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Sentinel-5P TROPOMI - Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Level 3 - Global

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) as derived from TROPOMI observations. AOD describes the attenuation of the transmitted radiant power by the absence of aerosols. Attenuation can be caused by absorption and/or scattering. AOD is the primary parameter to evaluate the impact of aerosols on weather and climate. Daily AOD observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Aerosol Index (AI), Level 3 – Global

Aerosol Index (AI) as derived from TROPOMI observations. AI is an indicator for episodic aerosol plumes from dust outbreaks, volcanic ash, and biomass burning. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

METOP GOME-2 - Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) - Global

Gridded Level 3 SO2 total column densities derived from the Metop/GOME-2-instruments. Volcanoes are the largest soures of SO2 in the atmosphere, depending on the erruption the Sulfurous compounds can be injected into stratosphere but in most cases it stays within the troposphere. Another important source is the coal combustion. Desulfurisation facilities within the power stations have reduced the sulfur emissions around the globe. In the stratosphere sulfur is a key component for building up aerosols, which reflect parts of the solar irradiation. The total SO2 column is retrieved from GOME solar back-scattered measurements in the ultraviolet wavelength region [using the DOAS method]. Depending on the plume SO2 can be a very strong absorber, because of that the ODAS retrieval might have some smaller issues, they can be reduced by choosing different wavelenght ranges depending on the signal. We apply three different fitting windows between 310 and 360nm. For the AMF, we assume a plumeheight of 6 km altitude. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).

METOP GOME-2 - Water Vapour (H2O) - Global

Gidded Level 3 H2O total columns. The Earth's capacity to sustain life is attributed to two mechanisms: the greenhouse effect and the hydrological cycle. Water vapour in the atmosphere is a critical component of both processes and the main naturally occurring greenhouse gas in the Earth's climate system. Water in gaseous form varies more than other greenhouse gases. Monitoring atmospheric water vapour globally is essential to understand its climate impacts. Measurements of water vapor columns are derived from satellite observations of solar radiation in the ultraviolet and visible (430 – 450 nm) spectral ranges. A water vapour absorption band is detectable across some European Sentinel platforms (Sentinel-4, Sentinel-5P and 5), former (GOME and SCIAMACHY) and future instruments (CO2M). This absorption signature by water vapor is used to derive the shown concentrations with the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) technique. The retrieval methodology, as applied to the fleet of available platforms, demonstrates several advantages, including optimal sensitivity and coverage characteristics across both oceans and continents, enhanced temporal sampling frequency for weather applications, and continuous extension of long-term datasets for climate study purposes. This is accomplished by DLR in the framework of the EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition (AC-SAF) monitoring where DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Surface Nitrogendioxide (NO2), Level 4 – Regional (Germany and neighboring countries)

The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product displays the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) near surface concentration for Germany and neighboring countries as derived from the POLYPHEMUS/DLR air quality model. Surface NO2 is mainly generated by anthropogenic sources, e.g. transport and industry. POLYPHEMUS/DLR is a state-of-the-art air quality model taking into consideration - meteorological conditions, - photochemistry, - anthropogenic and natural (biogenic) emissions, - TROPOMI NO2 observations for data assimilation. This Level 4 air quality product (surface NO2 at 15:00 UTC) is based on innovative algorithms, processors, data assimilation schemes and operational processing and dissemination chain developed in the framework of the INPULS project. The DLR project INPULS develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Erosionsprozesse in degradierten Arganbeständen in Südmarokko

