API src

Found 1763 results.

Related terms

Other language confidence: 0.5046124576601786

METOP GOME-2 - Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) - Global

Gridded Level 3 SO2 total column densities derived from the Metop/GOME-2-instruments. Volcanoes are the largest soures of SO2 in the atmosphere, depending on the erruption the Sulfurous compounds can be injected into stratosphere but in most cases it stays within the troposphere. Another important source is the coal combustion. Desulfurisation facilities within the power stations have reduced the sulfur emissions around the globe. In the stratosphere sulfur is a key component for building up aerosols, which reflect parts of the solar irradiation. The total SO2 column is retrieved from GOME solar back-scattered measurements in the ultraviolet wavelength region [using the DOAS method]. Depending on the plume SO2 can be a very strong absorber, because of that the ODAS retrieval might have some smaller issues, they can be reduced by choosing different wavelenght ranges depending on the signal. We apply three different fitting windows between 310 and 360nm. For the AMF, we assume a plumeheight of 6 km altitude. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Aerosol Index (AI), Level 3 – Global

Aerosol Index (AI) as derived from TROPOMI observations. AI is an indicator for episodic aerosol plumes from dust outbreaks, volcanic ash, and biomass burning. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1788: Study of Earth system dynamics with a constellation of potential field missions, Auswirkungen des geomagnetischen Feldes auf die vertikale Kopplung durch Schwerewellen in der Thermosphäre/Ionosphäre

Schwerewellen (GW) stellen nicht nur den zentralen Kopplungsmechanismus zwischen der unteren Atmosphäre und dem Thermosphäre/Ionosphäre (TI) System dar, sondern haben auch einen wichtigen Einfluss auf das Erdklima. Ein Großteil der Schwerewellen hat ihren Ursprung in der Troposphäre. Durch ihre vertikale Ausbreitung übertragen sie Energie und Impuls zwischen den verschiedenen atmosphärischen Schichten. Ionenreibung und molekulare Viskosität sind die wichtigsten Dissipationsmechanismen der Schwerewellen in der TI. Magnetfeldschwankungen verändern die Brechungseigenschaften der Atmosphäre (großräumige Temperatur und Windfelder) und modulieren damit die Ionenreibung. Das Primärziel dieses Projektes ist die Erforschung und Quantifizierung der Einwirkungen der Magnetfeldvariationen auf die Ausbreitung und Wirkungsmechanismen der Schwerewellen, die aus der unteren Atmosphäre stammen, und die daraus resultierende dynamische Rückkopplung. Vor allem soll untersucht werden, ob Schwerewellen eine Verbindung zwischen dem Trend der Magnetfeldschwächung und der beobachteten starken Abkühlung der Thermosphäre herstellen können. Die Studie soll mit dem Coupled Middle Atmosphere Thermosphere-2 (CMAT2) genannten allgemeinen Zirkulationsmodell durchgeführt werden. Ein wichtiger Teil von CMAT2 ist die von uns entwickelte und implementierte state-of-the-art spektrale, nichtlineare GW Parametrisierung. Die Ergebnisse neuer numerischer Simulationen mit CMAT2 sollen mit schon vorhandenen und zukünftigen Beobachtungen, z.B. der SWARM Satelliten verglichen werden. Wir erwarten neben Fortschritten im fundamentalen Verständnis der Schwerewellenkopplung auch zu Verbesserungen von Weltraumwettervorhersagen beitragen zu können.

METOP GOME-2 - Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) - Global

Gridded Level 3 tropospheric NO2 column densities derived from the Metop/GOME-2-instruments. In the troposphere NO2 is a short-lived atmospheric constituent caused by combustion processes, e.g. fossil fuel consumption or biomass buring or by lightning. NO2 plays an important role in the formation of ozone. The total NO2 column is retrieved from GOME solar back-scattered measurements in the visible wavelength region around 440nm [using the DOAS method]. To derive tropospheric NO2 columns, the estimated stratospheric component is substracted from the total column. In addition, an air mass factor based on monthly climatological NO2 profiles is considered. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).

METOP GOME-2 - Ozone (O3) - Global

Gridded Level 3 ozone column densities derived from the Metop/GOME-2-instruments. In the stratosphere – where the majority of the total O3 amount is located - O3 plays an vital role for the UV protection. In the troposphere O3 is generated by chemical processes caused by natural and anthropogenic emission of NO2 and volatile organic components (VOCs) (e.g. HCHO). Direct exposure to O3 is harmfull for humans and our environment. The total O3 column is retrieved from GOME solar back-scattered measurements in the uv wavelength region 325-335nm [using the DOAS method]. To determine the AMF an iterative process is applied, the assumed profile depends on the latitude, month, but also on the total column. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).

METOP GOME-2 - Cloud Top Pressure (CTP) - Global

Gridded Level 3 cloud top pressure derived from Metop/GOME observations. Cloud physical properties (cloud fraction, cloud top height, cloud optical thickness) are derived from GOME/GOME-2 observations using the OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) and ROCINN (Retrieval of Cloud Information using Neural Networks). For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/ The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).

METOP GOME-2 - Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) - Global

Gridded Level 3 cloud optical thickness derived from Metop/GOME observations. Cloud physical properties (cloud fraction, cloud top height, cloud optical thickness) are derived from GOME/GOME-2 observations using the OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) and ROCINN (Retrieval of Cloud Information using Neural Networks). For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/ The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).

