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Analyses were carried out on samples from 20 archaeological bipyramidal iron ingots from the Speyer depot in the Upper Rhine region, Germany, dated to the Hallstatt D and La Tène A periods (800–450 BCE). Typologically, the ingots belong to type BLS4 of bi-pointed ingots, consistent with their distribution in the Rhine and Moselle valleys. In addition, 40 iron ore samples were analysed; these were collected from iron ore deposits, former iron ore mines, and smelting sites in southern Germany. The aim of the analyses was to determine the geographic location and the isotopic and geochemical characteristics of the iron ore resources exploited during the Iron Age for the production of bipyramidal ingots. We aimed to obtain the most comprehensive possible provenance signature for each ingot sample by combining Re–Os isotope and concentration measurements with trace-element analyses. The signature preserved in an archaeological iron object largely reflects the isotopic and chemical characteristics of the ore smelted to produce the iron that was subsequently forged into the ingot. For the iron ingots, analyses were performed on bulk metal (Re–Os isotope analyses and ICP-MS trace-element analyses of the metallic matrix) and on polished sections (slag-inclusion analyses by LA-ICP-MS). Iron ores were analysed in bulk for Re–Os isotopes and as pressed pellets by LA-ICP-MS to determine whole-rock geochemical compositions. A further aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Re–Os system for determining the provenance of archaeological iron. In addition, two AMS radiocarbon measurements were performed on metal from the ingots to determine their chronological timeframe of use. The iron ore dataset includes samples from southern Germany, specifically the Swabian Alb, the Danube valley in Bavarian Swabia, and the Black Forest massif. Many of these ore samples had previously been analysed only for Os isotopes within the CIPIA project (Dillmann et al., 2017, ESM 1). All analytical data were acquired at the laboratory of the Curt Engelhorn Centre for Archaeometry (Mannheim, Germany). The full description of the data and methods is provided in the data description file. The datasets are provided as six Microsoft Excel files. This research was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG project BR 4312/5-1, “Zum Verhalten der siderophilen Spurenelemente bei der Eisenherstellung”).
The CRM-geothermal database was created within the Horizon Europe CRM-geothermal project (Grant Agreement No. 101058163) to support the assessment of geothermal systems as sources of both renewable energy and critical raw materials (CRMs). The primary purpose of data collection was to compile, harmonise, and make openly available geoscientific and geochemical data relevant to the occurrence, enrichment, and potential co-production of CRMs from geothermal environments in Europe and East Africa. The database integrates legacy data compiled from peer-reviewed literature, national geological and geothermal databases, and previous European research projects (notably REFLECT), together with new data generated by project partners through field sampling and laboratory analyses. Sampling campaigns targeted geothermal wells and surface manifestations in selected regions, including Türkiye, the East African Rift (Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi), Cornwall (UK), and Iceland. Laboratory analyses include major ion chemistry, trace and critical element concentrations, mineralogical composition, and gas data, determined using methods such as ICP-MS, XRF, and XRD. All records were harmonised using a unified metadata schema, standardised units, and consistent reporting formats. Quality control involved automated validation routines and manual expert review. Each record includes spatial coordinates, sampling context, analytical method, references, and a quality flag indicating data origin and traceability. The database is provided as a structured Excel file and contains interconnected datasets on geothermal wells, fluids, rocks, gases, and mineral precipitates. In total, the dataset comprises 9,773 records covering a wide range of geological settings, from volcanic and metamorphic systems to sedimentary basins. The CRM-geothermal database is FAIR-aligned, openly available, and intended for reuse in geothermal research, resource assessment, and studies on the sustainable co-production of geothermal energy and critical raw materials. Method: The CRM-geothermal database was compiled using a combined approach integrating literature-based data collection, database harmonisation, and new data generation through field sampling and laboratory analysis. Legacy data were collected from peer-reviewed scientific publications, national geological and geothermal databases, technical reports, and previous European research projects, with a particular emphasis on the REFLECT project. Relevant parameters were manually extracted, digitised where necessary, and cross-checked against original sources to ensure consistency and traceability. New data were generated within the CRM-geothermal project through targeted sampling campaigns at selected geothermal sites in Europe and Eastern Africa. Samples of geothermal fluids, rocks, gases, and mineral precipitates were collected from wells and surface manifestations following standard geochemical sampling protocols. Laboratory analyses were performed by project partner institutions using established analytical techniques, including inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for trace and critical elements, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for bulk chemical composition, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mineralogical characterisation. Gas compositions were determined using gas chromatography and noble gas mass spectrometry where applicable. Detection limits and analytical uncertainties follow laboratory-specific standards and are documented where available. All data were harmonised using a unified metadata schema. Units, parameter names, and reporting formats were standardised, and spatial information was converted to WGS 84 decimal degrees. Quality control was applied through automated validation scripts checking metadata completeness, coordinate validity, and numerical plausibility, followed by manual expert review to ensure scientific coherence and correct sample attribution. The final dataset was organised into interconnected thematic tables (wells, fluids, rocks, gases, and scales) and exported as a structured Excel file for dissemination. Each record includes references, analytical method information, and a quality flag indicating data origin and traceability. Technical Info: The CRM-geothermal data publication is provided as a structured multi-sheet Excel (XLSX) file representing a curated snapshot of the CRM-geothermal database at the time of publication. The dataset was generated through controlled export workflows following data validation and harmonisation. The Excel file contains separate worksheets for thematic data tables (wells, fluids, rocks, gases, and mineral precipitates). Each worksheet preserves unique identifiers, standardised metadata fields, and cross-references between related records, allowing the dataset to be used independently of any external system or software platform.
