The project aims at achieving a better understanding of the processes that drive or limit the response of grassland systems in a world of increasing atmospheric pCO2. We will test the hypothesis that the previously shown increase in below-ground allocation of C under elevated pCO2 provides the necessary energy excess and will stimulate free-living N2 fixers in a low N grassland environment. The project thus aims at assessing the occurrence and importance of free-living N2 fixers under elevated pCO2 and identify the associated microbial communities involved in order to better understand ecosystems response and sustainability of grassland systems. This project had the last opportunity to obtain soil samples from a grassland ecosystem adapted to long-term (10 year) elevated atmospheric pCO2 as the Swiss FACE experiment. The project aims to identify the relevant components of free-living diazotrophs of the microbial community using 15N stable isotope - DNA probing.
Context: With increasing global change pressures, and due to existing limitations, and un-sustainability factors and risks of conventional urban water management (UWM), cities experience difficulties in efficiently managing the ever scarcer water resources, their uses/services, and their after-use disposal, without creating environmental, social and/or economic damage. In order to meet these challenges, SWITCH calls for a paradigm shift in UWM. There is a need to convert adhoc actions (problem/incident driven) into a coherent and consolidated approach (sustainability driven). This calls for an IP Approach. Research conceptSWITCH therefore proposes an action research project which has as a main objective: The development, application and demonstration of a range of tested scientific, technological and socio-economic solutions and approaches that contribute to the achievement of sustainable and effective UWM schemes in 'The City of the future'.The project will be implemented by different combinations of consortium partners, along the lines of seven complementary and interactive themes. The research approach is innovative for the combination of: action research: address problems through innovation based upon involvement of users.learning alliances: to link up stakeholders to interact productively and to create win-win solutions along the water chain; multiple-way learning: European cities learn from each other and from developing countries, and vice versa.multiple-level or integrated approach: to consider the urban water system and its components (city level) in relation to its impacts on, and dependency of, the natural environment in the river basin (river basin level), and in relation to Global Change pressures (global level).Instruments and scopeAn IP with 30 partners, their resources, and a total budget of 25,191,396 EURO including budget for demonstration activities in 9 Cities in Europe and developing countries. Prime Contractor: UNESCO - Institute for Water Education, Delf, Netherlands.
The main objective of the project is to investigate, assess and enhance the potentiality of promising technological options (i.e., technologies, processes and concepts) for the treatment of industrial wastewater with the specific aim to provide tailor-mad e solutions to end-users for a wide range of wastewaters. Such solutions will be essentially based on the optimised integration of the investigated options and on technological improvements with respect to treatment system components, operation and control. Referring to the investigated options and the envisaged technological solutions, the project's goals are: -Investigating and enhancing the performances of promising wastewater treatment options such as aerobic granulation, integrated advanced oxidation processes (AOP) and membrane-based hybrid processes -Achieving fundamental and technological knowledge advancements necessary for advanced wastewater treatment application in different industrial sectors -Assessing the economic and environmental sustainability of promising wastewater treatment options -Developing integrated tailor-made solutions for end-users in different industrial sectors -Transferring the developed know-how to potential end-users inside and outside the project -Favouring their actual implementation for enhancing the EU Water Industry competitiveness. In order to achieve such goals, coordinated research activities will be carried out on selected options treating different wastewater. The experiences from such activities will be merged to define tailor-made solutions for end-users in different industrial sectors. A major goal will be the definition of treatment needs and framework conditions for a wide range of wastewaters based on the specific features of the options investigate d (i.e., aerobic granulation, AOP combined processes, membrane contactors, membrane chemical reactors). Prime Contractor: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Department of Bari, Water Research Institute, Roma, Italien.
