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Continuous recordings of environmental parameters at station 22, Flueggesand (2022-10 - 2024-09)

Additionally, at four shallow water stations (Booknis Eck, Buelk, Behrensdorf and Katharinenhof) temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen are continuously logged at 2-3 m depth by self-contained data loggers. These are: (I) MiniDOT loggers (Precision Measurement Engineering; http://pme.com; ±10 µmol L-1 or ±5 % saturation) including copper antifouling option (copper plate and mesh) to measure dissolved oxygen concentration and (II) DST CT salinity & temperature loggers (Star-Oddi; http://star-oddi.com; ±1.5 mS cm-1) to record the conductivity. Both sensor types additionally record water temperature with an accuracy of ± 0.1 °C. The sampling interval was set to 30 minutes for all parameters. In context of the long-term monitoring project RegLocDiv (Regional-Local-Diversity) by M. Wahl (Franz, M. et al. 2019a), another seven stations were equipped with the same two types of sensors at 4-6 m depth to continuously record environmental parameters (again: temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen) and included into this data set. These stations are at: Falshoeft, Booknis Eck, Schoenberg, Westermarkelsdorf, Staberhuk, Kellenhusen and Salzhaff (abandoned in 2023). Since 2021, in the context of implementing a reef monitoring to fulfil obligations by the EU Habitats Directive, step-by-step, eleven further stations were installed at reefs in the Schleswig-Holstein Baltic Sea. These are at: Platengrund (14 m depth) and Mittelgrund (8 m) (both since 2021), at Walkyriengrund (9 m), Brodtener Ufer (8 m), Außenschlei (11 m), Kalkgrund (8 m), Stollergrund (7.5 m) and Flueggesand (10 m) (all since 2022), as well as at Gabelsflach (10 m), Sagasbank (8.5 m) and Stabehuk (11.5 m) (all since 2023). Again, at all of these 11 stations, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen are continuously logged by self-contained data loggers: Conductivity (and temperature) is logged by HOBO® Salt Water Conductivity/Salinity Data Logger (Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA; https://www.onsetcomp.com) using the U2X protective housing to prevent fouling on the sensors. The same MiniDOT loggers (Precision Measurement Engineering) as at the above mentioned more shallow stations (including antifouling copper plate and mesh) are used to measure dissolved oxygen concentration. Dissolved oxygen concentration data measured by the MiniDOT loggers are corrected for a depth of 10 m (or 2,5 m on the shallow stations) using the software provided by the manufacturer. Additionally, a manual compensation for salinity was calculated (see details in Franz, M. et al. 2019b). Quality control was carried out by spike and gradient tests, following recommendations of SeaDataNet quality control procedures (see https://seadatanet.org/Standards/Data-Quality-Control). All data values were flagged according to applied quality checks using the following flags: 1 = Pass, 2 = Suspect, 3 = Fail, 4 = Visually suspect, 5 = Salinity compensation fail (further explanations can be found in Franz, M. et al. 2019b).

Continuous thermosalinograph oceanography along RV HEINCKE cruise track HE597

Raw data acquired by a thermosalinograph (SBE21, SeaBird GmbH) on board RV HEINCKE were processed to receive a calibrated and validated data set of seawater temperature and salinity. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. The SBE21 was equipped with an additional external temperature sensor (SBE38, Sea-Bird GmbH). Raw data are converted to temperature and conductivity values using the calibration coefficients from the calibration before deployment. However, data can only be finally processed after replacement and renewed calibration because correction values for the sensor drift can only be obtained by the post cruise calibration. The thermosalinograph on board RV HEINCKE is exchanged about once a year and calibration procedures are conducted after every exchange. Salinity was calculated according to the instructions from the Practical Salinity Scale PSS-78 using the obtained internal temperature and conductivity data. Processed data are provided as 1min means of salinity and seawater temperature aligned with position data taken from master track of the respective cruise. Quality flags are appended according to the SeaDataNet Data Quality Control Procedures (version from May 2010).