Boden und Vegetation endemischer Arganbestände in Marokko werden durch Expansion und Intensivierung der Agrarwirtschaft sowie Überweidung zunehmend degradiert. Überschirmte Flächen nehmen ab, unbedeckte Flächenanteile zwischen den Arganien nehmen zu. Infolge verminderter Infiltration steigen Oberflächenabfluss- und Bodenabtragsraten stark an. Auf den degradierten Böden kann sich nur lückenhafter Unterwuchs (Krautige und Gras) und kein Jungwuchs mehr ausbilden. Durch Untersuchungen verschieden stark degradierter Arganbestände werden in diesem Vorhaben Grenzwerte herausgearbeitet, ab denen bodenerodierende Prozesse initiiert werden, sowie solche, ab denen von einer Dynamisierung der Prozesse, insbesondere Rinnen- und Gully-Erosion, auszugehen ist. Dazu werden in drei Testgebieten im Hohen und Anti-Atlas eingezäunte Aufforstungsflächen mit ungeschützten Flächen auf verschiedenen Hangneigungen verglichen. Die Entwicklung der Bestandsdichten wird mit hochauflösenden CORONA-Satellitenbildern aus dem Jahr 1968 und großmaßstäbigen Luftbildern von 2017/18 quantifiziert, welche mit unbemannten Fluggeräten (UAVs) aufgenommen werden. Die Wuchsform der Bäume wird mit Structure from Motion (SfM)-Verfahren (3D-Modelle aus Multikopter-Aufnahmen) dokumentiert und klassifiziert. Untersuchungen zur Korngrößenverteilung, Aggregatstabilität, organischen Bodensubstanz und Bodennährstoffen sollen hypothesengeleitet den - mit steigendem Abstand der Bäume - sinkenden Einfluss der baumüberschirmten Fläche auf die erweiterten Zwischenbaumflächen aufzeigen. Mit Beregnungsversuchen und Infiltrationsmessungen werden Erodibilität und Infiltrationsvermögen der Zwischenbaumflächen in verschiedenen Degradationsstadien untersucht. Der Sedimentaustrag aus linearen Erosionsformen wird durch ein SfM-Monitoring mittels 3D-Modellen quantifiziert. Steinbedeckung und Viehwege lassen sich aus den selbst erstellten Luftbildern ermitteln. Viehzählungen und Interviews mit Schlüsselinformanten ergänzen die Kenntnisse über den Beweidungsdruck durch Schafe und Ziegen auf die Arganbestände. Anhand der Untersuchungen zur Degradation von Bestandsdichten, Zwischenbaum- und baumüberschirmten Flächen können die Arganbestände in mit Werten unterfütterte Stabilitätsklassen unterteilt werden. Die durch das Multi-Methoden-Konzept erarbeiteten Grenzwerte zeigen die Dynamisierung der Bodenerosionsprozesse unter Arganbeständen und belegen, dass bestimmte Erosionsprozesse verschiedenen Degradationszuständen der Fläche sowie unterschiedlichen Bestandsdichten zugeordnet werden können. Dies ist eine notwendige Voraussetzung für die nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung der Arganbestandsflächen.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Ultraviolet Index (UVI), Level 3 – Global

UV Index (UVI) as derived from TROPOMI observations. The UVI describes the intensity of the solar ultraviolet radiation. Values around zero indicate low, values greater than 10 indicate very high UV exposure on the ground. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

BodenBewegungsdienst Deutschland (BBD) 2019-2023 L2B Descending (WMTS)

