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Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Aerosol Index (AI), Level 3 – Global

Aerosol Index (AI) as derived from TROPOMI observations. AI is an indicator for episodic aerosol plumes from dust outbreaks, volcanic ash, and biomass burning. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

METOP GOME-2 - Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) - Global

Gridded Level 3 SO2 total column densities derived from the Metop/GOME-2-instruments. Volcanoes are the largest soures of SO2 in the atmosphere, depending on the erruption the Sulfurous compounds can be injected into stratosphere but in most cases it stays within the troposphere. Another important source is the coal combustion. Desulfurisation facilities within the power stations have reduced the sulfur emissions around the globe. In the stratosphere sulfur is a key component for building up aerosols, which reflect parts of the solar irradiation. The total SO2 column is retrieved from GOME solar back-scattered measurements in the ultraviolet wavelength region [using the DOAS method]. Depending on the plume SO2 can be a very strong absorber, because of that the ODAS retrieval might have some smaller issues, they can be reduced by choosing different wavelenght ranges depending on the signal. We apply three different fitting windows between 310 and 360nm. For the AMF, we assume a plumeheight of 6 km altitude. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).

METOP GOME-2 - Cloud Fraction (CF) - Global

Gridded Level 3 cloud fraction derived from Metop/GOME observations. Cloud physical properties (cloud fraction, cloud top height, cloud optical thickness) are derived from GOME/GOME-2 observations using the OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) and ROCINN (Retrieval of Cloud Information using Neural Networks). For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/ The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Surface Nitrogendioxide (NO2), Level 4 – Regional (Germany and neighboring countries)

The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product displays the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) near surface concentration for Germany and neighboring countries as derived from the POLYPHEMUS/DLR air quality model. Surface NO2 is mainly generated by anthropogenic sources, e.g. transport and industry. POLYPHEMUS/DLR is a state-of-the-art air quality model taking into consideration - meteorological conditions, - photochemistry, - anthropogenic and natural (biogenic) emissions, - TROPOMI NO2 observations for data assimilation. This Level 4 air quality product (surface NO2 at 15:00 UTC) is based on innovative algorithms, processors, data assimilation schemes and operational processing and dissemination chain developed in the framework of the INPULS project. The DLR project INPULS develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI - Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Level 3 - Global

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) as derived from TROPOMI observations. AOD describes the attenuation of the transmitted radiant power by the absence of aerosols. Attenuation can be caused by absorption and/or scattering. AOD is the primary parameter to evaluate the impact of aerosols on weather and climate. Daily AOD observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI - Aerosol Single-Scattering Albedo (ASSA), Level 3 - Global

Aerosol single-scattering albedo (ASSA) as derived from TROPOMI observations. ASSA is a measure of how much light is scattered by aerosols compared to how much is absorbed. It is important for understanding the impact of aerosols on climate and radiative forcing. ASSA is unitless; a value of unity implies that extinction is completely due to scattering; conversely, a single-scattering albedo of zero implies that extinction is completely due to absorption. Daily ASSA observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Landnutzungsinterpretation mit hochaufloesenden Weltraumphotographien - Analyse und Bewertung naturraeumlicher Indikatoren

Englisch: Russian KFA- and KWR-space-photographs - besides forthcoming MOMS-02-data - fill the gap between medium resolution satellite data (Landsat TM, SPOT) and aerial photography. Comparative analysis of spatial and thematic accuracies of digital space and aerial ortho-images respectively show limits and advantages of using Russian space photography for generating and updating large scale orthophotomaps. Case studies prove, that large area coverage combined with high geometric resolution on the one hand and limited detectability of details as well as very low vertical accuracy on the other hand are the crucial points of the efficiency of Russian space photographs for the production as well as the thematic interpretation of large scale ortho-images. - Deutsch: Weltraumphotographien der russischen KFA- und KWR-Systeme stellen das aktuelle Bindeglied zwischen Satellitenbilddaten mittlerer und Luftbildern hoechster geometrischer Aufloesung dar. Die vergleichende Analyse von digitalen Orthobildern, die aus KFA- und KWR-Daten bzw. Luftbildern gewonnen wurden, zeigt die entscheidenden Vor- respektive Nachteile der russischen Bilddaten fuer die Generierung und Nachfuehrung grossmassstaebiger Orthobildkarten. Fallstudien zeigen, dass hohe geometrische Aufloesung in der Lage einerseits, aber limitierte Erkennbarkeit von Objektdetails und geringe Hoehenaufloesung andererseits die entscheidenden Parameter der Nutzbarkeit russischer Weltraumbilder fuer Orthobildherstellung und thematische Interpretation darstellen.

Integrating GIS and Remote Sensing for Multi-Scale Analysis of Degradation in the African Sahel

Multi-level monitoring of destabilized Sahelian regions connects field work in situ with detailed to semi-detailed analysis of vegetation structure (aerial photography), vegetation functional types and units of rational landcover (satellite images). Human impact on Sahelian vegetation in its regional variations is a main reason for continous destruction of former grazing lands. Regional dynamics of impact patterns are analysed by means of multi-stage remote sensing techniques and multi-spectral image classification. Integration of remotely sensed as well as of socio-economic data with geo-information systems is an important tool for modelling regional dynamics of degradation and desertification due to multi-thematic and multi-temporal input parameters. Intersection of geo-informations creates change detection databasas of Sahelian regions. Planning sustainable development will urgently need the appropriate use of the presented facilities of IGIS technology.

