Especially during the last decades, the natural forests of Ethiopia have been heavily disturbed by human activities. Some forests have been totally cleared and converted into fields for agricultural use, other suffered from different influences, such as heavy grazing and selective logging. The ongoing research in the Shashemane-Munessa-study area (Gu 406/8-1,2) showed clearly that, in spite of interdiction and control, forests continue to be cleared and degraded. However, it is not yet sufficiently known, how and why these processes are still going on. Growing population pressure and economic constraints for the people living in and around the forests contribute to the actual situation but allow no final answers to the complex situation. Concerning a sustainable management of the forests there is to no solid basis for recommendations from the socioeconomic and socio-cultural view. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the traditional needs and forms of forest use, including all forest products, is necessary. The objective of this project is, to achieve this basis by carrying out intensive field observations, the consultation of aerial photographs, satellite imagery and above all semi-structured interviews with the population in the study area in order to contribute to the recommendations for a sustainable use of the Munessa Shasemane forests.
The biogeochemical interface (BGI) in this project is defined as the organo-mineral surface of soil particles colonized by microorganisms. In the preceding project it was demonstrated that the different soil particle size fractions were associated with specifically structured microbial communities, a characteristic amount of soil organic carbon, and a specific capacity for adsorption of the organic chemicals phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively. While the diversity of the microbial community was responsive to fertilization-determined additional organic soil carbon in the larger particle size fractions, it was unaffected in clay. Stable isotope probing with 13C-labelled phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol revealed that the soil organic carbon in the BGIs also affected the diversity of microorganisms involved in the degradation of these chemicals. All these results are yet only based on studying one soil with three organic carbon variants (Bad Lauchstädt) and only two organic compounds. The objective of this 2nd phase project is to apply the innovative technology developed in the 1st phase for studying the BGI processes with soil organic carbon variants from another soil (Ultuna, SPP 1315 site) and with the chiralic anilide Fungicide metalaxyl as an additional compound. This 2nd phase SPP 1315 project will also, in a collaborative effort with two other SPP 1315 partners, investigate (1) the importance of BGIs for the entantio-selective degradation of metalaxyl and (2) the role of soil microorganisms in the formation of bound residues, respectively. Furthermore, the project will utilize stable isotope probing and next-generation DNA sequencing to link the structural and functional diversity of the microbial communities responsible for metabolism of organic chemicals in the different BGIs determined by particle size fractions and soil organic carbon variants.
Der Oberflächenfilm (SML) ist die oberste dünne Schicht des Ozeans und Teil jeglicher Wechselwirkung zwischen Luft und Meer, wie Gasaustausch, atmosphärische Deposition und Aerosolemission. Die Anreicherung von organischer Materie (OM) in der SML modifiziert die Luft-Meer-Austauschprozesse, aber welche OM-Komponenten selektiv angereichert werden, sowie warum und wann sie dies tun, ist weitgehend unbekannt (Engel et al., 2017). Unsere bisherige Forschung hat gezeigt, dass Biopolymere aus photoautotropher Produktion wichtige Komponenten der SML sind und den Luft-Meer-Austausch beeinflussen, indem sie als Biotenside (Galgani et al., 2016; Engel et al., 2018) und als Quelle primärer organischer Aerosole (Trueblood et al., 2021) wirken. Die Motivation unseres Projektes ist es daher, die dynamischen Anreicherungsprozesse von OM in der SML