High-resolution measurements of essential climate variables in the North Sea from the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES during RV Heincke cruise HE626

The autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES collected key climate variables, including sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), during the RV Heincke cruise HE626 in the German Bight. HALOBATES recorded SST and SSS at seven different depths with a high vertical resolution of approximately 10 cm, ranging from the near-surface layer (NSL) (between 30 and 100 cm) to the sea-surface microlayer (SML) (uppermost millimeter). Temperature and conductivity (used for salinity calculation) were measured using conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensors connected to a flow-through system on HALOBATES. Additional temperature sensors were placed beneath the catamaran to capture in-situ temperature at six depths within the NSL. Salinity measurements were adjusted using discrete water samples to correct for any sensor biases. During the operation, two data loggers equipped with meteorological stations on the catamaran monitored essential weather conditions. HALOBATES was in operation from July 21, 2023, to August 8, 2023.

High-resolution measurements of essential climate variables in the North Sea from the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES during RV Heincke cruise HE614

The autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES measured Essential Climate Variables (ECV), such as sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), during the RV Heincke cruise HE614 in the German Bight. HALOBATES captured the SST and SSS at seven depths with a high vertical resolution of about 10 cm, from the near-surface layer (NSL) (between 30 and 100 cm) and the sea surface microlayer (SML) (upper millimeter). Conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensors measured temperature and conductivity (for salinity calculation) via a flow-through system on HALOBATES. Additional temperature sensors were mounted underneath the catamaran to measure in-situ temperature in situ at six depths in the NSL. Salinity was corrected with discrete water samples to remove biases between the sensors. Two data loggers with several meteorological stations on the catamaran captured important weather variables during operation time. The surfactant concentration was measured from discrete samples of SML and 100 cm depth. HALOBATES was operated between 01 March 2023 and 22 March 2023.

Continuous thermosalinograph oceanography along RV POLARSTERN cruise track PS148

Raw data acquired by two SBE21 thermosalinograph and two auxiliary SBE38 temperature sensor (Sea-Bird Scientific, USA) installed in an underway seawater flow-through system on board RV Polarstern were processed to yield a calibrated and validated data set of temperature and salinity along the cruise track. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) at a resolution of 1 sec, and converted to temperature and conductivity using the pre-deployment factory calibration coefficients. The converted data were averaged to 1 min values, outliers were removed, and sensor drift was corrected using coefficients obtained from a post-season calibration performed at Sea-Bird at the end of the measurement season. Salinity was calculated from internal temperature, conductivity and pressure according to the PSS-78 Practical Salinity Scale. Processed data are provided as 1 min means of seawater temperature, conductivity and salinity, aligned with position data taken from the master track. Quality flags are appended according to the SeaDataNet Data Quality Control Procedures (version from May 2010). More details are described in the attached processing report.

Continuous thermosalinograph oceanography along RV HEINCKE cruise track HE596

Raw data acquired by a thermosalinograph (SBE21, SeaBird GmbH) on board RV HEINCKE were processed to receive a calibrated and validated data set of seawater temperature and salinity. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. The SBE21 was equipped with an additional external temperature sensor (SBE38, Sea-Bird GmbH). Raw data are converted to temperature and conductivity values using the calibration coefficients from the calibration before deployment. However, data can only be finally processed after replacement and renewed calibration because correction values for the sensor drift can only be obtained by the post cruise calibration. The thermosalinograph on board RV HEINCKE is exchanged about once a year and calibration procedures are conducted after every exchange. Salinity was calculated according to the instructions from the Practical Salinity Scale PSS-78 using the obtained internal temperature and conductivity data. Processed data are provided as 1min means of salinity and seawater temperature aligned with position data taken from master track of the respective cruise. Quality flags are appended according to the SeaDataNet Data Quality Control Procedures (version from May 2010).

Continuous thermosalinograph oceanography along RV HEINCKE cruise track HE593

Raw data acquired by a thermosalinograph (SBE21, SeaBird GmbH) on board RV HEINCKE were processed to receive a calibrated and validated data set of seawater temperature and salinity. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. The SBE21 was equipped with an additional external temperature sensor (SBE38, Sea-Bird GmbH). Raw data are converted to temperature and conductivity values using the calibration coefficients from the calibration before deployment. However, data can only be finally processed after replacement and renewed calibration because correction values for the sensor drift can only be obtained by the post cruise calibration. The thermosalinograph on board RV HEINCKE is exchanged about once a year and calibration procedures are conducted after every exchange. Salinity was calculated according to the instructions from the Practical Salinity Scale PSS-78 using the obtained internal temperature and conductivity data. Processed data are provided as 1min means of salinity and seawater temperature aligned with position data taken from master track of the respective cruise. Quality flags are appended according to the SeaDataNet Data Quality Control Procedures (version from May 2010).

