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METOP GOME-2 - Ozone (O3) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational ozone total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. The new improved DOAS-style (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) algorithm called GDOAS, was selected as the basis for GDP version 4.0 in the framework of an ESA ITT. GDP 4.x performs a DOAS fit for ozone slant column and effective temperature followed by an iterative AMF / VCD computation using a single wavelength. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

Satellite Color Images, Vegetation Indices, and Metabolism Indices from Bautzen, Germany from 1985 – 2023

The "Germany Mosaic" is a time series of Landsat satellite images and vectorized segments covering the entirety of Germany from 1984 to 2023. The image data are divided into TK100 sheet sections (see further details: Blattschnitt der Topographischen Karte 1:100 000). The dataset provides optimized 6-band imagery for each year, representing summer (May to July) and autumn (August to October) seasons, along with vegetation indices such as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and NirV (Near-Infrared Reflectance of Vegetation) for the same periods. Additionally, vectorized "zones" of approximately homogeneous pixels are available for each year. The spectral properties of the image data and the morphological characteristics of these zones are included as vector attributes (see Documentation: "Mosaic (1984–2023) - Data Description"). An overview of the coverage and quality of all sheet sections is provided as a vector layer titled D-Mosaik_Sheet-Sections within this document. The Germany Mosaic can also be considered a spatial-temporal Data Cube, enabling advanced analysis and integration into workflows requiring multi-dimensional data. This structure allows users to perform operations such as querying data across specific time periods, analyzing trends over decades, or aggregating spatial information to generate tailored insights for a wide range of research applications. In mid-latitudes, seasonal variations in vegetation—and consequently in the image data—are typically more pronounced than changes occurring over several years. The temporal segmentation of the dataset has been designed to encompass the entire vegetation period (May to October), with the division into summer and autumn periods capturing seasonal metabolic shifts in natural biotopes. This segmentation also records most agricultural changes, including sowing and harvesting activities. Depending on weather conditions, the individual image data represent either the median, mean value, or the best available image for the specified time period (see Documentation: "Mosaic (1984–2023) - Data Description). Remote sensing has become an indispensable tool for environmental research, particularly in landscape analysis. Beyond conventional applications, the Germany Mosaic supports the development of digital twins in environmental system research. By providing detailed spatial and temporal data, this dataset enables the modeling of virtual ecosystems, facilitating simulations, scenario testing, and predictive analyses for sustainable management. Moreover, the spatial and temporal trends captured by remotely sensed parameters complement traditional approaches in biological, ecological, geographical, and epidemiological research.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Surface Nitrogendioxide (NO2), Level 4 – Regional (Germany and neighboring countries)

The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product displays the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) near surface concentration for Germany and neighboring countries as derived from the POLYPHEMUS/DLR air quality model. Surface NO2 is mainly generated by anthropogenic sources, e.g. transport and industry. POLYPHEMUS/DLR is a state-of-the-art air quality model taking into consideration - meteorological conditions, - photochemistry, - anthropogenic and natural (biogenic) emissions, - TROPOMI NO2 observations for data assimilation. This Level 4 air quality product (surface NO2 at 15:00 UTC) is based on innovative algorithms, processors, data assimilation schemes and operational processing and dissemination chain developed in the framework of the INPULS project. The DLR project INPULS develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI - Aerosol Single-Scattering Albedo (ASSA), Level 3 - Global

Aerosol single-scattering albedo (ASSA) as derived from TROPOMI observations. ASSA is a measure of how much light is scattered by aerosols compared to how much is absorbed. It is important for understanding the impact of aerosols on climate and radiative forcing. ASSA is unitless; a value of unity implies that extinction is completely due to scattering; conversely, a single-scattering albedo of zero implies that extinction is completely due to absorption. Daily ASSA observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Aerosol Layer Height (ALH), Level 3 – Global

Aerosols are an indicator for episodic aerosol plumes from dust outbreaks, volcanic ash, and biomass burning. Daily observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The Aerosol layer height is provided in kilometres. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1158: Antarctic Research with Comparable Investigations in Arctic Sea Ice Areas; Bereich Infrastruktur - Antarktisforschung mit vergleichenden Untersuchungen in arktischen Eisgebieten, Zirkum-Antarktische Auftrittsfrequenz von Meereis-Rinnen und regionale Verteilung aus Satellitendaten

Ziel dieses Projektvorhabens ist es, einen Einblick in die räumliche und zeitliche Variabilität des Auftretens von Meereisrinnen im Antarktischen Meereis während der Wintermonate zu erhalten. Meereis-Rinnen zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass es in ihrem Einflussbereich zu einem starken Austausch von Wärme, Feuchte und Impuls zwischen dem relativ warmen Ozean und der kalten Atmosphäre kommt. In Meereis-Rinnen bildet sich demnach neues, dünnes Eis und trägt damit zur Meereis-Massenbilanz bei. Wir beabsichtigen auf einer Methode aufzubauen, die entwickelt wurde, um Eisrinnen in der Arktis automatisch aus Thermal-Infrarot Satellitendaten zu identifizieren. Diese Methode muss für eine Anwendung auf Satellitendaten der Antarktis neu implementiert und erweitert werden. In diesem Rahmen gilt es auch, hemisphärische Besonderheiten in den Meereiseigenschaften und atmosphärischen Einflüssen zu berücksichtigen. Darum werden Anpassungen im ursprünglichen Algorithmus mit Hilfe detaillierter Fallstudien vorzunehmen sein. Als Ergebnis erwarten wir umfangreiche Erkenntnisse darüber, wann und wo Meereis-Rinnen gehäuft in der Antarktis auftreten, und wie diese Auftrittsmuster durch atmosphärische und ozeanische Antriebe gesteuert werden.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1788: Study of Earth system dynamics with a constellation of potential field missions, Die Bedeutung der Dynamik der MLT in mittleren und hohen Breiten auf das ionosphärische/thermosphärische Wetter (DYNAMITE)