aufzuklären und zu beschreiben, wobei ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf der Auflösung der OM-Quellen liegt. Mit unserem Modellierungsansatz ist es das Ziel, unser mechanistisches Verständnis der Zusammenhänge zwischen den Wachstumsbedingungen des Planktons, der Produktion und der Freisetzung von Biomolekülen, einschließlich potentieller Tenside, und der Akkumulation von OM in der SML zu konsolidieren. Eine solche Modellentwicklung wird in hohem Maße von den Ergebnissen und Erkenntnissen der verschiedenen Teilprojekte des BASS-Konsortiums profitieren. Umgekehrt ist es unsere Motivation, ein Modell zu etablieren, das als Synthesewerkzeug für die Interpretation und Integration von Feld-, Mesokosmen- und Labormessungen der OM-Anreicherung in der SML anwendbar wird.Relevanz für die Forschungsgruppe BASS - SP1.1 wird die Quellen, die Menge und die biochemische Zusammensetzung von OM in der SML entschlüsseln und damit wichtige Informationen für alle BASS-Teilprojekte liefern. Der primäre Ursprung von OM im Oberflächenozean ist die photosynthetische Produktion und die wichtigsten biochemischen Komponenten von frisch produzierter OM, d.h. Kohlenhydrate, Aminosäuren und Lipide, unterliegen der mikrobiellen Verarbeitung (SP1.2) und Photoreaktionen innerhalb der SML (SP1.3, SP1.4) und füllen auch den Pool der gelösten organischen Substanz (DOM) auf (SP1.5). Die Modellentwicklung in SP1.1 stellt eine Verbindung zwischen der Produktion von OM und ihrer Anreicherung innerhalb der SML her und zielt darauf ab, die entsprechenden Auswirkungen auf den Luft-Meer-Gasaustausch (SP2.1) zu bestimmen, indem Änderungen des Impulsflusses auf den Ozeanoberflächenschichten (SP2.2) sowie des Auftriebs (SP2.3) berücksichtigt werden. Das vorgeschlagene SML-Submodell wird auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse aus SP1.4 und SP2.3 verfeinert. Ergebnisse aus den Modellsensitivitätsanalysen werden ergänzende Informationen über oberflächenaktive Eigenschaften verschiedener OM Komponenten und deren Auswirkungen auf Luft-Meer-Austauschprozesse liefern, die innerhalb von BASS ausgewertet werden.
Auf Grund des global ansteigenden Wasserbedarfs und den sinkenden zur Verfügung stehenden Süßwasserressourcen, besteht ein weltweites Interesse an effizienten Entsalzungsverfahren. Süßwasser, das vom Meer oder von geogenen Salzvorkommen beeinflusst wird, weist u. a. oft erhöhte Konzentrationen an Natrium und Chlorid auf. Hohe Nitrat- und Sulfatkonzentrationen resultieren hingegen meist aus landwirtschaftlichem Einfluss. Eine vollständige Entsalzung der Wässer ist nicht sinnvoll, sondern lediglich nur eine Verminderung der monovalenten Ionen nötig. Das Ziel dieses Forschungsvorhabens ist die Entwicklung eines energieeffizienten, selektiven, membranbasierten Entsalzungsverfahrens zur gezielten Entfernung monovalenter Ionen aus salzhaltigem Grund- und Oberflächenwasser sowie die Überprüfung potenzieller Anwendungen und Einsatzgebiete unter Berücksichtigung wasserchemischer, ökonomischer und ökologischer Aspekte. Es werden selektive Membranen für einen spezifischen Rückhalt monovalenter Salze entwickelt und in neukonstruierten Modulen für den Einsatz in einem elektrochemischen Verfahren in Labor- und Pilotanlagen verbaut. Mit den Anlagen werden Untersuchungen zur Identifikation optimierter Prozess- und Anlagenparameter in Abhängigkeit unterschiedlicher Rohwasserqualitäten und Aufbereitungsziele durchgeführt. Es wird geprüft, welche resultierenden Effekte und Herausforderungen bei der Grundwasseranreicherung und der Trinkwasseraufbereitung gegeben sind. Die entwickelte Technologie wird anhand einer ganzheitlichen ökonomisch-ökologischen Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung internationalen Zielgrößen wie den Nachhaltigkeitszielen gegenübergestellt, um Handlungsempfehlungen abzuleiten. Durch die Wahl der Partner aus Industrie, Wissenschaft und Praxis ist das Konsortium in der Lage, Anlagen zu bauen und die innovative Technologie bei Praxispartnern vor Ort zu testen und zu bewerten. Die Ergebnisse tragen somit maßgeblich zur Sicherung der Wasserressourcen, national wie international, bei.