Der aktuelle Sachstand bei der Erstellung von Luftreinhalte- und Aktionsplänen in Deutschland wird mit Hilfe einer eingehenden Analyse derzeit veröffentlichter Pläne beschrieben (Stand: 31.08.2008). Diese Pläne stellen in der Zusammenschau eine umfangreiche Darstellung der aktuellen Luftschadstoffsituation, der verschiedenen Methoden der Prognose und der diskutierten Maßnahmen dar. Als wichtiges Hilfsmittel der vergleichenden Auswertung dient die Darstellung der Daten der Luftreinhaltepläne als thematische Karte. Es gibt zahlreiche strukturelle und inhaltliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Entwicklungsstufen der Pläne und ebenso zwischen den Plänen verschiedener Bundesländer. Zur Klassifizierung der in den Plänen genannten Maßnahmen wurde in den vorigen Arbeiten (FKZ 204 42 222) und (FKZ 363 01 140) ein Maßnahmenschema entwickelt, das im vorliegenden Bericht nochmals erweitert wurde. Mit diesem Analysewerkzeug wurden alle bis zum 31.08.2008 vorgelegten Veröffentlichungen, d. h. Pläne, Fortschreibungen und Entwürfe, systematisch erfasst und untersucht. Um die Vergleichbarkeit der in den Plänen aufgeführten Maßnahmen zu gewährleisten, wurde die in den Vorgängerarbeiten entwickelte Zusammenstellung von standardisierten Maßnahmen weitergeführt. Diese sogenannten Standard- Maßnahmen stellen ein zentrales Element der Maßnahmenanalyse dar und bilden alle Maßnahmen ab, die in Deutschland laut den vorgelegten Plänen durchgeführt, geplant oder diskutiert werden. Die erneute Aktualisierung dient insbesondere auch dazu festzustellen, mit welchen Maßnahmen die Länder planen, die ab 2010 gültigen Luftqualitätsgrenzwerte einzuhalten. Umweltzonen haben sich, wie bereits in den Vorgängerarbeiten gezeigt, als wichtiges Element im Maßnahmenbündel etabliert. Die neue Bestandsaufnahme erfasst auch den aktuellen und geplanten Stand der Umweltzonen. Das Vorhaben diskutiert darüber hinaus die Abschätzung der Wirksamkeit der Maßnahmen im Hinblick auf das Minderungspotenzial für PM10-Feinstaub und Stickstoffdioxid unter Berücksichtigung anderer nationaler Wirkungsuntersuchungen.
Earthquake and landslide risk is a public safety issue that requires appropriate mitigation measures and means to protect citizens, property, infrastructure and the built cultural heritage. Mitigating this risk requires integrated and coordinated action that embraces a wide range of organisations and disciplines. For this reason, the LESSLOSS IP is formulated by a large number of European Centres of excellence in earthquake and geotechnical engineering integrating in the traditional fields of engineers and earth scientists some expertise of social scientists, economists, urban planners and information technologists. The LESSLOSS project addresses natural disasters, risk and impact assessment, natural hazard monitoring, mapping and management strategies, improved disaster preparedness and mitigation, development of advanced methods for risk assessment, methods of appraising environmental quality and relevant pre-normative research. In order for the multi-disciplinary S&T ingredients of the project to be tackled in an efficient and productive manner, the research programme has been split into three distinct areas: physical environment, urban areas and infrastructures. For each one of this areas four main types of transversal fields have been identified as fundamental and capable of producing permanent effects on risk mitigation: (i) instrumentation and monitoring, (ii) methods and technologies to reduce vulnerability, (iii) innovative approaches for design/assessment and (iv) disaster scenarios and loss modelling. Within this general framework, specific objectives will be pursued, such as the development of innovative methods and approaches to design and assessment of structures and earth slopes for both short- and long-term implementation, the development of advanced monitoring techniques and devices, and the development, manufacturing and testing of innovative isolating and dissipating seismic devices. Prime Contractor: Universita degli Studi di Pavia; Pavia; Italy.
