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Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Atlas Hydrosweep DS 3 echo sounder entire dataset) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise PS132, Transit, Atlantic Ocean

Multibeam data were collected during RV Polarstern cruise PS132 (2022-08-31 to 2022-09-29). Multibeam sonar system was Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS 3 multibeam echo sounder. Data are processed with Caris HIPS, including sound velocity correction with SV data from CTDs, XBTs and World Ocean Atlas 18 (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/NCEI-WOA18), tidal correction with TPXO9_atlas_v5 (https://www.tpxo.net), and manual cleaning. The soundings are combined in daily files, the format is XYZ ASCII (<Lon> <Lat> <Depth in meters, positive up, relative to mean sea level>). Additional blockmedian grids have been computed with depth dependent cell size to visualize the data. These grids are not meant for scientific analysis or navigation, but for overview purposes only.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Atlas Hydrosweep DS 2 echo sounder entire dataset) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise ANT-XXIII/8 (PS69), Southern Ocean

Multibeam data were collected during RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XXIII/8 (2006-11-23 to 2007-01-30). Multibeam sonar system was Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS 2 multibeam echo sounder. Data are processed with Caris HIPS, including sound velocity correction with SV data from CTDs and World Ocean Atlas 18 (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/NCEI-WOA18), tidal correction with TPXO9_atlas_v5 (https://www.tpxo.net), and manual cleaning. The soundings are combined in daily files, the format is XYZ ASCII (<Lon> <Lat> <Depth in meters, positive up, relative to mean sea level>). Additional grids have been computed with depth dependent cell size to visualize the data. These grids are not meant for scientific analysis or navigation, but for overview purposes only.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Atlas Hydrosweep DS 3 echo sounder entire dataset) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise PS116, Atlantic Ocean

Multibeam data were collected during RV Polarstern cruise PS116 (2018-11-11 to 2018-12-11). Multibeam sonar system was Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS 3 multibeam echo sounder. Data are processed with Caris HIPS, including sound velocity correction with SV data from SVPs, UCTDs and World Ocean Atlas 13 (https://doi.org/10.7289/v5f769gt), tidal correction with TPXO9_atlas_v5 (https://www.tpxo.net), and manual cleaning. The soundings are combined in daily files, the format is XYZ ASCII (<Lon> <Lat> <Depth in meters, positive up, relative to mean sea level>). Additional blockmedian grids have been computed with depth dependent cell size to visualize the data. These grids are not meant for scientific analysis or navigation, but for overview purposes only.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Atlas Hydrosweep DS 2 echo sounder entire dataset) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise ANT-XVIII/1 (PS58), Atlantic Ocean

Multibeam data were collected during RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XVIII/1 (2000-09-29 to 2000-10-23). Multibeam sonar system was Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS 2 multibeam echo sounder. Data are processed with Caris HIPS, including sound velocity correction by cross fan calibration, tidal correction with TPXO9_atlas_v5 (https://www.tpxo.net), and manual cleaning. The soundings are combined in daily files, the format is XYZ ASCII (<Lon> <Lat> <Depth in meters, positive up, relative to mean sea level>). Additional grids have been computed with depth dependent cell size to visualize the data. These grids are not meant for scientific analysis or navigation, but for overview purposes only.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Atlas Hydrosweep DS 3 echo sounder entire dataset) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise PS98, Atlantic Ocean

Multibeam data were collected during RV Polarstern cruise PS98 (2016-04-10 to 2016-05-11). Multibeam sonar system was Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS 3 multibeam echo sounder. Data are processed with Caris HIPS, including sound velocity correction with SV data from World Ocean Atlas 13 (https://doi.org/10.7289/v5f769gt), tidal correction with TPXO9_atlas_v5 (https://www.tpxo.net), and manual cleaning. The soundings are combined in daily files, the format is XYZ ASCII (<Lon> <Lat> <Depth in meters, positive up, relative to mean sea level>). Additional blockmedian grids have been computed with depth dependent cell size to visualize the data. These grids are not meant for scientific analysis or navigation, but for overview purposes only.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Atlas Hydrosweep DS 2 echo sounder entire dataset) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise ANT-XIX/1 (PS61), Atlantic Ocean

Multibeam data were collected during RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XIX/1 (2001-11-08 to 2001-11-30). Multibeam sonar system was Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS 2 multibeam echo sounder. Data are processed with Caris HIPS, including sound velocity correction by cross fan calibration, tidal correction with TPXO9_atlas_v5 (https://www.tpxo.net), and manual cleaning. The soundings are combined in daily files, the format is XYZ ASCII (<Lon> <Lat> <Depth in meters, positive up, relative to mean sea level>). Additional grids have been computed with depth dependent cell size to visualize the data. These grids are not meant for scientific analysis or navigation, but for overview purposes only.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Atlas Hydrosweep DS 3 echo sounder entire dataset) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise PS151, Atlantic Ocean

Multibeam data were collected during RV Polarstern cruise PS151 (2025-11-13 to 2025-12-12). Multibeam sonar system was Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS 3 multibeam echo sounder. Data are processed with Caris HIPS, including sound velocity correction with SV data from CTDs and World Ocean Atlas 23 (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/NCEI-WOA23), tidal correction with TPXO9_atlas_v5 (https://www.tpxo.net), and manual cleaning. The soundings are combined in daily files, the format is XYZ ASCII (<Lon> <Lat> <Depth in meters, positive up, relative to mean sea level>). Additional grids have been computed with depth dependent cell size to visualize the data. These grids are not meant for scientific analysis or navigation, but for overview purposes only.