Although the use of genetically modified plants for bioremediation, or the in situ cleaning of contaminated sites, has been known for quite some time, little attention has so far been paid to the production of antibodies in plants and their ex vivo application in selective depletion. Therefore, highly affine and specific antibodies against algal toxins using microcystin as an example will be produced in plants at low cost within this research project. The basis is a monoclonal antibody (Mab 10E7, species: mouse) generated in a former research project. The sequence of the variable domains will be determined, optimized for plants and sub cloned into suitable plant transformation vectors, which already contain constant antibody sequences. In addition, a scFv fragment containing different tag sequences and fusion proteins will be constructed. Leaf-based (tobacco) as well as seed-based (barley) systems will be used.Affinity-purified plant-produced antibodies (plantibodies) will be characterized in detail for their binding properties using microtitre plate-ELISA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The monoclonal mouse antibody will be used as reference. To assure cost-efficiency for future applications, roughly purified fractions (sequential pH and temperature treatment followed by filtration) will be tested for the upscaling. Following immobilization of the plantibody fractions on suitable substrates, for instance membranes, porous polymer monoliths or in porous glasses, their application for depletion will be defined using model water samples spiked fortified with microcystins.
Nitrous Acid (HONO) has attracted significant attention during the last few years since recent field measurements have demonstrated that the photolysis of HONO can be the dominant source of OH radicals in the lower atmosphere. The OH radical is responsible for the degradation of most air pollutants and for the formation of harmful photooxidants. Thus, the identification and quantification of the sources of HONO are of major importance. To explain un-expected high daytime concentrations of HONO, different photochemical sources have been proposed. However, the exact origin and the magnitude of HONO fluxes over irradiated rural and urban surfaces are still open questions, which have to be solved to understand and quantify the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. In the proposed project, these questions are aimed to be answered by the integration of selected laboratory, field and modelling studies. In the laboratory studies, different photochemical sources of HONO will be investigated in photoreactors by the help of very sensitive and selective instrumentation to enable the simulation of atmospheric relevant conditions. In the field studies, the daytime source strength of HONO will be quantified over irradiated surfaces by the help of a mixed gradient / eddy-covariance technique at a field site near Paris (INRA/Grignon), which is already used for flux measurements of NOx and O3 since two years. The HONO fluxes will be parameterized for different types of surfaces (e.g. pure soil and crop) as a function of measured variables (solar intensity, NO2, nitrate, etc.). In addition, daytime gradients measurements in the altitude range 10-200 m will be performed under urban conditions at the meteorological tower at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe to better quantification the impact of the HONO photolysis on the radical budget for an extended altitude range. The results from the lab and field studies - including data from recent other studies - will be used to improve existing box, 1-D and 3-D models with the focus on the better description and quantification of the oxidation capacity of the boundary layer. The outcome of the project will have an essential impact on the understanding of the photochemistry of the lower atmosphere.
Economic losings caused by wear and friction are still tremendous, just in Germany the losings are amounted to 100 bn € p.a., for Europe the losses exceed 400 bn €. Recent investigations have shown that laser manufactured structures can exert considerable influence on the tribological behaviour of surfaces. Besides hydrodynamic effects, which can improve friction, the ability of the structures to store lubricant lead to the maintenance of a lubrication film. As the state of the art techniques for laser surface structuring, particularly for tribological applications are mainly on an a R&D level, the production technology is in need of adequate manufacturing techniques. Main topics in this field of research are the inevitable pre- and post-treatment steps of current laser surface structuring techniques as well as the high process durations. The overall goal of this project is to solve both of those tasks by the development and realisation of a process technology, which enables the process chain integrated laser surface structuring of hydraulic parts. The project aims to cover a defined segment of a growing market and the technological achievements will offer the participating SMEs promising options of upgrading their product values. In addition to the direct improvement of single systems by the investigations on demonstration parts within the project, the high transferability of the technique to further products will enable the value enhancement of whole product classes. This offers the possibility of a strong enhancement of the total product output. A consortium has been established, which covers the laser supply and technique as well as the surface preparation technology. Manufacturers of hydraulic parts are members of the consortium in order to close the technological range. Two powerful RTD performers could be gained, which are specialised on the laser processing on the one hand and on tribology on the other hand.
