The project aims at achieving a better understanding of the processes that drive or limit the response of grassland systems in a world of increasing atmospheric pCO2. We will test the hypothesis that the previously shown increase in below-ground allocation of C under elevated pCO2 provides the necessary energy excess and will stimulate free-living N2 fixers in a low N grassland environment. The project thus aims at assessing the occurrence and importance of free-living N2 fixers under elevated pCO2 and identify the associated microbial communities involved in order to better understand ecosystems response and sustainability of grassland systems. This project had the last opportunity to obtain soil samples from a grassland ecosystem adapted to long-term (10 year) elevated atmospheric pCO2 as the Swiss FACE experiment. The project aims to identify the relevant components of free-living diazotrophs of the microbial community using 15N stable isotope - DNA probing.
Context: With increasing global change pressures, and due to existing limitations, and un-sustainability factors and risks of conventional urban water management (UWM), cities experience difficulties in efficiently managing the ever scarcer water resources, their uses/services, and their after-use disposal, without creating environmental, social and/or economic damage. In order to meet these challenges, SWITCH calls for a paradigm shift in UWM. There is a need to convert adhoc actions (problem/incident driven) into a coherent and consolidated approach (sustainability driven). This calls for an IP Approach. Research conceptSWITCH therefore proposes an action research project which has as a main objective: The development, application and demonstration of a range of tested scientific, technological and socio-economic solutions and approaches that contribute to the achievement of sustainable and effective UWM schemes in 'The City of the future'.The project will be implemented by different combinations of consortium partners, along the lines of seven complementary and interactive themes. The research approach is innovative for the combination of: action research: address problems through innovation based upon involvement of users.learning alliances: to link up stakeholders to interact productively and to create win-win solutions along the water chain; multiple-way learning: European cities learn from each other and from developing countries, and vice versa.multiple-level or integrated approach: to consider the urban water system and its components (city level) in relation to its impacts on, and dependency of, the natural environment in the river basin (river basin level), and in relation to Global Change pressures (global level).Instruments and scopeAn IP with 30 partners, their resources, and a total budget of 25,191,396 EURO including budget for demonstration activities in 9 Cities in Europe and developing countries. Prime Contractor: UNESCO - Institute for Water Education, Delf, Netherlands.
Despite the advantages of solar membrane distillation (MD) systems very few experimental systems have been developed as opposed to the mature technologies solar PV-driven RO and solar distillation. Therefore, main objective of MEDESOL Project is the development of an environmentally friendly improved-cost desalination technology to fresh water supply in arid and semi-arid regions in EU and Third Countries based on solar MD. The layout involves the innovative concept of multistage MD in order to minimize specific energy and membrane area required and also to substantially reduce the brine generation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the technical feasibility of producing potable water from seawater by integrating several membrane distillation modules (Multi-step Membrane Distillation System). The aim is to develop systems for a capacity ranging from 0.5 to 50 m3/day. Technical simplicity, long maintenance-free operation periods and high-quality potable water output are the very important aims which will enable successful application of the systems that are based in membrane distillation. The heat source will proceed from an advanced compound parabolic solar concentrator, developed to the specific concentration ratio to achieve the specific needed range of temperatures (90ºC) and the seawater heater will include the development of an advanced non-fouling surface coatings to avoid the deposit formation (i.e. scaling) at such temperature. Laboratory tests under defined testing conditions of all components are very important for the preparation of successful field tests under real conditions. Prime Contractor: Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas-Ciemat, Madrid, Spain.
This project aims to improve methods for the calculation of natural and biogenic emissions from various sources and the assessment of impacts on air quality policy implementation. Air pollutants from natural und biogenic sources contribute to ambient air concentrations in the same way as anthropogenic emissions, however, the uncertainty of the estimation of these natural and biogenic emissions is much higher than for anthropogenic emissions. At the same time, with anthropogenic emissions currently decreasing due to emission control activities in many sectors, the relative importance of other sources increases. Thus, it is essential to develop new and improve existing methods for the quantification of emissions from natural and biogenic sources and to use new and improved input data. The project takes into account the latest research results on air pollutant emissions and their impacts, covering all relevant substances (NOx, SOx, NH3, PM, NMVOC; CH4, CO, DMS) from natural and biogenic sources in Europe, e.g. the results from the 'Nature Panel' within the UNECE Task Force Emission Inventories and Projection, and includes anthropogenic emissions officially reported to EMEP by countries. Furthermore, the National Reports for the NEC directive for SOx, NOx, NH3 and NMVOC will be taken into account, as well as the results of EU research projects such as NOFRETETE or the results from the EUROTRAC Subproject GENEMIS. Satellite data will be used e.g. for the improvement of calculations from forests in general as well as forest fires in particular. In order to assess the impacts of emissions from natural and biogenic sources on air quality policy implementation, the project is designed to advance the current state-of-the-art in methodology for the calculation of natural and biogenic emissions. This includes the analysis of temporal and spatial variabilitys and the assessment of uncertainties and sensitivities. In addition, the influence of the improved natural and biogenic emissions on the concentration of pollutants calculated with atmospheric models will be analysed using the model CHIMERE. Finally, policy strategies that are currently under discussion within the EC CAFÉ programme and in the frame of the UNECE CLRTAP to reduce anthropogenic emissions will be analysed in the view of these new results.