Multibeam bathymetry raw data (Atlas Hydrosweep DS 3 echo sounder entire dataset) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise PS132

Multibeam data were collected with RV Polarstern along the route of cruise PS132 and data acquisition was continuously monitored during the survey. Multibeam sonar system was Teledyne/Atlas Hydrosweep DS3. SVPs were retrieved from CTD data. SVPs were processed with HydrOffice SoundSpeedManager (https://www.hydroffice.org/soundspeed/main) and extended with World Ocean Atlas 18 (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/NCEI-WOA18). SVP data were applied during acquisition. Multibeam data are unprocessed and may contain outliers and blunders and should not be used for grid calculations and charting projects without further editing. The raw multibeam sonar data in Teledyne/Atlas multibeam processing format (.asd) were recorded with Teledyne/Atlas Parastore software as well as Teledyne Reson format (.s7k) in Teledyne PDS. Raw data files can be processed using software packages like CARIS HIPS/SIPS. For updated vessel configuration files check further details.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (EM 1002 echosounder entire dataset) of RV MARIA S. MERIAN during cruise MSM52

Swath sonar bathymetry data used for that dataset was recorded during RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM52 using Kongsberg EM1002 multibeam echosounder. The cruise took place between 01.03.2016 and 28.03.2016 in the Baltic Sea. The cruise aimed gapless imagining of the major pre-alpine tectonic lineaments due to the fact that the Glückstadt Graben and the Avalonia-Baltica suture zone run across the southern Baltic [DOI: 10.2312/cr_msm52]. CI Citation: Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de) as responsible party for bathymetry raw data ingest and approval. During the MSM52 cruise, the moonpooled KONGSBERG EM1002 multibeam echosounder (MBES) was utilized to perform bathymetric mapping in shallow depths. It has a curved transducer of which 111 beams are formed for each ping while the seafloor is detected using amplitude and phase information for each beam sounding. For further information on the system, consult https://www.km.kongsberg.com/. Generally, the system was acquiring data throughout the entire cruise. Responsible person during this cruise / PI: Laura Frahm. Postprocessing and products were conducted by the Seafloor-Imaging & Mapping group of MARUM/FB5, responsible person Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de). The open source software MB-System (Caress, D. W., and D. N. Chayes, MB-System: Mapping the Seafloor, https://www.mbari.org/products/research-software/mb-system, 2017) was utilized for this purpose. A sound velocity correction profile was applied to the MSM52 data; there were no further corrections for roll, pitch and heave applied during postprocessing. A tide correction was applied, based on the Oregon State University (OSU) tidal prediction software (OTPS) that is retrievable through MB-System. CTD measurements during the cruise were sufficient to represent the changes in the sound velocity throughout the study area. Using Mbeditviz, artefacts were cleaned manually. NetCDF (GMT) grids of the edited data as well as statistics were created with mbgrid. The published bathymetric EM1002 grid of the cruise MSM52 has a resolution of 35 m. No total propagated uncertainty (TPU) has been calculated to gather vertical or horizontal accuracy. A higher resolution is, at least partly, achievable. The grid extended with _num represents a raster dataset with the statistical number of beams/depths taken into account to create the depth of the cell. The extended _sd -grid contains the standard deviation for each cell. The DTMs projections are given in Geographic coordinate system Lat/Lon; Geodetic Datum: WGS84.

Seawater carbonate chemistry and mass fluxes and elemental composition of particulate export in KOSMOS mesocosm experiments (2010-2014)

Diatoms account for up to 40% of marine primary production and require silicic acid to grow and build their opal shell. On the physiological and ecological level, diatoms are thought to be resistant to, or even benefit from, ocean acidification. Yet, global-scale responses and implications for biogeochemical cycles in the future ocean remain largely unknown. Here we conducted five in situ mesocosm experiments with natural plankton communities in different biomes and find that ocean acidification increases the elemental ratio of silicon (Si) to nitrogen (N) of sinking biogenic matter by 17 ± 6 per cent under pCO2 conditions projected for the year 2100. This shift in Si:N seems to be caused by slower chemical dissolution of silica at decreasing seawater pH. We test this finding with global sediment trap data, which confirm a widespread influence of pH on Si:N in the oceanic water column. Earth system model simulations show that a future pH-driven decrease in silica dissolution of sinking material reduces the availability of silicic acid in the surface ocean, triggering a global decline of diatoms by 13–26 per cent due to ocean acidification by the year 2200. This outcome contrasts sharply with the conclusions of previous experimental studies, thereby illustrating how our current understanding of biological impacts of ocean change can be considerably altered at the global scale through unexpected feedback mechanisms in the Earth system.

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