Transmembrane ion channels regulate the movement of ions (particularly Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl-) across cellular membranes, and are critical to numerous aspects of neurobiology. Cells express a diverse array of ion-channel proteins that vary widely in their ion selectivity and in their modulation by ligands (such as neurotransmitters) or by membrane voltage. Potassium is the most abundant cellular cation and the imbalance of potassium across the cell membrane is responsible for the maintenance of the membrane potential. Activation of different K+ selective ion channels is essential to control the excitability of nerve and muscle cells. Considerable interest has been focused on the roles of potassium channels in shaping the physiological behaviours of both excitable and non-excitable cells. Pharmacological tools, such as inhibitors have been used to characterize individual classes of channels but for many potassium channels specific blockers are not available. Heterologous expression of ion channel proteins in yeast provides an alternative to animal testing for functional (pharmacological) analysis as well as providing a robust, cell-based system for rapid identification of new lead compounds. K+-channel modulators are valuable pharmacological tools with therapeutic potential.The cloning and characterization of the yeast K+ transport system, and most recently, of the outward rectifying K+channel enabled the generation of yeast mutants lacking those transporters and channels. This advance has made possible new approaches for the analysis of mammalian K+ selective channels by functional complementation of yeast mutants. The development of a yeast-based expression and screening system will play a key role in the development of in-vitro pharmacological tests for chemical and pharmacological agents.The development of a yeast screening systems provides useful tools both for academic and industrial applications in an EC wide strategy.
Small molecule natural products are a prolific source of inspiration for the development of new drugs, and essential tools in basic biomedical research as probes of biological functions. The contribution of academic laboratories in natural products discovery has been essential. The limiting factor of traditional approaches in bioactivity-directed natural product research has been the tedious process of purification and identification of active molecules from a highly complex extract matrix. Recent technological advances enable substantial improvements in efficiency via a consequential miniaturization of the screening and discovery process, and automation of certain process steps. The aim of the project is to discover small molecule natural products leads from plants and fungi acting against clinically relevant and/or emerging targets in important disease areas. The targets have been selected on the basis of specific criteria, such as (i) novelty and importance of target; (ii) lack of specific/selective inhibitors; (iii) need for enhancement of structural diversity of ligands; (iv) difficulty/impossibility to use rational drug discovery approaches; (v) access to animal models. Indications include CNS (selective GABA-A receptor agonists), inflammation and cancer (modulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, inhibition of PI3 kinases). In addition, a screening for hERG channel inhibition will be carried out as the currently most critical anti-target in drug discovery & development. An extract library and a technology platform for the miniaturized discovery of natural products will be used. The library consists of currently 1000 plant and fungal extracts. An ethnomedicine-based focussed sub-library will be specifically tested for GABAA receptor agonistic properties. All process steps in the screening and consecutive lead identification are miniaturized, in part automated, and based on the 96-well microtiter footprint. Most of the assays are via external collaborations, and some assays involving cell signalling are established in-house. Prioritized extracts are submitted to HPLC-based activity profiling with microtiter-based fractionation of column effluent, and simultaneous on-line spectroscopic (PDA, ion-trap ESI and APCI-MS, and ESI-TOF) analysis. Compound dereplication and identification is supported by off-line microprobe NMR spectroscopy. Around the active target molecules, structurally related compounds will be characterized to generate small 'virtual' libraries for preliminary structure activity relationships. Calculation of physico-chemical data and secondary bioassays will characterize leads, and shortlisted compounds will be tested in vivo for proof of concept. For this purpose, compounds of interest are isolated in a targeted manner in amounts of up to several hundred mg.
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