API src

Found 1749 results.

Related terms

Other language confidence: 0.504612457660178

A spatially explicit Global Reef Island Database (GRID) that captures distribution, diversity and relative vulnerability of the world's low-lying reef islands

Low-lying coral reef islands harbour a distinct, yet highly threatened biological and cultural diversity that is increasingly exposed to climate change impacts. The combination of low elevation, small size, sensitivity to changes in boundary conditions (sea level, waves and currents, locally generated sediment supply) and at some locations high population densities, is why low-lying reef islands (LRIs) are considered among the most vulnerable environments on Earth to climate change. To date, their global distribution and influence of climatic, oceanographic, and geologic setting are only poorly documented or restricted to smaller scales. Here, I present the first detailed global analysis of LRIs utilising freely available global datasets to produce a global reef island database (GRID) and associated intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics that can be used within a coastal vulnerability index (CVI). All datasets used to create the GRID were released between 30 November 2015 and 3 August 2023, while the current version of the GRID database was completed in November 2024. When developing the GRID, LRIs are defined as landmasses <30 km² located on or within 1 km of coral reef and with an elevation of <16 m. Development of the GRID required: 1) the creation of a global shoreline vector file containing the geographic distribution of LRIs and 2) the development of a comprehensive global database of LRIs including eight intrinsic and ten extrinsic variables extracted from global datasets. Intrinsic variables include: 1) human populations, 2) island area, 3) island perimeter, 4) mean elevation, 5) island circularity/shape, 6) underlying reef type, 7) geographic isolation and 8) distance to the nearest neighbouring reef island. Extrinsic variables include: 1) mean water depth, 2) standard deviation of mean water depth, 3) mean annual significant wave height, 4) mean annual wave period, 5) mean spring tidal range, 6) relative tidal range, 7) wave-tide regime, 8) relative wave exposure, 9) relative tropical storm exposure and 10) year-2100 projected median sea level rise rate. The GRID was initially derived from version 2.1 of the UNEP-WCMC Global Island Database, a global shoreline vector file based on geometry data from Open Street Map® (OSM) and released in November 2015. The initial vector file was projected using the Mollweide projection, an equal-area pseudo cylindrical map projection chosen for its accurate derivation of area, especially in regions close to the equator, where most LRIs are located. The final GRID contains 34,404 individual LRIs distributed throughout tropical regions of the world's oceans, amassing a total land area of nearly 11,000 km² with approximately 60,740 km of shoreline and housing around 2.6 million people. While intrinsic variables are typically spatially homogenous, LRIs are generally highly spatially clustered throughout the GRID with respect to extrinsic variables. The spatial distribution of LRIs within the GRID was validated using: 1) published data and 2) quantitative accuracy assessments using satellite imagery. Spatial distributions of LRIs captured in the GRID are extremely consistent with those published in the literature (r² = 0.96) and those derived from independent analysis of satellite imagery (r² = 0.94). Finally, the GRID was used to develop an island vulnerability index (IVI) for each LRI on a scale of 0-1 with 0 representing no vulnerability and 1 representing maximum vulnerability. The GRID database is provided as a tab-delimited text file as well as ESRI shapefiles (points and polygons in WGS84 and Mollweide projection) and a comma-separated value file.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Surface Nitrogendioxide (NO2), Level 4 – Regional (Germany and neighboring countries)

The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product displays the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) near surface concentration for Germany and neighboring countries as derived from the POLYPHEMUS/DLR air quality model. Surface NO2 is mainly generated by anthropogenic sources, e.g. transport and industry. POLYPHEMUS/DLR is a state-of-the-art air quality model taking into consideration - meteorological conditions, - photochemistry, - anthropogenic and natural (biogenic) emissions, - TROPOMI NO2 observations for data assimilation. This Level 4 air quality product (surface NO2 at 15:00 UTC) is based on innovative algorithms, processors, data assimilation schemes and operational processing and dissemination chain developed in the framework of the INPULS project. The DLR project INPULS develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Aerosol Layer Height (ALH), Level 3 – Global