Untersuchung des Anregungsmechanismus der Natrium-D Nightglow-Emission

Die Natrium D-Linien stellen eine der wichtigsten Emissionen des terrestrischen Nightglow-Spektrums dar. Die Na-Emission wurde 1929 durch Vesto Slipher erstmals beschrieben. Sydney Chapman schlug im Jahre 1939 einen Anregungsmechanismus für die Na-D Emission vor, der durch die Reaktion von Na und Ozon initiiert wird. Obwohl die Na-D Nightglow-Emission seit über 80 Jahren Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen ist, ist das Verständnis ihres Anregungsmechanismus noch immer unvollständig. Neuere Studien identifizierten zeitliche Variationen des D2/D1-Linienverhältnisses, das nicht mit dem ursprünglichen Chapman-Mechanismus vereinbar ist. Ein modifizierter Chapman-Mechanismus wurde 2005 durch Slanger et al. vorgeschlagen, der explizit zwischen den verschiedenen elektronischen Anregungszuständen des beteiligen NaO-Moleküls differenziert. Dieser Mechanismus wurde mit Boden-gestützten Messungen des D2/D1-Linienverhältnisses getestet, aber die vertikale Variation des Linienverhältnisses - ein kritischer Test des modifizierten Chapman-Mechanismus - wurde bisher nicht durchgeführt.Das Hauptziel der hier vorgeschlagenen Untersuchungen besteht darin, das wissenschaftliche Verständnis des Na-D Nightglow-Anregungsmechanismus mit Hilfe Satelliten-gestützter Messungen zu testen und eine Methode zur Ableitung von Na Profilen in der Mesopausenregion aus Messungen der Na-D Nightglow-Emission zu konsolidieren. Hierzu sollen Messungen der Instrumente OSIRIS auf dem Odin Satelliten, sowie SCIAMACHY auf Envisat verwendet werden. Die Synergie der beiden Datensätze ermöglicht auf einzigartige Weise die Untersuchung des Na-D Nightglow-Anregungsmechanismus. Konkret sollen die Satellitenmessungen für folgende Zwecke verwendet werden: 1) Die OSIRIS Messungen, die ein sehr hohes Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis besitzen, sollen verwendet werden um das Verzweigungsverhältnis f für die Produktion von Na(2P) über die Reaktion von NaO und O - entsprechend dem ursprünglichen oder effektiven Chapman-Mechanismus - empirisch zu bestimmen. Hierzu werden unabhängige Na-Profilmessungen mit Boden-gestützten LIDARs und anderen verfügbaren Na Datensätzen eingesetzt. 2) Die SCIAMACHY Nightglow Limb-Messungen erlauben die spektrale Trennung der beiden Na D-Linien und sollen eingesetzt werden, um die vertikale Variation des D2/D1-Verhältnisses in der realen Atmosphäre abzuleiten. Die SCIAMACHY Messungen sind hierfür auf einzigartige Weise geeignet. Die hier vorgeschlagenen Ansätze ermöglichen wichtige und neue Beiträge, um das wissenschaftliche Verständnis des Na-D Nightglow-Anregungsmechanismus zu verbessern. Darüber hinaus tragen die erwarteten Ergebnisse dazu bei, die Methode zur Ableitung von Na-Profilen in der Mesopausenregion aus Messungen der Na-D Nightglow-Emission zu konsolidieren. Letzteres wird erreicht durch die Bereitstellung eines optimalen Verzweigungsverhältnisses f (sowie dessen Unsicherheit) des ursprünglichen Chapman-Anregungsmechanismus.

Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI)

The Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative, or NEESPI, is a currently active, yet strategically evolving program of internationally-supported Earth systems science research, which has as its foci issues in northern Eurasia that are relevant to regional and Global scientific and decision-making communities (see NEESPI Mission Statement). This part of the globe is undergoing significant changes - particularly those changes associated with a rapidly warming climate in this region and with important changes in governmental structures since the early 1990s and their associated influences on land use and the environment across this broad expanse. How this carbon-rich, cold region component of the Earth system functions as a regional entity and interacts with and feeds back to the greater Global system is to a large extent unknown. Thus, the capability to predict future changes that may be expected to occur within this region and the consequences of those changes with any acceptable accuracy is currently uncertain. One of the reasons for this lack of regional Earth system understanding is the relative paucity of well-coordinated, multidisciplinary and integrating studies of the critical physical and biological systems. By establishing a large-scale, multidisciplinary program of funded research, NEESPI is aimed at developing an enhanced understanding of the interactions between the ecosystem, atmosphere, and human dynamics in northern Eurasia. Specifically, the NEESPI strives to understand how the land ecosystems and continental water dynamics in northern Eurasia interact with and alter the climatic system, biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the Earth. The contemporaneous changes in climate and land use are impacting the biological, chemical, and physical functions of the northern Eurasia, but little data and fewer models are available that can be used to understand the current status of this expansive regional system, much less the influence of the northern Eurasia region on the Global climate. NEESPI seeks to secure the necessary financial and related institutional support from an international cadre of sponsors for developing a viable understanding of the functioning of northern Eurasia and the impacts of extant changes on the regional and Earth systems. Many types of ground and integrative (e.g., satellite; GIS) data will be needed and many models must be applied, adapted or developed for properly understanding the functioning of this cold and diverse regional system. Mechanisms for obtaining the requisite data sets and models and sharing them among the participating scientists are essential and require international and active governmental participation. (abridged text)

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