Coastal ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic perturbation, affecting biodiversity and ecosystem stability and resilience. Shallow water sediments and their associated biota represent a reservoir for biodiversity, hosting resting and reproductive stages of planktonic organisms, and regulating carbon and nutrient biogeochemical cycles. However, the relationship between tightly coupled biological and geochemical processes in this environment is poorly defined with respect to their temporal and spatial variability. The overall objective of COBO is to integrate emerging and innovative technologies from different disciplines (physics, chemistry, biology, imagery) to provide in situ monitoring of sediment habitats, a key component of coastal marine ecosystems, in order to understand complex interactions between the biota (function and diversity) and their chemical environment. Existing technologies have limited spatial and temporal sampling resolutions and this has hampered progress in determining key parameters and in explaining biogeochemical patterns / processes and in modeling ecosystem dynamics. Improved in situ technologies are required to provide rigorous scientific information on processes regulating this unique and fragile habitat and for assessing, controlling and minimising human impact on European coastal waters thus addressing societal need. Organism-sediment processes, with both enhancing and mediating effects, are still poorly understood in shallow water sediments that receive the bulk of anthropogenic disturbance. The combination of innovative instruments from the different disciplines will provide powerful tools to significantly advance our understanding of organism sediment relations under dynamic coastal conditions and enhance predictive capability. COBO represents a major step towards the development of permanently operating benthic observatories for coastal management. Prime Contractor: Scottish Association for Marine Science; Dunberg Oban; United Kingdom.
The objectives of the REMAP project are to work with key stakeholders in order to achieve the following objectives: Compilation of a solar and wind energy resource atlas for the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean area. Identifying and prioritising potential demonstration sites for wind and concentrated solar projects in Algeria, Tunisia, Jordan and Turkey. Recording a set of commitments to be made by major stakeholders to push forward a few wind and concentrated solar thermal energy projects in the region. Proposing a credible financing scheme for the identified priority renewable demonstration projects in the region. Elaborating an action plan for a few well identified initiatives able to be implemented. Disseminating the results of the project to as wide an audience in Europe and the Mediterranean region as possible. The REMAP project team is uniquely qualified to achieve these objectives representing all major geographic, sectoral and stakeholder areas necessary to achieve these targets. The team is multidisciplinary, covering sociological, local and national policy, scientific, technology development, investment and energy deployment disciplines in the region concerned by this project. Hence, the project represents the partners own objectives, and covers various aspects of work they are engaged in or wish to engage in to promote renewable energy development and investment in the Mediterranean region. The partners, who represent each of the stakeholder groups identified by the REMAP consortium belong to a wide range of European and international networks from which they can draw considerable support and experience, on the one hand, and into which they can disseminate the results of the project, and promote its approaches, methodologies and frameworks, on the other. Dissemination and promotion of results are essential to help achieve Community and neighbouring state targets, and are two of the key objectives of the project.
