrological quasi-signals appear in areas, e.g. deserts, where no signal exists. To this end, we develop a new approach to GRACE error modelling, that makes use of known mass changes and their uncertainties, derived from hydrological constraints for selected areas, e.g. with negligible inputs (deserts) or with negligible evapotranspiration (snow/ice -, high altitude regions). This strategy allows for a correction of the gravity signal beyond the conventional de-aliasing procedures and thus an improvement of resolution in terms of space, time and mass. The close interdisciplinary collaboration will ensure the establishment of GRACE as a reliable hydrological sensor. Our investigations of the characteristics of both the large scale actual evapotranspiration and the atmospheric moisture flux enable us to predict discharge from ungauged basins and to evaluate the corresponding uncertainty by use of GRACE data. The global coverage of data from gauged and ungauged basins will hence lead to an improved determination of the global continental and the respective atmospheric water budget with a minimum of model assumptions.

SOLATERM - Promotion of a New Generation of Solar Thermal Systems in the Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPC)

The Mediterranean Partner Countries of the European Union are confronted with a rapidly increasing energy demand caused by a growing population especially in cities and increasing living standards. The region has a great potential for the use of renewable energies, notably solar energy due to its high level of solar radiation. However, only a small variety of solar thermal technologies is used in the region. The state of technology and the political support mechanisms vary strongly across the region and in relation to the EU countries, where new solar thermal applications for water and space heating as well as cooling are developed. SOLATERM is an EU-funded project that brings together research institutions, energy agencies, authorities and enterprises from EU and the Southern Mediterranean partners. The project consortium with partners from eight Southern Mediterranean and five EU countries has the aim of promoting the application of a new generation of solar thermal systems in the Mediterranean partner countries. SOLATERM combines the technological know-how of EU research institutions with the specific experiences and knowledge of the Southern Mediterranean partners. The EU partners provide important experiences in developing a successful political framework to boost the use of renewable energy.

FP6-SUSTDEV, Dynamic Sensing of Chemical Pollution Disasters and Predictive Modelling of their Spread and Ecological Impact (ECODIS)

ECODIS will develop sensor technologies for monitoring the physicochemical reactivity and biological impact of inorganic and organic pollutant species in aquatic systems. ECODIS will also apply these technologies to the study of the short and long term chemical and biological status of aquatic ecosystems following a pollution disaster. Exposure conditions experienced by organisms are defined by the temporal profiles of concentration and speciation of pollutants. These profiles will be quantitatively linked to biological effects via an innovative dynamic approach based on the flux of pollutant species as a key parameter in effective ecosystem quality. The dynamic features of pollutant species distributions over biotic and abiotic components will be a basic component of a new generic dynamic approach for any macroscopic aquatic ecosystem impacted by a pollution disaster event. This will involve the integration of the dynamic features of pollutants with their macroscale transport resulting from diffusion and flows in the water body. One of the major goals of ECODIS is to arrive at a model that includes predicted pollutant species distributions, and ensuing biological risks, in all compartments of the aquatic ecosystem as a function of time and space. Especially in disaster situations, the pollutant sink/source functioning of ecosystems under extreme load will be a key factor in the rate of spread of the disaster impact. ECODIS will couple the sink/source function with the transport modelling and derive the ensuing immediate and long term impact of a given pollution disaster. ECODIS will also open the way for developing sophisticated strategies for dynamic risk assessment and disaster management policies. One of the ultimate goals in ECODIS's action plan is the formulation of a set of guidelines for monitoring, data management, and interpretation of pollution disasters. Prime Contractor: Wageningen Universiteit; Wageningen; Netherland.

New Generation of Solar Thermal Systems (NEGST), WP3: Integration into buildings

The overall objective of this project is to introduce more cost-effective solar thermal systems, particularly for domestic hot water preparation and/or space heating, to the market in order to contribute to the European Union's Action Plans with regard to the reduction of CO2-emissions and the cost effective supply of renewable energies. In order to achieve this goal, the project consortium will provide a framework for the development of the next generation of solar thermal systems and their introduction to the market. The main instruments and deliverables of this project will be - A network for the co-ordination of the research and innovation activities for the development of a new generation of solar thermal systems; - Accompanying measures intended to introduce a new generation of solar thermal systems for domestic hot water preparation and/or space heating to the markets. Theses measures are focused on the - promotion of standardised system concepts, - integration of solar thermal systems into building technology, - methods for rating, standardisation and testing of the next generation of systems, - forming a platform for the work on advanced applications such as solar cooling and desalination In order to achieve the ambitious goals of this project the consortium consists of leading solar thermal experts form research and test institutes as well as industry participants from several European countries. The project activities will be closely linked to the work of the IEA SH&C Task 32 (Advanced storage concepts for solar thermal systems in low energy buildings) and with regard to standardisation work to CEN TC 312 (Thermal solar systems and components).