Background: It has been hypothesized, that children could be more vulnerable to radio frequency electromagnetic field exposures from mobile telephones than adults, but no epidemiological studies of the relationship have been performed so far. The lack of knowledge causes conflicting recommendations from decision-makers, leading to anxiety and insecurity in the population. WHO has put a case-control study on childhood brain tumours as high priority on their 2006 research agenda on radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Objectives: The main goal of the study is to investigate whether use of mobile telephones increases the risk of developing brain tumours for children or adolescents. In addition, our study will provide a comprehensive dataset to investigate other potential risk factors for childhood brain tumour. Study design: The questions under study will be investigated by means of a case-control study in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. Cases will be identified through a combination of registry data and information from the wards treating the patients (e.g. Swiss Paediatric Oncology Group: SPOG). All incident cases of brain tumour in the age group 7-19 years between May 2004 and April 2008 will be invited to participate. In total, the study is expected to include 550 cases of brain tumours in the participating countries, thereof 100 originating from Switzerland. For each case, two control persons will be randomly selected from the general population, matched on age, sex and geographic regions. Exposure assessment: Information on the extent of exposure to radio frequency fields from mobile phones and on other known and suspected risk factors for childhood brain tumours will be obtained by means of computer assisted personal interviews conducted by an interviewer trained for this purpose. The interviews will take place either at the hospital or at the study participant's home. Objective information on the frequency and duration of mobile phone use will be obtained from mobile phone operators and from the information stored in the telephone that is in current use. Data analyses: The data will be analyzed using established statistical methods for case-control studies, primarily via logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. In order to investigate potential gene-environment interactions, DNA from saliva samples will be extracted and analysed. Polymorphisms in genes that affect oxidative metabolism, detoxification of carcinogens, DNA stability and repair, or immune response, are candidates that might confer genetic susceptibility to brain tumors.
Alum-rosin sizing for paper, which came into commercial use in 1835 caused a shift of pH of paper from pseudo-neutral to acidic regions, which dramatically decreased permanence of paper. As a result, decay of library and archival holdings are reaching catastrophic proportions, with about 25 percent of the books in the general library collections brittle while additional 60 percent are endangered. In order to prevent the decay of paper induced by acids, a variety of mass deacidification techniques are available on the market. While a number of comparative evaluations of the treatments were performed in the past, the processes are continuously changing, while additional three were developed in recently. The proposed project aims to: - develop standard model materials and evaluation criteria, in order to enable superior evaluation of existing processes and ease in assessment of emerging ones - comparatively evaluate immediate and long term effects of treatments - develop quality control criteria and evaluation techniques - address environmental and health aspects The objective of extensive dissemination is to incorporate the most suitable mass treatment into the preservation policy of European libraries and archives.
Article 16 of the Water Framework Directive (WFD, Directive 2000/60/EC) lays down the Community Strategy for the establishment of harmonised quality standards and emission controls for the priority substances and other substances posing a significant risk to, or via, the aquatic environment. In order to achieve the protection objectives of the WFD, the Commission shall (i) submit proposals for quality standards applicable to the concentrations of the priority substances in surface water, sediment or biota, and (ii) identify the appropriate cost-effective and proportionate level and combination of product and process controls for both point and diffuse sources. Proposals for environmental quality standards and emission controls for point sources shall be submitted within 2 years of the inclusion of the substance concerned on the list of priority substances (European Parliament and Council Decision No. 2455/2001/EC), i.e. in December 2003. This study is part of the preparatory work of the Commission and its overall objectives are: - The development and description of a concept which enables the European Commission to submit proposals for quality standards applicable to the concentrations of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and those substances not on the priority list but regulated in the 'daughter directives' of Directive 76/464/EEC (on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community) in water, sediment and biota, as required by Articles 16(7) and 16(10) of the Water Framework Directive. - Elaboration of proposals for quality standards for the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive and recommended values for other substances of concern (see footnote 1) with regard to surface water, sediment, biota, and human health as objectives of protection. Conclusions: The elaboration of quality standards with the developed methodological framework clearly showed that the proposed approach is applicable for the derivation of specific quality standards addressing the particular objectives of protection as well as for the identification of the overall quality standard that finally may be imposed to safeguard the entire set of objectives of protection. Also, with regard to the effort required to work with the concept, it can be considered as economic. This is attributable to the fact that despite the comprehensive consideration of all relevant routes of exposure and objectives of protection the different quality standards for the specific objectives are normally only derived if certain pre-defined trigger values are exceeded. This avoids the assessment of irrelevant exposure routes and the calculation of unnecessary standards. Problems encountered during the elaboration of the standards were in general not attributable to the suggested methodological framework but mostly to the limited availability of data or to the limitations of the available data.