This Network of Excellence (Noel) will create a European long-term inter-disciplinary research facility for research on the complex relationship between ecosystems, biodiversity and society. It will provide research support for policy assessment and development on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in the European Union, and a stable facility for information retrieval and reporting on biodiversity-related issues. It will achieve this by implementing research, management and cultural changes within and between its component organisations, and through the development of integrated research agendas that will focus the research activities of its members on priority policy issues. The result will be a unique inter-disciplinary network linking a variety of stakeholders including research scientists, science communicators, policy makers and the public. In order to ensure durable integration of 24 partners from 17 countries, this Noël will build on 4 existing co-operative programmes that deal with complementary aspects of biodiversity research. These are PEER/CONNECTJLTER, ECSITE and ECNC.A novel approach to integration of ecological and socio-environmental methodologies will be developed, recognising the fact that biodiversity research should be done only in the context of ecosystems and their long-term dynamics. To achieve this, the core research undertaken by the Noël will be structured around a common framework based on the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model. This framework will ensure that research contributes directly to our understanding of the inter-relationship between biodiversity and the services it provides to society, and vice versa. The framework, and the research it supports, will also facilitate the long-term institutional changes that will be necessary to accomplish the ALTER-net objectives for durable integration. Prime Contractor: Natural Environment Research Council, Swindon, UK.
Article 16 of the Water Framework Directive (WFD, Directive 2000/60/EC) lays down the Community Strategy for the establishment of harmonised quality standards and emission controls for the priority substances and other substances posing a significant risk to, or via, the aquatic environment. In order to achieve the protection objectives of the WFD, the Commission shall (i) submit proposals for quality standards applicable to the concentrations of the priority substances in surface water, sediment or biota, and (ii) identify the appropriate cost-effective and proportionate level and combination of product and process controls for both point and diffuse sources. Proposals for environmental quality standards and emission controls for point sources shall be submitted within 2 years of the inclusion of the substance concerned on the list of priority substances (European Parliament and Council Decision No. 2455/2001/EC), i.e. in December 2003. This study is part of the preparatory work of the Commission and its overall objectives are: - The development and description of a concept which enables the European Commission to submit proposals for quality standards applicable to the concentrations of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and those substances not on the priority list but regulated in the 'daughter directives' of Directive 76/464/EEC (on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community) in water, sediment and biota, as required by Articles 16(7) and 16(10) of the Water Framework Directive. - Elaboration of proposals for quality standards for the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive and recommended values for other substances of concern (see footnote 1) with regard to surface water, sediment, biota, and human health as objectives of protection. Conclusions: The elaboration of quality standards with the developed methodological framework clearly showed that the proposed approach is applicable for the derivation of specific quality standards addressing the particular objectives of protection as well as for the identification of the overall quality standard that finally may be imposed to safeguard the entire set of objectives of protection. Also, with regard to the effort required to work with the concept, it can be considered as economic. This is attributable to the fact that despite the comprehensive consideration of all relevant routes of exposure and objectives of protection the different quality standards for the specific objectives are normally only derived if certain pre-defined trigger values are exceeded. This avoids the assessment of irrelevant exposure routes and the calculation of unnecessary standards. Problems encountered during the elaboration of the standards were in general not attributable to the suggested methodological framework but mostly to the limited availability of data or to the limitations of the available data.