Integration einer Umkehr-Osmose-Anlage in ein Verbund-Wasser-Versorgungsssystem bei gleichzeitiger Erfassung von Betriebsdaten und Membranveraenderungen von UO-Membrane unterschiedlicher Konzeption

Mit Hilfe einer Umkehr-Osmose-Anlage im Wasserwerk Rhume wird die zu hohe SO4-Konzentration des Rhumewassers unter den zulaessigen Grenzwert nach der Trinkwasserverordnung gesenkt. Das so gewonnene Trinkwasser soll in die Verbundwasserversorgung der EEW eingespeist werden. Dabei soll die Mischbarkeit mit Waessern anderer Gewinnungsgebiete untersucht werden. Besonderer Wert soll auf die Einstellung und Ueberwachung des Kalk-Kohlensaeure-Gleichgewichtes gelegt werden. Des weiteren soll die Durchlaessigkeit der Umkehr-Osmose-Membranen fuer CO2 untersucht werden, wobei durch das Vorhandensein von zwei Modul-Typen-Hohlfaser ('Dupont') und Wickelmodule ('Toray') - in der Anlage Aussagen fuer beide Typen zu erwarten sind.

Stadtbezirke der Stadt Braunschweig

Seit dem 1. November 2021 ist Braunschweig nach § 90 des Niedersächsischen Kommunalverfassungsgesetzes in 12 Stadtbezirke eingeteilt. Ihre namentlichen Bezeichnungen verweisen auf die geographische Lage. Die kartographische Basis für die Darstellung der Stadtbezirke basiert auf der Stadtkarte im Maßstab 1:2.500 (RBE2). Weitere Darstellungen erfolgen auf der Basis des Braunschweiger Stadtplanes im Maßstab 1:20.000 (RBE3). Die Karten sind in Maßstäben von 1:2.500 bis 1:100.000 erhältlich. Vor dem 01.11.2021 gab es 19 Stadtbezirke in Braunschweig. Die Reduzierung auf 12 Stadtbezirke erfolgte durch Zusammenlegung bestehender Stadtbezirke.

Chemische Fernorientierung bei Parasitoiden samenfressender Wirte: Signale, Reichweite der Signale und Mechanismen der Fernorientierung

Die Untersuchung der chemischen Signale multitrophischer Systeme stellt momentan einen Schwerpunkt der ökologischen Forschung dar. Allerdings gibt es bislang kaum Untersuchungen für tritrophische Systeme aus Samen, samenfressenden Insekten und deren natürlichen Feinden, z.B. Parasitoiden. Im Rahmen des geplanten Projektes sollen erstmals für ein solches System die chemischen Signale identifiziert werden, die von Samen (bzw. Körnern) abgegeben werden und von Parasitoiden bei der Wirtssuche genutzt werden. Die Ergebnisse sollen die Aufmerksamkeit auf die bislang vernachlässigte Chemische Ökologie dieser Systeme lenken und die Grundlage für weitere Arbeiten in diesem Bereich schaffen. Darüber hinaus sollen an dem untersuchten System exemplarisch erstmals die Verhaltensweisen von Parasitoiden bei der Fernorientierung in Abwesenheit von Luftbewegungen analysiert und der sogenannte active space von chemischen Signalen unter diesen Bedingungen theoretisch und experimentell bestimmt werden. Die Ergebnisse des Projektes werden zum grundlegenden Verständnis multitrophischer Systeme beitragen und sind in der Biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfung von Bedeutung, z.B. bei der Festlegung der Anzahl und Abstände von Freilassungsorten von Parasitoiden.

Global Land Ice Measurements from Space - Antarctic Peninsula (GLIMS)

The international project 'Global Land Ice Measurements from Space' (GLIMS) establishes a complete remote sensing based inventory of the glaciers of the world. Glacial changes are indicators of changes in regional and global climate. GLIMS' mission to establish a global inventory of ice will provide the community with data for later comparison. Monitoring glaciers across the globe and understanding not only the cause of those changes, but the effects, will lead us to a greater understanding of global change and its causes. IPG Freiburg is the Regional Center for the Antarctic Peninsula within GLIMS.

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