In this data publication we describe whole rock geochemistry and 34S values generated using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) from samples collected from 2 drill holes intersecting the Spremberg-Graustein deposit (eastern Germany). The samples include the uppermost Rotliegend sandstone (S1), Kupferschiefer (T1) mudstones and lowermost Zechstein Limestone (Ca1m). All analytical work was conducted at the GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences. . A total of 17 samples were taken from two drill cores (115a/71 and 121h/72) stored in the drill core repository of the LBGR Brandenburg State Office for Mining, Geology and mineral resources in Wünsdorf, Brandenburg.
The Morro São João intrusion is located in the easternmost part of the Serra do Mar province, along the Cabo Frio lineament (Fig. 1) and has an area of approximately 10 km². It is a Late Cretaceous intrusion formed by clinopyroxenites, melagabbros, shonkinites, malignites, nepheline syenites, and phonolite dikes, without olivine, and is thought to have formed by closed system crystallization of a fairly evolved tephritic melt of potassic/ultrapotassic affinity (cf. Brotzu et al., 2007). We have analyzed two malignites, and specifically, their liquidus phases (clinopyroxene, titanite, garnet, amphibole). Analyzing the trace elements in these minerals helps us to better understand the different fractionation of the elements in these coexisting phases, and the implications for the evolution processes that occurred in the Morro São João magma reservoir. These analyses also provided important information about the concentration of rare earth elements (REEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs), and their change with the magmatic evolution of the suite. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Mass spectrometry la-icp laboratory (IGG-CNR, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.
Cutting samples of 23 geological formations from different depths (measured depth, MD) between 1.4 and 4.4 km of the geothermal research well Groß Schönebeck site were analyzed with focus on lithium (Li), copper (Cu), and strontium (Sr). To determine how strong and to which components these critical raw materials (CRM) are bound within the rocks, leaching and sequential extraction experiments were performed on five selected formation rock samples that are considered either for geothermal exploitation (Muschelkalk, Buntsandstein, Rotliegend sandstone) and/or as potential source for the CRM Li, Cu, Sr from the Permo-Carboniferous volcanic rocks and/or the Ohre anhydrite. In addition, electron probe micro analyses (EPMA) and laser ablation ICP-OES was performed on thin sections of the Rotliegend formation.
The Upper Cretaceous Salitre intrusion, subdivided into Salitre I and Salitre II and dated to ~86-82 Ma by Sonoki and Garda (1988), is part of the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province (APIP, Fig. 1) in Brazil, which is one of the largest ultrapotassic / carbonatitic / kimberlitic provinces in the world. The intrusion is characterized by the presence of lamproites, carbonatites and one lamprophyre (analyzed here), as well as along with a variety of intrusive cumulitic rocks. Among the Salitre studied samples, this alkaline lamprophyre is characterized by low SiO2 (35.6 wt%), ultrapotassic (K2O/Na2O = 5; K2O = 4.4 wt%) and peralkaline (PI = 1.3). It exhibits variable MgO content (14 wt%) and is enriched in REEs (∑REE=~1,300 ppm) and other trace elements (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Sr, Ba). This lamprophyre is characterized by olivine and phlogopite phenocrysts set in a fine-grained groundmass of clinopyroxene, apatite, phlogopite, magnetite, chromite, and perovskite, with rare titanite and garnet; kalsilite is absent. Analyzing the trace elements of the main minerals in this lamprophyre helped us learn more about the origin and evolution of these magmas, as well as their possible genetic link with the other Salitre rocks. This analysis also provided important information about their enrichment in rare earth elements (REEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs). This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Mass spectrometry la-icp laboratory (IGG-CNR, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.