Backgrond: The mild climate of north western Europe is, to a large extent, governed by the influx of warm Atlantic water to the Nordic Seas. Model simulations predict that this influx and the return of flow of cold deep water to the Atlantic may weaken as a consequence of global warming. MOEN will assess the effect of anthropogenic climate change on the Meridional Overturning Circulation by monitoring the flux exchanges between the North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas and by assessing its present and past variability in relation to the atmospheric and thermohaline forcing. This information will be used to improve predictions of regional and global climate changes. MOEN is a self-contained project of the intercontinental Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Flux (ASOF) Array for European Climate project, which aims at monitoring and understanding the oceanic fluxes of heat, salt and freshwater at high northern latitudes and their effect on global ocean circulation and climate. MOEN will contribute to a better long-term observing system to monitor the exchanges between the North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas from direct and continuous measurements in order to allow an assessment of the effect of anthropogenic climate change on the Meridional Overturning Circulation. This we will be done by measuring and modelling fluxes and characteristics of total Atlantic inflow to the Nordic Seas and of the Iceland-Scotland component of the overflow from the Nordic Seas to the Atlantic. General objectives: To contribute to a better long-term observing system to monitor the exchanges between the North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas. To assess the effect of anthropogenic climate change on the Meridional Overturning Circulation. Modelling objectives (WP4, IfM): To model the flow field, the temperature and salinity distribution and the heat fluxes for an area focused on the Iceland-Faroe Ridge, the Faroe Bank and Faroe-Shetland Channel and Wyville-Thomson Ridge. To model long term variations of the locally induced and far field circulation and T/S distribution in order to understand climate variations.
Intention of the study is to compare conventional systems for flow control in combined sewer systems with control systems based on fuzzy logic. The objective of both control strategies is to reduce the combined sewer overflow volume by an optimization of the utilized storage capacities of combined sewer overflow tanks. Conventional real time control of flow in urban drainage systems based on rules is in common use. The Effluent of combined overflow basins, for example, can be adjusted as a function of the water level in the storage tank. Additionally, the hydraulic conditions at other significant points in a sewer system or at the waste water treatment plant can be considered. Therefore, control systems are based on a large number of rules. Instead of conventional control systems it is possible to use control strategies based on fuzzy logic. Fuzzy control combines the simple rules of an expert system with a flexible specification of output parameters. Especially for the control of complex sewer systems, demanding an extensive matrix of different rules, it can be favourable to use fuzzy control. Fuzzy control enables to integrate available operating experiences in an intelligible rule base and avoids abrupt changes of the controlled parameters. In waste water treatment fuzzy control was successfully implemented to improve treatment processes during operation. The possibility to integrate operating experiences of technical staff into the rule base of a fuzzy controller and the flexible reaction of fuzzy logic on dif-ferent combinations of input parameters, led to positive results. So far, fuzzy control has only rarely been used for flow control in sewer systems. ITWH Hannover tested the application of fuzzy control for two differently structured combined sewer systems in order to minimize the storm water overflow volume. The comparison of the studies were solely based on the simulation of uncontrolled and fuzzy - controlled sewer systems for single storm events. In both cases the overflow volume could be re-duced significantly by the use of fuzzy control. The interest of the studies was focused on the initial state in comparison with the state affected by fuzzy control. The objective of the investigation reported here, has been the comparison of a conventional rule based flow control with a fuzzy based flow control. In spite of a similar rule base fuzzy control obviously enables a more flexible sizing of the outflow. The use of fuzzy logic to control several basins in a complex sewer systems helps to avoid sudden and intense changes of the controlled effluents. This leads to steady and proportionate conditions and reduces the overflow volume. In the combined sewer system investigated, a conventional rule based and a fuzzy logic system is generated to control three combined sewer overflow tanks. The control process intends a better utilization of storage capacity to reduce overflow volume
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