Aerosols are an indicator for episodic aerosol plumes from dust outbreaks, volcanic ash, and biomass burning. Daily observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The Aerosol layer height is provided in kilometres. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Updated global compilation of coccolithophore calcification measurements from unperturbed water samples including ancillary data

This database expands the Poulton et al., 2018 (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.888182) database of pelagic calcium carbonate (CP) rate measurements from isotopic tracer uptake in incubated discrete water samples, as discussed in Daniels et al., 2018 (doi:10.5194/essd-10-1859-2018), and accompanies Marsh et al. (in prep.). The database now includes more CP (new data n = 400; complete database n = 3165), net primary production rate (PP) (new data n = 399; complete database n = 3150), total coccolithophore cell counts (new data n = 240; complete database n = 1512), and Emiliania huxleyi cell counts (new data n = 27; complete database n = 612). This expanded database maintains the record of data, including the principal investigator, expedition, OS region, doi reference (where available), collection date and year, sample ID, latitude, longitude, sampling and light depth, and method of measuring CP. We further expand the Poulton et al. (2018) data collection by including ancillary and environmental data, including: optical depth (OD, n = 3165), pHtotal (hereinafter referred to as pHT, n = 398), temperature (n = 1160), salinity (n = 1161), and the concentrations of chlorophyll a (n = 1363), NOx (NO3 or the sum of NO3 + NO2, n = 1161), silicic acid (Si(OH)4, n= 1156), phosphate (PO4, n = 1232), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, n = 318), total alkalinity (TA, n = 307), bicarbonate ion concentration (n = 349), and carbonate ion concentration (n = 352). All data was matched to CP, sample bottle identifiers (Niskin bottle numbers), and/or sampling depth values. This global database (81 °N - 64 °S, 132 °E - 174 °W) now covers expeditions and upper ocean measurements (0 - 193 m) from 1989 to 2024. Global in-situ geolocated data spanning time is valuable for modelling, satellite algorithms, and capturing calcium carbonate production in the global ocean. This expanded database, including the environmental, nutrient, chlorophyll a, and carbonate chemistry data, also allows for analysis of factors influencing calcium carbonate production on a global scale. This data amalgamation contributes to understanding the biogeochemistry of the oceans, global carbon cycle, and ocean acidification.

Zugvogelstudien als Grundlage fuer den gezielten Schutz gefaehrdeter wandernder Arten im Rahmen der Bonner Konvention - Modellstudie am Weissstroch mit Hilfe der Satelliten-Telemetrie - ein deutsch-israelisches Gemeinschaftsprojekt

METOP GOME-2 - Water Vapour (H2O) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational H2O total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV/VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. The total H2O column is retrieved from GOME solar backscattered measurements in the red wavelength region (614-683.2 nm), using the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

Modelling of soil moisture in high spatial resolution for farmed grasslands in China based on airborne thermal data

In Inner Mongolia the heterogeneity of rainfall patterns, differences in grazing intensity and topography lead to strong temporal and spatial variability of soil moisture which has great effects on vegetation growth and influences CO2 and water fluxes. The spatial and temporal distribution and variability of near surface soil moisture will be modelled with a new approach using the atmospheric boundary layer model HIRVAC and thermal imagery obtained during the 2009 field campaign within the MAGIM research group. Thermal imagery was collected using a microlite aircraft which emerged as an adequate platform particularly for remote areas. The resulting soil moisture grids will allow for the analysis of spatial soil moisture variability at field and local scale. The high geometrical resolution (1 m) closes the gap between point surface and satellite measurements.