The Jacupiranga carbonatite (Brazil) was investigated to better understand how modal proportions and mineral chemistry control the fO2 recorded by a natural carbonatite rock. Mineral compositions were determined using SEM-EDS, EPMA-WDS and Raman microspectroscopy building upon detailed petrography. Based on magnetite-ilmenite oxythermobarometry, rock-forming temperatures range from 505 to 732 °C, with a wide span of fO2 values (∆FMQ –1.21 to +4.56). In each sample, ilmenite grains and lamellae are distinguishable, with the latter recording higher temperature–fO2 conditions. Consistently, independently determined homogenization temperatures of apatite-hosted fluid inclusions show a similar range between 550 and 685 °C. From the wall-rock contact toward the carbonatite body, samples exhibit a decrease in the modal abundance of olivine, phlogopite, magnetite, ilmenite, and dolomite, alongside an increase in Mg-calcite. Over the same spatial gradient, temperature, fO2, and the magnesioferrite (in magnetite) and geikielite (in ilmenite) components decrease. During the antiskarn reaction, silica and mafic components (Mg, FeT, Al, and Ti) derived from the ultramafic wall-rock were incorporated into olivine, phlogopite, magnetite-ilmenite, and dolomite. Calcite-rich samples, which were less influenced by the wall-rock, preserved ephemeral alkali components of the carbonatite melts within burbankite. Apatite-hosted fluid inclusions represent coeval fluid modified by antiskarn reactions. Adjacent to equilibrium magnetite-ilmenite pairs, olivine and phlogopite exhibit high mg# (93–97 and 88–95, respectively). Despite the broad span of ∆FMQ values recorded by the oxide pairs, we found only a weak positive correlation between the recorded fO2 and mg#. Consequently, we suggest that the high mg# (>88–90) of carbonatitic olivine is primarily controlled by the low (<0.2) 〖K_D〗_(Fe^(2+)-Mg)^(olivine-carbonatite melt) (Fe2+/Mg exchange partition coefficient between olivine and the carbonatite melt) at crustal conditions. The exceptionally high mg# of olivine and phlogopite, compared to the adjacent dunite cumulates (mg# 84–88), combined with their negligible Ni and Cr contents, indicate an in situ antiskarn process. This study demonstrates that carbonatite systems can be characterized by dynamic redox conditions, spanning the range from Fe3O4 ̶ Fe2O3 to Fe2SiO4 ̶ Fe3O4 ̶ SiO2 during their evolution and emplacement.
The Salitre intrusion, which is subdivided into Salitre I and Salitre II. It was dated to ~86-82 Ma by Sonoki and Garda (1988). It is part of the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province (APIP, Fig. 1) in Brazil. The APIP is one of the largest ultrapotassic/carbonatitic/kimberlitic provinces in the world. The intrusion consists of lamproites, carbonatites, and one lamprophyre, as well as various intrusive cumulitic rocks. These rocks include perovskite-phlogopite dunites, phlogopite-perovskite clinopyroxenites (salitrites, s.l.), phlogopitites, phoscorites, and perovskitites. These rocks are characterized by variable enrichment of olivine, clinopyroxene, phlogopite, perovskite, oxides, apatite, and carbonate, as well as several accessory phases, such as baddeleyite and calzirtite. Their geochemical and petrological features are related to the variable amounts of these minerals. For this part of the project, we have analyzed the concentrations of trace elements in the primary minerals (clinopyroxene, phlogopite, garnet, perovskite, apatite and olivine) identified in three phlogopite-perovskite clinopyroxenites and one perovskite-phlogopite dunite. Analyzing the trace elements in these minerals helped us to better understand the differential settling of minerals within the Salitre magma chamber, and their possible genetic relationship with carbonatitic and lamprophyric rocks. These analyses also provided important information about the minerals' enrichment in rare earth elements (REEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs). This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Mass spectrometry la-icp laboratory (IGG-CNR, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.
This dataset includes new geochemical and isotopic analyses for 46 samples from the Transminas and Pirenópolis dike swarms in southeastern and central Brazil. It comprises whole-rock major and trace element compositions, and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes. The new analyses are presented for 46 samples using the bulk and in-situ data templates developed by EarthChem. Analytical work was conducted at the Geoanalítica Core Facility of the Instituto de Geociências, University of São Paulo, and at the Geochronology Laboratory of the University of Brasília, both in Brazil.
The Limeira I kimberlite (91±6 Ma; Guarino et al., 2013) is part of the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province (APIP) and was emplaced in the southern part of the São Francisco Craton in Brazil. This Kimberlite contains macrocrysts and phenocrysts of olivine, resorbed phlogopite/ tetraferriphlogopite, Al-free magnetite, chromite, magnesian ilmenite, rutile, perovskite, monticellite, apatite, serpentine and carbonate. It also contains a suite of xenocrysts and xenoliths (among which we recall wehrlite, phlogopite-ilmenite-websterite, olivine-ilmenite-glimmerite, clinopyroxenites bearing potassic-richterite, chromite-monticellite-kalsilite xenoliths, rutile with priderite or perovskite reaction rims, magnesian chromian ilmenite with perovskite rims). In this part of the project, we analyzed the xenocryst minerals and the main minerals found in the xenoliths entrapped in the Limeira I kimberlite. Analyzing the trace element concentrations in these minerals, helped us to better understand the processes that may occur in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province. These analyses also provided important information about the minerals' enrichment in rare earth elements (REEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs). This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Mass spectrometry la-icp laboratory (IGG-CNR, Italy) supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.
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