Continuous thermosalinograph oceanography along RV HEINCKE cruise track HE589

Raw data acquired by a thermosalinograph (SBE21, SeaBird GmbH) on board RV HEINCKE were processed to receive a calibrated and validated data set of seawater temperature and salinity. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. The SBE21 was equipped with an additional external temperature sensor (SBE38, Sea-Bird GmbH). Raw data are converted to temperature and conductivity values using the calibration coefficients from the calibration before deployment. However, data can only be finally processed after replacement and renewed calibration because correction values for the sensor drift can only be obtained by the post cruise calibration. The thermosalinograph on board RV HEINCKE is exchanged about once a year and calibration procedures are conducted after every exchange. Salinity was calculated according to the instructions from the Practical Salinity Scale PSS-78 using the obtained internal temperature and conductivity data. Processed data are provided as 1min means of salinity and seawater temperature aligned with position data taken from master track of the respective cruise. Quality flags are appended according to the SeaDataNet Data Quality Control Procedures (version from May 2010).

Continuous thermosalinograph oceanography along RV HEINCKE cruise track HE630

Raw data acquired by a thermosalinograph (SBE21, SeaBird GmbH) on board RV HEINCKE were processed to receive a calibrated and validated data set of seawater temperature and salinity. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. The SBE21 was equipped with an additional external temperature sensor (SBE38, Sea-Bird GmbH). Raw data are converted to temperature and conductivity values using the calibration coefficients from the calibration before deployment. However, data can only be finally processed after replacement and renewed calibration because correction values for the sensor drift can only be obtained by the post cruise calibration. The thermosalinograph on board RV HEINCKE is exchanged about once a year and calibration procedures are conducted after every exchange. Salinity was calculated according to the instructions from the Practical Salinity Scale PSS-78 using the obtained internal temperature and conductivity data. Processed data are provided as 1min means of salinity and seawater temperature aligned with position data taken from master track of the respective cruise. Quality flags are appended according to the SeaDataNet Data Quality Control Procedures (version from May 2010).

Carbon system parameters in the Baltic Sea from 2003 to 2023 using IOW monitoring data

The saturation status of calcium carbonate forms was calculated as part of the CDRmare RETAKE project effort to assess potentials and impacts for using alkalinity enhancement to enhance the capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, this data set is a compilation of carbonate system parameters measured during the monitoring cruises of the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) in the Baltic Sea from 2003 to 2023. Ancillary data was retrieved using the IOW's ODIN2 data tool accordingly. The following permanent link allows one to search and extract the data using our settings: https://odin2.io-warnemuende.de/957-0489-676. We paired the carbonate and ancillary (nutrient and hydrogen sulfide, H2S, data) data by selecting the respective cruise, station, timestamp, and depth. Next, we calculated the calcite and aragonite saturation state and other carbonate system parameters using the measured parameters always when two carbonate-system parameters were available. For these calculations, we used CO2SYS v.3.1.2 script for MATLAB (Sharp et al., 2023; van Heuven et al., 2011; Lewis and Wallace, 1998) with the following dissociation constants settings: K1 and K2 of Waters, Millero, & Woosley (2014), KSO4 of Dickson (1990), KF of Perez & Fraga (1987), and TB of Uppström (1979). Propagated uncertainty was calculated using the errors script for MATLAB CO2SYS of Orr et al. (2018) and applying the respective errors: total alkalinity (AT) = 4 µmol/kg, total inorganic dissolved carbon (CT) = 2 µmol/kg, pH = 0.005 (Total), phosphate (PO4) = 3.8%, silicate (SiO4) = 4.6%, and ammonium (NH4) = 9.2%. All carbonate system parameters are presented under 25°C and 0 atm conditions.

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