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Sentinel-5P TROPOMI - Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Level 3 - Global

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) as derived from TROPOMI observations. AOD describes the attenuation of the transmitted radiant power by the absence of aerosols. Attenuation can be caused by absorption and/or scattering. AOD is the primary parameter to evaluate the impact of aerosols on weather and climate. Daily AOD observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

METOP GOME-2 - Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B, and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational NO2 total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. The operational NO2 tropospheric column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x for NO2 [Valks et al. (2011)] integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. The total NO2 column is retrieved from GOME solar back-scattered measurements in the visible wavelength region using the DOAS method. An additional algorithm is applied to derive the tropospheric NO2 column: after subtracting the estimated stratospheric component from the total column, the tropospheric NO2 column is determined using an air mass factor based on monthly climatological NO2 profiles from the MOZART-2 model. For more details please refer to relevant peer-review papers listed on the GOME and GOME-2 documentation pages: https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/docs/

METOP GOME-2 - Bromine Monoxide (BrO) - Global

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument continues the long-term monitoring of atmospheric trace gas constituents started with GOME / ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY / Envisat. Currently, there are three GOME-2 instruments operating on board EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites MetOp-A, -B and -C, launched in October 2006, September 2012, and November 2018, respectively. GOME-2 can measure a range of atmospheric trace constituents, with the emphasis on global ozone distributions. Furthermore, cloud properties and intensities of ultraviolet radiation are retrieved. These data are crucial for monitoring the atmospheric composition and the detection of pollutants. DLR generates operational GOME-2 / MetOp level 2 products in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (AC-SAF). GOME-2 near-real-time products are available already two hours after sensing. The operational BrO (Bromine monoxide) total column products are generated using the algorithm GDP (GOME Data Processor) version 4.x integrated into the UPAS (Universal Processor for UV / VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers) processor for generating level 2 trace gas and cloud products. For more details please refer to https://atmos.eoc.dlr.de/app/missions/gome2

Processed seismic data of Cruise BGR 1977

A geophysical reconnaissance survey was carried out in the Labrador Sea and Davis Strait between July and September 1977 by BGR. The data format is Society of Exploration Geophysicists SEG Y. The survey was executed on the research vessel MS Explora. The seismic, magnetic and gravity data from 5931 line-kilometers on 21 lines were recorded on magnetic tape. A 24-fold coverage technique was used with 48 seismic channels (traces), with a 2400m streamer cable, and 23.45 l airgun array. A full integrated computerized satellite navigation system (INDAS III) served as positioning system. Based on a preliminary interpretation of the seismograms, the Labrador Sea was devided into an eastern (Greenland) and western (Canadian) area, seperated by the Mid Labrador Ridge. Within the eastern part of the Labrador Sea the Pre-Cenozoic sediments show three distinct layers, traceable over the entire Greenland area of the sea. In the Cenozoic layer olisthostromes occur. The highest apparent velocity determined from sonobuoy data was 9.26 km/sec. The calculated refractor lies at a depth of approximately 13 km. The seismic section from the sediments on the Canadian side of the Labrador Sea show a uniform series of thick sediments below the Cenozoic cover. The highly disturbed basement is often masked by the multiple reflections from the seafloor. Statements about the nature and structure of the basement can only be made after processing data.

METOP GOME-2 - Tropospheric Ozone (Trop-O3) - Tropical

GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) stands for a family of satellite instruments named after the first GOME (https://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/gome/) instrument on ERS-2 launched in April 1995. Currently two GOME-2 instruments are operative on Metop-A and B (https://wdc.dlr.de/sensors/gome2/). The tropical tropospheric ozone is retrieved with convective cloud differential method (Valks et al., 2014 http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/2513/2014/amt-7-2513-2014.html). The tropospheric column is retrieved by subtracting the stratospheric ozone column from the total column. The stratospheric ozone column is estimated as the column above high reaching convective clouds.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1294: Bereich Infrastruktur - Atmospheric and Earth system research with the 'High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft' (HALO), HALO 2020 – Wolkeneinfluss auf solare aktinische Strahlung: Bewertung satelliten-unterstützter Strahlungstransportrechnungen mit HALO Messungen

