Das Hauptziel des Projekts ist die Untersuchung und die Entwicklung von Methoden nicht nur zur punktuellen, sondern auch zur flächenhaften Bestimmung der Bodenfeuchte. Zur Anwendung sollen Geländetechniken wie Time-Domain Reflectrometry (TDR), Georadar (GPR), Elektrische Widerstand (ER), Elektromagnetische Induktion (EMI) sowie GNSS Scatterometry kommen. Eine der methodischen Hauptfragen ist die Nutzung der GNSS Scatterometry zur Ermittlung der Bodenfeuchte im Feldmaßstab. Eine weitere grundlegende Forschungsfrage wird die weitere Entwicklung der elektrischen und elektromagnetischen geophysikalischen Techniken für bodenkundliche Anwendungen sein.
The fire regimes of Australia, the most fire prone continent on earth, have been changing during the late Quaternary and up to the present under the influence of a changing climate and vegetation, Aboriginal impact and then by European settlers. Because fire history is an important parameter in understanding palaeoenvironmental conditions in many parts of the world, it has been reconstructed primarily by palynologists using lake cores and traditional tools (visible charcoal), combined with dating (14C, 210Pb, 137Cs) and the reconstruction of the past vegetation (pollen). Quantifying only (microscopically) visible charcoal may reflect charcoal from forest fires which are relatively large in size and structurally sound. However these techniques are less likely to quantify smaller charcoal fractions derived from grasses - probably the main contributor of charcoal in Australias vast savannas and open grassy woodlands. Therefore, we are developing a new methodology to infer past wildfires by using geochemical tools that potentially assess the whole range of fire residues in sedimentary records and that can yield additional information about the vegetation burned. In particular, we propose that a geochemical marker method (benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCA)) would be capable to detect sedimentary fire residues that are too small to detect with standard microscopic methods. So far, however, these geochemical markers have not been used to quantify fire residues in lake sediment cores, neither have they been cross-compared to the presence of visible charcoal, which is indicative of palaeofires. The proof-of-concept study is conducted at two Australian sites where we would use molecular markers (BPCA) together with other geochemical methods to quantify past occurrences of fire and burned vegetation types. First we screen samples from about 200 depth intervals with a relatively rapid technique (MIR-PLS, mid-infrared spectroscopy with partial least square analysis) to observe major organic and inorcanic properties. Then, an in-depth, and more time-consuming characterization follows on some 20 samples from those sections of the cores, which have been identified by MIR-PLS to show significant changes in charcoal and organic carbon abundance. These sections will be analyzed using more sophisticated molecular scale techniques including the BPCA molecular marker method. (abridged text)
The focus of the project was laid on the question how consumer could be motivated to implement energy efficient behaviour-related changes and which strategies and approaches result in sustainable effects. So the main objective of EN2 was to inform consumers about energy saving at home and involve them in the project in such a way that energy savings of at least 9Prozent would be achieved in the participating households. It was the goal to attract at least 10.080 persons to EN2, and to reach measurable and significant energy and CO2 savings over the lifetime of the project. By developing and disseminating educational and promotional campaign material the project furthermore aimed to inform a broad European public about the project goals, to deliver hands-on recommendation for energy saving at home and to inspire also consumers not participating in the project to save energy in their households. Furthermore the project team wanted to attract new stakeholders from municipalities and regions to the Energy Neighbourhoods idea, willing to implement the project in their communities. (c)Lessons learned: -The simple act of energy monitoring is essential for energy conscious consumers and led to significant energy savings. Households in the Energy Neighbourhoods2 competition had to actually look at their energy meters and make a note of the readings on a regular basis. This way they learned what a unit of energy is, how much energy they actually consume in their home and most importantly, how this relates to their energy consuming practices and appliances. -The concept of Energy Neighbourhoods is working in all countries and has been perceived as highly transferable. Nevertheless cultural differences between the countries shouldnt be underestimated. Most of all the concept of the competition has a deviating importance in the participating countries, taken more seriously in particular countries, whereas having a minor importance in others. In order to meet the expectations of all participants it is therefore important to ensure that the rules are clear and transparent, while the data and results are consistent and checked carefully. -The saving results are an important factor of the project, but changing behaviour in a sustainable way is also an important project goal. After having established certain behavioural patterns throughout the campaign, it has been experienced that the participants establish energy efficient behaviour as a routine in their lives on the long term as well. -A positive spin-off effect came with the implementation of CO2-challenges, conversations and exchange of experiences between the EN2 participants. Various further ambitions, such as travelling by electric cars to EN2 events, providing a CO2-friendly catering or organising a seasonal cooking class allows fun, demonstration, chat and wider thinking.