The ESA Earth System Model 3.0

The ESA Earth System Model (ESA ESM) provides a synthetic data set of the time-variable global gravity field that includes realistic mass variations in atmosphere, oceans, terrestrial water storage, continental ice sheets, and the solid Earth on a wide set of spatial and temporal frequencies. For more than 10 years already, it is widely applied as a source model in end-to-end simulation studies for future gravity missions, but has been also utilized to study novel gravity observing concepts on the ground. For those purposes, the ESM needs to include a wide range of signals even at very small spatial scales which might not yet have been reliably observed by any active satellite mission. The updated ESA ESM 3.0 improves upon its predecessor by utilizing ECMWF’s ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis along with dedicated simulated ocean bottom pressure data from the MPIOM ocean model. In addition, it offers a small ensemble of co- and post-seismic earthquake signals, an updated GIA model, additional ice mass balance signals from previously not considered Arctic glaciers, sub-monthly surface-mass balance changes and a more realistic representation of ice sheet dynamics. Extreme hydrometeorological events as well as climate-driven and anthropogenic impacts on continental water storage are represented through an update of the hydrological component. Additionally, the ESM separately includes ocean bottom pressure variations along the western slope of the Atlantic, representing variations in the meridional overturning circulation as a critically important component of the interactively coupled global climate system as well as estimated trend signals from sediment erosion and subsequent marine deposition. The ESA ESM 3.0 is available with a 6-hourly resolution from January 2007 until December 2020 in the from of Stokes coefficients up to degree and order 180.

Collection of data sets for the Clouds over cOMPlEX environment - EarthCARE (COMPEX-EC) campaign, carried out in Kiruna in spring 2025

This data collection unites the individual data sets of the COMPEX-EC (Clouds over cOMPlEX environment - EarthCARE) campaign, carried out in Kiruna 2.-16.4.2025. COMPEX-EC has been designed as an EarthCARE validation campaign. For that purpose, Polar 5 (C-GAWI) has been equipped with instrumentation similar to the one operated on EarthCARE (W-band radar, lidar, radiometers, spectral imagers). Seven research flights (summing up to more than 30 flight hours) were conducted each of them underflying the EarthCARE satellite to validate its performance.

A spatially explicit Global Reef Island Database (GRID) that captures distribution, diversity and relative vulnerability of the world's low-lying reef islands

Low-lying coral reef islands harbour a distinct, yet highly threatened biological and cultural diversity that is increasingly exposed to climate change impacts. The combination of low elevation, small size, sensitivity to changes in boundary conditions (sea level, waves and currents, locally generated sediment supply) and at some locations high population densities, is why low-lying reef islands (LRIs) are considered among the most vulnerable environments on Earth to climate change. To date, their global distribution and influence of climatic, oceanographic, and geologic setting are only poorly documented or restricted to smaller scales. Here, I present the first detailed global analysis of LRIs utilising freely available global datasets to produce a global reef island database (GRID) and associated intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics that can be used within a coastal vulnerability index (CVI). All datasets used to create the GRID were released between 30 November 2015 and 3 August 2023, while the current version of the GRID database was completed in November 2024. When developing the GRID, LRIs are defined as landmasses <30 km² located on or within 1 km of coral reef and with an elevation of <16 m. Development of the GRID required: 1) the creation of a global shoreline vector file containing the geographic distribution of LRIs and 2) the development of a comprehensive global database of LRIs including eight intrinsic and ten extrinsic variables extracted from global datasets. Intrinsic variables include: 1) human populations, 2) island area, 3) island perimeter, 4) mean elevation, 5) island circularity/shape, 6) underlying reef type, 7) geographic isolation and 8) distance to the nearest neighbouring reef island. Extrinsic variables include: 1) mean water depth, 2) standard deviation of mean water depth, 3) mean annual significant wave height, 4) mean annual wave period, 5) mean spring tidal range, 6) relative tidal range, 7) wave-tide regime, 8) relative wave exposure, 9) relative tropical storm exposure and 10) year-2100 projected median sea level rise rate. The GRID was initially derived from version 2.1 of the UNEP-WCMC Global Island Database, a global shoreline vector file based on geometry data from Open Street Map® (OSM) and released in November 2015. The initial vector file was projected using the Mollweide projection, an equal-area pseudo cylindrical map projection chosen for its accurate derivation of area, especially in regions close to the equator, where most LRIs are located. The final GRID contains 34,404 individual LRIs distributed throughout tropical regions of the world's oceans, amassing a total land area of nearly 11,000 km² with approximately 60,740 km of shoreline and housing around 2.6 million people. While intrinsic variables are typically spatially homogenous, LRIs are generally highly spatially clustered throughout the GRID with respect to extrinsic variables. The spatial distribution of LRIs within the GRID was validated using: 1) published data and 2) quantitative accuracy assessments using satellite imagery. Spatial distributions of LRIs captured in the GRID are extremely consistent with those published in the literature (r² = 0.96) and those derived from independent analysis of satellite imagery (r² = 0.94). Finally, the GRID was used to develop an island vulnerability index (IVI) for each LRI on a scale of 0-1 with 0 representing no vulnerability and 1 representing maximum vulnerability. The GRID database is provided as a tab-delimited text file as well as ESRI shapefiles (points and polygons in WGS84 and Mollweide projection) and a comma-separated value file.

1 2 3 4 5 … 175 176 177