In diesem Projekt sollen gemessene spektrale aktinische UV/VIS-Strahlungsflussdichten von sechs HALO-Missionen verwendet werden, um Strahlungstransportmodell-Vorhersagen zu überprüfen, die auf der Grundlage von Wolkeneigenschaften aus Satellitenbeobachtungen durchgeführt werden. Fünf der HALO-Missionen wurden bereits durchgeführt: TECHNO (2010), NARVAL-I (2014), OMO (2015), EMERGE (2017/2018) und CAFE-Africa (2018), mit einer Gesamtzahl von etwa 75 Forschungsflügen. Zudem sollen die Daten von CAFE-Brazil (2020) in die Auswertung einfließen. Der Hauptzweck der Messungen der aktinischen Strahlungsflussdichten ist die anschließende Berechnung von Photolysefrequenzen, die wichtige Größen in der Photochemie darstellen. Die HALO-Messungen bieten eine seltene Gelegenheit satelliten-gestützte Strahlungstransportmodell-Vorhersagen von Photolysefrequenzen zu überprüfen, da sie hochaufgelöste Stichproben aus verschiedenen Höhen und global verteilten Einsatzgebieten liefern. Zudem wurden während TECHNO, NARVAL und OMO durch einen Missionspartner spektrale Strahldichtemessungen in Nadir-Richtung durchgeführt. Diese Messungen umfassen den gesamten solaren Spektralbereich und bieten daher unabhängige lokale Informationen über Wolken unter dem Flugzeug, was die Interpretation und korrekte Anwendung der verfügbaren Wolkeneigenschaften erleichtern wird. Das Hauptziel des Projektes ist es herauszufinden, ob gemessene und durch ein Strahlungstransportmodell vorhergesagte Photolysefrequenzen durch den Einsatz der Satellitendaten in akzeptable Übereinstimmung gebracht werden können. Sollte dies gelingen, dann könnten auf der Grundlage satellitengestützter Wolkeninformationen nutzer-definierte 3D Felder von Photolysefrequenzen berechnet werden. Diese Felder können genutzt werden, um Vorhersagen von Chemie-Transportmodellen zu überprüfen, oder sie können in zukünftigen Anwendungen direkt in diese Modelle einfließen. Eine entsprechende Fallstudie soll im Rahmen dieses Projektes durchgeführt werden. Davon würden auch zukünftige HALO-Missionen und deren wissenschaftliche Interpretationen profitieren.

Einfluss der solaren Flareaktivität auf die Qualität des GPS-Empfangs

Es ist durch neuere Untersuchungen bekannt, das Sekundäreffekte sehr starker solarer Eruptionen (Flares), so genannte 'radio bursts', die Empfangsqualität des 'Global Positioning System' (GPS) negativ beeinflussen. Das vorliegende Langzeitprojekt vergleicht die Flare-Aktivität, repräsentiert durch die permanent zur Verfügung stehenden Röntgenmessungen der NOAA-Satelliten GEOS-11 und -12 (siehe http://www.ut-wetter.fh-wiesbaden.de:8080/space.htm), mit der in Rüsselsheim und Locarno ebenfalls permanent gemessenen Empfangsqualität zweier handelsüblicher GPS-Empfänger. Die Untersuchungsdauer soll den gesamten gerade beginnenden 11-Jahres-Aktivitäts-Zyklus der Sonne umfassen.

Forschungsgruppe (FOR) 2589: Zeitnahe Niederschlagsschätzung und -vorhersage; Near-Realtime Quantitative Precipitation Estimation and Prediction (RealPEP), sub project: Coordination Funds

High-quality near-real time Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) and its prediction for the next hours (Quantitative Precipitation Nowcasting, QPN) is of high importance for many applications in meteorology, hydrology, agriculture, construction, water and sewer system management. Especially for the prediction of floods in small to meso-scale catchments and of intense precipitation over cities timely, the value of high-resolution, and high-quality QPE/QPN cannot be overrated. Polarimetric weather radars provide the undisputed core information for QPE/QPN due to their area-covering and high-resolution observations, which allow estimating precipitation intensity, hydrometeor types, and wind. Despite extensive investments in such weather radars, QPE is still based primarily on rain gauge measurements since more than 100 years and no operational flood forecasting system actually dares to employ radar observations for QPE. RealPEP will advance QPE/QPN to a stage, that it verifiably outperforms rain gauge observations when employed for flood predictions in small to medium-sized catchments. To this goal state-of-the?art radar polarimetry will be sided with attenuation estimates from commercial microwave link networks for QPE improvement, and information on convection initiation and evolution from satellites and lightning counts from surface networks will be exploited to improve QPN. With increasing forecast horizons the predictive power of observation-based nowcasting quickly deteriorates and is outperformed by Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) based on data assimilation, which fails, however, for the first hours due to the lead time required for model integration and spin-up. Thus, RealPEP will merge observation-based QPN with NWP towards seamless prediction in order to provide optimal forecasts from the time of observation to days ahead. Despite recent advances in simulating surface and sub-surface hydrology with distributed, physicsbased models, hydrologic components for operational flood prediction are still conceptual, need calibration, and are unable to objectively digest observational information on the state of the catchments. RealPEP will prove that in combination with advanced QPE/QPN physics-based hydrological models sided with assimilation of catchment state observations will outperform traditional flood forecasting in small to meso-scale catchments.