In the second phase of subproject 3.1 is envisaged to model representative farms. The models will be structured in a way that not only the production but also the material balances can be represented. In particular the nitrogen balance, the carbon balance and the water balance will be incorporated. Gas and particulate matter emissions can be considered as well, as far as there are sufficient data available. The modelling aims at integrating on farm level all baseline data surveyed in other sub-projects and at quantifying and valuating at farm level the already worked out management measures for reducing environmental burden while increasing production efficiency. The focus will be on measures for reducing nitrogen fertilisation, the interrelation between management activities and carbon/nitrogen balance, effects of nitrogen deposition on the operational nutrient management, water efficiency, etc. Another part for the impact analysis shall be the extent to which cropping practices elaborated in other sub-projects can be alternatives for the prevailing wheat-maize-rotation. Thereby cotton, groundnuts, soybeans, vegetables, and row intercropping are to be analysed and valued on farm level. Furthermore, the sub-project shall provide other sub-projects with indicators which are necessary in order to optimise breeding and management programmes under consideration of economic factors. Another aim of the sub-project is to carry out economic impact analyses of possible policy measures. To do so, realistic concepts of the Chinese agricultural policy as e.g. a reduction of the subsidies on means of production, in particular on nitrogen, water, etc. and their possible impact on quantities produced, input quantities applied, nutrient and water efficiency, income and other criteria are to be investigated. Furthermore, the influence of stages of an increasing mechanisation on production, income and structural changes can be investigated. Finally, open questions and approaches for further research will be derived through a sensitivity analysis.
Im Rahmen des gemeinsamen Bund/Länder-Messprogramms für die Nord- und Ostsee und weiterer Überwachungsprogramme wurde der Parameter "Nitrat (NO3-N) im Meerwasser" im Meerwasser bestimmt.
INSPIRE-Thema Umweltüberwachungssstationen. Die Daten des Marinen Umweltmessnetzes enthalten enthalten Informationen zur Wassertemperatur, Salzgehalt, Pegel und Strömung in unterschiedlichen Tiefen, Lufttemperatur, Windgeschwindigkeit und Richtung, Luftdruck, Luftfeuchtigkeit der Nord- und Ostsee an den Stationen Darßer Schwelle, Ems, Fehmarn Belt, Nordseeboje lll, Nordseeboje ll, Arkona Becken, Deutsche Bucht, Fino 1, Kiel, Oder Bank.
Zeitreihen des Salzgehalts aus dem MARNET-Messnetz. Das MARNET-Messnetz besteht aus 11 Stationen in der Nord- und Ostsee
Zeitreihen der Wassertemperatur aus dem MARNET-Messnetz. Das MARNET-Messnetz besteht aus 11 Stationen in der Nord- und Ostsee
Im Rahmen des gemeinsamen Bund/Länder-Messprogramms für die Nord- und Ostsee und weiterer Überwachungsprogramme wurde der Parameter "Chlorophyll-a im Meerwasser" im Meerwasser bestimmt.
Monatsmittel (Mittelwert der Wochenanalysen zugehörig zum betr. Monat) der Meeresoberflächentemperatur der Deutschen Bucht als Flächenmittel über eine Teilmenge der Gitterzellen (siehe geographische Grenzen) des groben Analysegitters auf einer Lambertschen Azimuthalprojektion mit zentralem Punkt bei 56°N, 4°E und einer räumlichen Auflösung von 20 Seemeilen (24x30 Gitterzellen mit Eckpunkten bei 60,81°N, -5,31°E; 60,81°N, 10,36°E; 51,17°N, -2,13°E; 51,17°N, 10,06°E); Datenbasis ist die wöchentliche SST-Analyse im Referat M21 des BSH, d.h. manuelle Analysen auf Basis von in-situ Messdaten von 1968 bis 1994, die später digitalisiert wurden, und die "blended SST-analysis", d.h. das Mischprodukt aus in-situ Messdaten und Ergebnissen der Satellitenfernerkundung seit 1995
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