Das ionosphärische/thermosphärische (I/T) System unterliegt zum einen solaren und magnetosphärischen Einflüssen und wird ebenfalls von zwar kleinskaligen, aber persistenten und darum bedeutenden Prozessen aus der mittleren Atmosphäre angetrieben. Gerade der zuletzt genannte Einfluss wird seit Jahren vermutet, es konnte jedoch bis jetzt kein klarer Beleg für die Kopplung gefunden werden. Alle Anregungen aus der mittleren Atmosphäre müssen sich durch die Mesosphäre und untere Thermosphäre (MLT) ausbreiten. Dabei wechselwirken die Wellen untereinander und koppeln an die I/T. Diese Kopplung kann (a) durch die direkte Ausbreitung von primären (oder sekundären) Wellen, und /oder (b) indirekt durch den E-Region-Dynamo erfolgen. Deshalb ist die MLT generell von Bedeutung für die dynamische Anregung der I/T, in mittleren und hohen Breiten tritt sie aber besonders hervor: (1) auf diesen Breiten wurden bislang wenige Untersuchungen des I/T Systems (z.B. der Gezeiten) durchgeführt, was auf die unzureichende Auflösung der meisten Satelliten zurückzuführen ist, und (2) aktuelle Studien mit globalen gekoppelten Atmosphären/Ionosphären Simulationen zeigen, dass gerade bei diesen Breiten die solaren und lunaren Gezeiten, die für viele elektrodynamische Effekte in niedrigen Breiten verantwortlich sind, besonders große Amplituden während stratosphärischer Erwärmungen (SSW) erreichen. Wir beantragen, die einzigartigen Radars und Lidars des IAP in mittleren und hohen Breiten zu nutzen, um den Grundstrom, die Wellen und deren Wechselwirkungen in der MLT zu charakterisieren. Die lokalen Radarwindbeobachtungen erfolgen kontinuierlich in einem Höhenbereich von 70 -100 km und können durch Lidarmessungen zu niedrigeren Höhen erweitert werden. Dies ermöglicht die Untersuchung der vertikalen Ausbreitung von Wellen im Wind und der Temperatur. Diese Studien werden zusätzlich durch Satellitendaten und Re-Analyse komplementiert, um sowohl regional als auch global den Antrieb durch die mittlere Atmosphäre zu erfassen. Die direkte Kopplung wird durch Vergleiche der saisonalen und jährlichen Gezeiten über den Radaren mit den thermosphärischen Daten der Satelliten aus den Überflügen mit polaren Orbits untersucht. Der Einfluss des E-Region-Dynamos wird mit Hilfe von Simulationen gekoppelter Atmosphären/Ionosphären-Modellen analysiert und beinhaltet die Anregung der lunaren Gezeit in Zeiträumen mit und ohne SSW. Die Modelle werden mit bodengebunden Beobachtungen und satellitengestützten ionosphärischen Daten verglichen und validiert. Neben vielen offenen Fragen zur Kopplung der MLT mit dem I/T-System, erwarten wir insbesondere Ergebnisse zu folgenden Fragen: (a) Wie wirkt sich die beobachtete Kurzzeitvariabilität der MLT auf Wellen und dem Grundstrom in Bezug zum I/T Wetter aus?, (b) Was sind die Charakteristiken der solaren und lunaren Gezeiten für verschiedene Strukturen des polaren Wirbels während SSW und welche Auswirkungen entsprechen diesen im I/T-System?

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE-C)

METOP GOME-2 - Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational NO2 total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. The operational NO2 tropospheric column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x for NO2 [Valks et al. (2011)] integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. The total NO2 column is retrieved from GOME solar back-scattered measurements in the visible wavelength region using the DOAS method. An additional algorithm is applied to derive the tropospheric NO2 column: after subtracting the estimated stratospheric component from the total column, the tropospheric NO2 column is determined using an air mass factor based on monthly climatological NO2 profiles from the MOZART-2 model. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

METOP GOME-2 - Cloud Fraction (CF) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) and ROCINN (Retrieval of Cloud Information using Neural Networks) are used for retrieving the following geophysical cloud properties from GOME and GOME-2 data: cloud fraction (cloud cover), cloud-top pressure (cloud-top height), and cloud optical thickness (cloud-top albedo). OCRA is an optical sensor cloud detection algorithm that uses the PMD devices on GOME / GOME-2 to deliver cloud fractions for GOME / GOME-2 scenes. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

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