Die vielfältige Geologie Deutschlands sowie die sich hieraus ergebende Nutzung sind Ursachen für verschiedenste Bodenbewegungen, wie z.B. Bodenkompaktion, Erdrutsche, Grundwasserentnahme, Erdgasförderung, (Alt-)Bergbau- und Kavernenspeicherbetrieb. Die Produkte des BodenBewegungsdienst Deutschland (BBD) basieren auf SAR Daten der Copernicus Sentinel-1 Mission und einer Persistent Scatterer Interferometrie (PSI) Verarbeitung. Das BBD Portal enthält PSI Daten der gesamten Bundesrepublik Deutschland (ca. 360.000 km²). Die PSI Technologie ermöglicht präzise Messungen von Bewegungen der Erdoberfläche im mm Bereich. Die Messpunkte (Persistent Scatterer, PS) entsprechen bereits am Boden vorhandenen Objekten, wie z.B. Gebäuden, Infrastruktur oder natürlichen Objekten, wie Gesteinen und Schuttflächen. Jeder PS wird durch einen über mehrere Jahre gemittelten Geschwindigkeitswert (ausgedrückt in mm/Jahr) und eine Zeitreihe der Verschiebungen charakterisiert. Für jeden PS kann die Zeitreihe der Verschiebungen von der ersten Sentinel-1 Aufnahme bis zur letzten ausgewerteten Sentinel-1 Aufnahme eingesehen werden. Die PS werden nach der mittleren Geschwindigkeit entlang der Sichtlinie der Sentinel-1 Satelliten, Line of Sight (LOS), gemäß der folgenden Konvention im BBD Portal visualisiert: - die grüne Farbe entspricht den PS, deren mittlere Geschwindigkeit sehr gering ist, zwischen -2,0 und +2,0 mm/Jahr, d.h. im Empfindlichkeitsbereich der PSI Technologie; - in den Farben von gelb bis rot werden diejenigen PS mit negativer Bewegungsrate visualisiert, d.h. Bewegungen vom Satelliten weg; - mit den Farben von türkis bis blau werden diejenigen PS mit positiver Bewegungsrate visualisiert, d.h. PS die sich dem Satelliten nähern. Die Präzision der dargestellten PSI Daten liegt in der Größenordnung von typischerweise +- 2 mm/Jahr für die mittlere Geschwindigkeit in LOS.

METOP GOME-2 - Cloud Fraction (CF) - Global

Gridded Level 3 cloud fraction derived from Metop/GOME observations. Cloud physical properties (cloud fraction, cloud top height, cloud optical thickness) are derived from GOME/GOME-2 observations using the OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) and ROCINN (Retrieval of Cloud Information using Neural Networks). For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/ The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Three instruments operate on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in 2006, 2012, and 2018, respectively. GOME-2 measures a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distribution. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC-SAF).

Satellite Color Images, Vegetation Indices, and Metabolism Indices from Würzburg, Germany from 1984 – 2023

The "Germany Mosaic" is a time series of Landsat satellite images and vectorized segments covering the entirety of Germany from 1984 to 2023. The image data are divided into TK100 sheet sections (see further details: Blattschnitt der Topographischen Karte 1:100 000). The dataset provides optimized 6-band imagery for each year, representing summer (May to July) and autumn (August to October) seasons, along with vegetation indices such as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and NirV (Near-Infrared Reflectance of Vegetation) for the same periods. Additionally, vectorized "zones" of approximately homogeneous pixels are available for each year. The spectral properties of the image data and the morphological characteristics of these zones are included as vector attributes (see Documentation: "Mosaic (1984–2023) - Data Description"). An overview of the coverage and quality of all sheet sections is provided as a vector layer titled D-Mosaik_Sheet-Sections within this document. The Germany Mosaic can also be considered a spatial-temporal Data Cube, enabling advanced analysis and integration into workflows requiring multi-dimensional data. This structure allows users to perform operations such as querying data across specific time periods, analyzing trends over decades, or aggregating spatial information to generate tailored insights for a wide range of research applications. In mid-latitudes, seasonal variations in vegetation—and consequently in the image data—are typically more pronounced than changes occurring over several years. The temporal segmentation of the dataset has been designed to encompass the entire vegetation period (May to October), with the division into summer and autumn periods capturing seasonal metabolic shifts in natural biotopes. This segmentation also records most agricultural changes, including sowing and harvesting activities. Depending on weather conditions, the individual image data represent either the median, mean value, or the best available image for the specified time period (see Documentation: "Mosaic (1984–2023) - Data Description). Remote sensing has become an indispensable tool for environmental research, particularly in landscape analysis. Beyond conventional applications, the Germany Mosaic supports the development of digital twins in environmental system research. By providing detailed spatial and temporal data, this dataset enables the modeling of virtual ecosystems, facilitating simulations, scenario testing, and predictive analyses for sustainable management. Moreover, the spatial and temporal trends captured by remotely sensed parameters complement traditional approaches in biological, ecological, geographical, and epidemiological research.

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