Akustische Populationserfassung an entlegenen Standorten durch Edge-KI und Satellitenkommunikation

Untersuchung der Photochemie von Sauerstoffspezies in der Mesopausenregion

Atomarer Sauerstoff (O) ist eine der Hauptkomponenten der Mesopausenregion der terrestrischen Atmosphäre. Er spielt für die Energiebilanz der Mesopausenregion eine entscheidende Rolle, da er aufgrund seiner langen Lebensdauer chemische potentielle Energie über große Distanzen transportieren kann und indirekt an der Strahlungskühlung dieser Höhenregion beteiligt ist. Darüber hinaus steht er in direktem Zusammenhang mit Ozon, was wiederum für die diabatische solare Heizung von großer Bedeutung ist. Die Zahl der O Messungen in der Mesopausenregion ist ziemlich begrenzt, insbesondere was Zeitserien über Zeiträume von mehr als einigen Jahren betrifft. Die üblicherweise verwendeten Methoden zur Messung von O in der Mesopausenregion basieren auf Airglow-Emissionen der Spezies O, O2 und OH und erfordern die Kenntnis zahlreicher chemischer Ratenkonstanten. Bisherige Studien zeigen klare Hinweise darauf, dass die existierenden Modelle zur Beschreibung der O2 A-Banden-Emission, der grünen Sauerstofflinie und der OH* Meinel-Emissionen nicht konsistent sind, und O Konzentrationsprofile liefern, die sich signifikant unterscheiden. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes soll die Konsistenz der existierenden photochemischen Modelle für die drei genannten Airglow-Emissionen untersucht werden und unter Verwendung von simultanen Satellitenmessunen aller drei Emissionen, sowie dedizierter Modellrechnungen die Übereinstimmung der Modelle verbessert werden. Bei den Messungen handelt es sich um Nightglow Messungen des SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHArtographY) Instruments, das von 2002 - 2012 auf dem Umweltforschungssatelliten Envisat operierte. SCIAMACHY bietet aufgrund seines breiten Spektralbereichs die einmalige Möglichkeit alle für dieses Projekt relevanten Airglow Emissionen gleichzeitig und spektral aufgelöst zu messen. Die geplanten Modellrechnungen sollen mit einer etablierten Suite an photochemischen und globalen Modellen durchgeführt werden. Mittels eines Inversionsverfahrens sollen photochemische Modellparameter derart optimiert werden, dass die Differenzen zwischen Modellergebnissen und SCIAMACHY Messungen für alle relevanten Emissionen simultan minimiert werden. Darüber hinaus soll im Rahmen des Projekts die räumliche und zeitliche Variabilität von O in der Mesopausenregion charakterisiert werden, insbesondere hinsichtlich solarere Einflüsse und möglicher Langzeittrends über den Zeitraum von 2002 - 2012. Es ist außerdem geplant, die existierende - und bekannte Weise unzureichendem - klimatologischen Modelle (z.B. MSIS) von O in der Mesopausenregion zu verbessern. Die Antragsteller sind anerkannte Experten auf Ihren jeweiligen Hauptarbeitsgebieten und besitzen langjährige Erfahrung im Bereich der Satellitenfernerkundung mittels Airglow-Emissionen, beziehungsweise der atmosphärischen Modellierung.

Fernerkundungsdaten fuer den Umweltschutz und Umweltplanung

Satelliten- und flugzeuggestuetzte Fernerkundungsdaten gewinnen zunehmende Bedeutung fuer aktuelle, flaechendeckende Untersuchungen vor allem in der Landschafts- und Regionalplanung. Zur Auswertung derartiger Informationen wurde ein low co-st - Bildverarbeitungssystem BIVAS entwickelt, das alle Funktionen zur Verwaltung, Aufbereitung, Klassifikation und Analyse digitaler Fernerkundungsdaten bietet und auf einem PC mit VGA-Grafik einsetzbar ist. BIVAS ist modular aufgebaut und kann durch benutzerspezifische Auswertungsmodule problemlos erweitert werden. Ebenso sind Schnittstellen zu kommerziellen Bildverarbeitungssystemen und fuer GIS - Applikationen vorhanden.

1 2 3 4 5 … 173 174 175