Analyse und Nowcasting von konvektiven Systemen mit VERA

Die genaue Vorhersage von Gewittern ist sowohl für die Wissenschaft als auch für die Öffentlichkeit ein wichtiges Anliegen, da konvektive Ereignisse im Sommer zu den größten Naturgefahren in unseren Breiten gehören. Um die Entstehungsprozesse von Gewittern genauer zu verstehen, ist eine Untersuchung von Konvektion auf einer hoch auflösenden Skala nötig. Nur damit kann man den heutigen Anforderungen an die Vorhersage (in Bezug auf Zeit, Raum und Intensität) gerecht werden. Zu diesem Zweck wird im nächsten Jahr im Rahmen von zwei internationalen Projekten (COPS und MAP D-PHASE) im Süden von Deutschland eine groß angelegte Messkampagne durchgeführt. Das Hauptziel dieser Kampagne ist die Erstellung eines hochwertigen Datensatzes für die Untersuchung konvektiver Prozesse, von der Auslösung von Konvektion über die Wolken- und Niederschlagsbildung bis hin zur Untersuchung von Wolkenchemie und Hydrometeoren. Damit sollen meteorologische (und hydrologische) Vorhersagen für konvektive Ereignisse verbessert werden. Sowohl bei COPS (Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study; Teil des Priority Program SSP 1167 der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft) als auch bei MAP D-PHASE (Mesoscale Alpine Program Demonstration of Probabilistic Hydrological and Atmospheric Simulation of flood Events in the Alpine region, ein von der Welt-Meteorologischen Organisation gefördertes Projekt) ist das Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik in der Planungsphase vertreten. Im Rahmen des vorgeschlagenen Projektes soll die Messkampagne durch den Einsatz eines eigenen Meso-Messnetzes und Personal unterstützt werden, womit ein wichtiger Beitrag zu dem einmaligen Datensatz, der durch den Einsatz verschiedenster Messsysteme (Bodenstationen, Dopplerradar, Lidar, Satelliten, Flugzeuge, Radiosonden, ...) zu Stande kommt, geleistet wird. Mit Hilfe der Daten aus der Feldkampagne soll im Zuge des Projektes das Analyseverfahren VERA, das im Rahmen von FWF-Projekten am Institut entwickelt worden ist, einerseits für das Nowcasting von Gewittern, andererseits zur genaueren Niederschlagsanalyse, weiterentwickelt werden. Für beide Entwicklungsschritte wird dem Fingerprint-Ansatz, mit dem Zusatzinformation für das Downscaling meteorologischer Felder in die VERA-Analyse implementiert werden kann, eine wichtige Rolle zukommen. Dieser Ansatz wird für 3 Dimensionen, mehrere Fingerprints und höhere Auflösungen (bis 1km Gitterdistanz) erweitert. Mittels des Datensatzes werden neue Fingerprints entwickelt, die dazu beitragen werden, die Analysegenauigkeit für den Niederschlag und die Vorhersagbarkeit von Gewittern in Echtzeit mit Routinedaten zu verbessern. Das fertig entwickelte Analyseverfahren soll dann in einem weiteren Schritt zur Echtzeit-Validierung von hoch auflösenden Wettermodellen verwendet werden, wobei ein neuer Ansatz des Vergleiches zum Tragen kommt. Auch dadurch wird ein Beitrag zur besseren Vorhersagbarkeit von Gewittern geleistet.

Satellite Color Images, Vegetation Indices, and Metabolism Indices from Siegen, Germany from 1984 – 2023

The "Germany Mosaic" is a time series of Landsat satellite images and vectorized segments covering the entirety of Germany from 1984 to 2023. The image data are divided into TK100 sheet sections (see further details: Blattschnitt der Topographischen Karte 1:100 000). The dataset provides optimized 6-band imagery for each year, representing summer (May to July) and autumn (August to October) seasons, along with vegetation indices such as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and NirV (Near-Infrared Reflectance of Vegetation) for the same periods. Additionally, vectorized "zones" of approximately homogeneous pixels are available for each year. The spectral properties of the image data and the morphological characteristics of these zones are included as vector attributes (see Documentation: "Mosaic (1984–2023) - Data Description"). An overview of the coverage and quality of all sheet sections is provided as a vector layer titled D-Mosaik_Sheet-Sections within this document. The Germany Mosaic can also be considered a spatial-temporal Data Cube, enabling advanced analysis and integration into workflows requiring multi-dimensional data. This structure allows users to perform operations such as querying data across specific time periods, analyzing trends over decades, or aggregating spatial information to generate tailored insights for a wide range of research applications. In mid-latitudes, seasonal variations in vegetation—and consequently in the image data—are typically more pronounced than changes occurring over several years. The temporal segmentation of the dataset has been designed to encompass the entire vegetation period (May to October), with the division into summer and autumn periods capturing seasonal metabolic shifts in natural biotopes. This segmentation also records most agricultural changes, including sowing and harvesting activities. Depending on weather conditions, the individual image data represent either the median, mean value, or the best available image for the specified time period (see Documentation: "Mosaic (1984–2023) - Data Description). Remote sensing has become an indispensable tool for environmental research, particularly in landscape analysis. Beyond conventional applications, the Germany Mosaic supports the development of digital twins in environmental system research. By providing detailed spatial and temporal data, this dataset enables the modeling of virtual ecosystems, facilitating simulations, scenario testing, and predictive analyses for sustainable management. Moreover, the spatial and temporal trends captured by remotely sensed parameters complement traditional approaches in biological, ecological, geographical, and epidemiological research.

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