(...) Auf der Basis der Erkenntnis, dass ein hohes Umweltbewusstsein bei großen Verhaltenskosten in der Regel nicht ausreicht, um tatsächlich umweltschonendes Verhalten zu garantieren, stellt die Verringerung der individuellen Kosten für umweltschonendes Verhalten mittlerweile ein wesentliches Ziel von Interventionsmaßnahmen im Umweltbereich dar. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist in diesem Kontext der Kostenfaktor monetärer Preis, da in ihm eine der zentralen Steuerungsvariablen zur Förderung umweltschonenden Verhaltens gesehen wird. Umweltschonendes Verhalten darf also nicht durch höhere Kosten bestraft werden, sondern ist durch gezielte Anreizstrukturen zu fördern. Zusätzlich ist jedoch die Bedeutung von inneren umweltbezogenen Werthaltungen und Einstellungen zu berücksichtigen. Gegenstand des Projekts ist daher die Analyse des Zusammenwirkens von ökologischer Normorientierung und monetären Kosten im Bereich des individuellen Mobilitätsverhaltens. Auf theoretischer und empirischer Ebene existieren hierzu eine Reihe - zum Teil widersprüchlicher - Hypothesen, über die im Rahmen einer quasiexperimentellen Feldstudie eine Entscheidung herbeigeführt werden soll. Als Untersuchungskontext wird das Mobilitätsverhalten von Personen gewählt, da hier ein unmittelbarer Zusammenhang zu globalen Umweltveränderungen (CO2-Anreicherung der Erdatmosphäre) gegeben ist. (...) Im Fokus des aktuellen Projekts steht erneut die Analyse des Wahlverhaltens zwischen Pkw und öffentlichem Personennahverkehr (ÖPNV), wobei die monetären Kosten für die Nutzung von Pkw und ÖPNV in drei Stufen quasi-experimentell variiert werden: (a) ÖPNV-Nutzung teurer als Pkw-Nutzung, (b) ÖPNV-Nutzung und Pkw-Nutzung preisäquivalent, (c) ÖPNV-Nutzung billiger als Pkw-Nutzung. Diese drei-stufige Variation erfolgt hierbei für drei verschiedene Standardstrecken der Upn, und zwar für die drei Zwecke Arbeit/Ausbildung, Einkaufen und Freizeit. Zusätzlich wurde ein Fragebogen entwickelt, in dem neben den bereits im Vorläuferprojekt entwickelten Items zum modifizierten Norm-Aktivations-Modell (neun Subskalen), subjektive Repräsentationen von Preisen (Kostenschätzungen Pkw/ÖV der definierten Standardwege, der subjektiv wahrgenommener eigener finanzieller Spielraum, wahrgenommene Angemessenheit/ Fairness von Preisen und geldspezifische Einstellungen) und Repräsentationen nichtmonetärer Verkehrsmittelattribute (z.B. Komfort, Sicherheit etc.) berücksichtigt werden. (...) In der Auswertung soll überprüft werden, wie monetäre Kosten für räumliche Mobilität subjektiv repräsentiert werden und in welchem Verhältnis subjektive und objektive Kosten stehen. Hier wird erwartet, dass die monetären Kosten für die Pkw-Nutzung im Vergleich zu den Kosten der ÖPNV-Nutzung eher unterschätzt werden. (...) Ein Ziel der Forschungsbemühungen liegt in der Ableitung von Prognosen über die Akzeptanz monetär ausgerichteter Interventionsmaßnahmen zur Förderung umweltschonender Verhaltensweisen.
Im Forschungsvorhaben wurde die Situation der Entsorgung der Papierreststoffe in Rheinland-Pfalz untersucht. Hierbei wurde festgestellt, dass Papierreststoffe auf Grund unterschiedlichster Anfallorte sehr heterogen zusammengesetzt sind. Menge und Beschaffenheit der Papierreststoffe eines Unternehmens sind abhängig von der erzeugten Papiersorte, den Einsatzstoffen (Primär- oder Sekundärrohstoffe) und den Verfahren der Abwasserreinigung. Problematisch für die weitere Behandlung der Reststoffe sind die häufig anzutreffenden Mischungen aus Fraktionen mit unterschiedlichen Schadstoffgehalten. Das heute in der Bundesrepublik noch vorherrschende Entsorgungsverfahren für die Reststoffe, die Ablagerung auf Deponien, wird in absehbarer Zukunft ohne Vorbehandlung nicht mehr zulässig sein. Daher gewinnen die stoffliche und die energetische Verwertung an Bedeutung. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden Untersuchungen zur stofflichen Verwertung von rheinland-pfälzischen Papierreststoffen durchgeführt, wobei besonders die Vergärung und die Kompostierung betrachtet wurden. Die Versuchsergebnisse lassen den Schluß zu, dass für einige der in Rheinland-Pfalz anfallenden Papierreststoffe, die im Vergleich zu den Grenzwerten der Klärschlamm-Verordnung niedrige Schadstoffgehalte aufweisen, sowohl die Kompostierung als auch die Vergärung mögliche Verwertungsverfahren darstellen. Zur Aufstellung eines Entsorgungskonzeptes für Papierreststoffe in Rheinland-Pfalz fand eine Datenaufnahme durch eine Befragung der Unternehmen und Genehmigungsbehörden statt. Es wurden Herstellungsverfahren, Ausgangsstoffe, Reststoffmengen und -beschaffenheit sowie gegenwärtige und geplante Entsorgungswege erfasst. Die Entsorgung der Papierreststoffe ist zukünftig nur im Rahmen eines schlüssigen Entsorgungskonzeptes möglich. Als wichtiger Baustein für ein solches Konzept wurde ein Güteklassenmodell entwickelt, das von Güteklasse 1 (Reststoff gut geeignet für die landwirtschaftliche Verwertung) bis zur Güteklasse 5 (nicht geeignet für die stoffliche Verwertung) reicht. Grundlegendes Kriterium für die Einstufung der Reststoffe ist der Gehalt an Schadstoffen, gemessen an den Richtwerten der Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost e.V. und den Grenzwerten der Klärschlamm-VO.
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